• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.6
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• pp.605-610
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the short-term (3 years) effect of thinning on aboveground carbon storage for 34-year-old (site 1) and 45-year-old (site 2) Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Siebold et Zuccarini) plantations with different diameter class and site quality located in Gwangneung experimental forest. Thinning was manually carried out in consideration of basal area in 2004 (site 1 : 30% and 60% of basal area removed and site 2 : 60% of basal area removed). In 2004 and 2007, DBH and tree height were measured to analyze the changes in carbon storage after thinning. In the sites of 60% of basal area removed, although the mean DBH of site 1 was higher than that of site 2, mean annual carbon storage increment in site 2 ($6.5Mg\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$) was about 3 times higher than that in site 1 ($2.3Mg\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$). The reason for this result was probably due to higher stem density and site quality in site 2 compared to site 1. In site 2, mean annual carbon storage increment in thinned plot ($6.5Mg\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$) was about 1.3 times higher than that in control ($5.2Mg\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$). The results suggest that the stem density and site quality may be much more related to the aboveground carbon storage compared to diameter class. In addition, it is needed to consider these two factors for determining whether thinning is a feasible management alternative for the increase in aboveground carbon sequestration.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.1144-1149
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• 2011

The occurrence of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) advance growth has been noticed in the deciduous oak forest being adjacent to the mature Korean pine plantation. the korean pine seedlings in the forest were regenerated naturally from harvested and transported Korean pine seeds and cones by rodents, mainly red squirrels. Mongolian oak (Quercus bariabilis), which formed dominant overstory, had close-to-normal distributions of height, diameter and age classes. Korean pine, which dominated the understory, had the reverse J-shaped height, diameter and age distributions that are expected of a shade tolerant species. Growing in the summer shade of the oak, Korean pine seedling had slow, but steady height growth during the past four decades. Total biomass of Korean pine seedling ranged from $2,835-8,541kg\;ha^{-1}$ and biomass allocation of Korean pine seedling was follows : stem (with bark) > foliage > branches > roots. Korean pine seedlings allocated more biomass to foliage and branches compare to planted Korean pine. The smaller root/shoot ratio of Korean pine seedling in the site is to believed to be result of competition for light. Contents of N and K for Korean pine seedling were greatest in foliage follow by branches, stem ad roots, while content of P was greater in the order of foliage > roots > stem > branches.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.86 no.2
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• pp.135-145
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• 1997

This study aimed at evaluating one curvilinear equation and nine non-linear equations for estimating stand growth characteristics(mean dbh, mean height and volume per ha) for the plantations of Pinus koraiensis and the natural stands of Quercus mongolica. The data were collected from 92 plots in Pines koraiensis stands and 83 plots in Quercus mongolica stands, and the site index of all the stands is 14. The curvilinear equation, $Y=at^be^{-c/t}$, used in preparing the yield tables was well fitted within the range of data, but was likely to give overestimates when extrapolating in old stage due to the tendency of linear increase. Among the non-linear equations, logistic equation and Sloboda equation gave overestimates in young stands and reached the asymptotic status early which means underestimates in old stage. Extrapolating in old stage, Hossfeld equation generally gave larger values than others due to its large estimates of parameter a, the maximum value. On the other hand, Bertalanffy equation gave underestimates in young and old stands and overestimates in middle-aged stands. The estimates with Korf equation was relatively low for Pinus koraiensis stands, and this tendency was more obvious in dbh growth of Quercus mongolica stands. Ueno-Ohzaki equation was liable to give over or underestimates depending on the value of parameter b when extrapolating in old stands. Considering the accuracy of estimates and the biological base of the growth equations, Gompertz equation, Chapman-Richards equation and Weibull equation were generally applicable for estimating the stand growth characteristics of both species in the whole range of stand ages including extrapolated range. To get more accurate and precise parameter estimates, more data, especially in old stands, should be required in further study.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.220-226
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• 2004

The restoration effects in two sorts of forests created and managed on the bases of ecological principles in Sihwa industrial complex and Mt. Surak respectively were evaluated in both viewpoints of species composition and diversity. Species composition of the forests created based on the ecological design was move similar to that of the natural forests compared wit h the forests constructed by applying the landscape architectural method. The increased species diversity in the ecologically created forest reflected the effect as well. Black locust plantation managed by applying the ecological principle showed move similar species composition to the surrounding natural forest than the forest left without any management. Furthermore, the former forest showed higher species diversity than the latter one. The methods, which create and manage a forest based on ecological principles, revealed several problems, such as lack of specialty of project operators and inspecting officers, construction regulations without the ecological background, absence of the endemic young trees to be introduced in diverse natural environment, etc. Preparation of guidance for ecological planting and systematic environmental education including revision of construction regulation were recommended as the measures to solve such problems.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1032-1046
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to provide basic information on ecological forest management in Janggunbong, Bonghwa-Gun. Vegetation data were collected from Janggunbong, Bonghwa-Gun, from July, 2014 to October, 2015. We carried out an analysis of vegetation types on the physiognomically dominant species of 111 quadrates. In the natural forest area, the vegetation community was classified into Quercus mongolica, Betula schmidtii, Pinus densiflora, Quercus variabilis and Tilia amurensis. In the plantation area, the vegetation community was classified into Pinus koraiensis, Larix kaempferi, Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Betula platyphylla var. japonica. Based on the analysis of the importance value of the species in the slope area, it was seen that the tree layers of the natural forest were dominated by Quercus mongolica at 44.3, and Pinus densiflora at 12.1. The importance values of the subtree layer of the natural forest were found to be 27.6 for Quercus mongolica, and 12.4 for Fraxinus sieboldiana. Also, the importance values of the tree layers in the plantation areas were found to be 22.6 for Pinus koraiensis, 15.4 for Larix kaempferi, and 13.3 for Fraxinus rhynchophylla, while those of the subtree layers of the plantation area were found to be17.9 for Quercus variabilis, 14.1 for Parthenocissus tricuspidata, and 10.4 for Quercus mongolica in that order. Vine plants showed higher importance values in the plantation area than in the natural forest area. Species diversity in the valley area was 2.334 in the natural forest area, and 1.734 in the plantation area. That of natural forest area was 1.931, and that of plantation area was 1.927 in slope area. For management of the forest vegetation in Mt. Janggunbong, a distinct forest management plan, customized for each topography and physiognomical community unit should be made Particularly, the administration is required to consider strategies to reduce the higher importance value for vine plants in the plantation areas.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.2
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• pp.276-285
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• 1998

The aboveground biomass and nutrient content (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) of Pinus koraiensis S. et Z., aged 9, 22, 34, 46, 66 years, were measured in the Experiment Forest of Kangwon National University of Kangwondo province. The site index of the stands ranged from 13.5 to 14.2. Allometric equations (logY=alogX+b, where Y, X is ovendry mass and DBH, respectively) relating dry weights of stem, branches and needles to diameter at breast height (DBH) were developed to estimate aboveground tree biomass. Total above ground tree biomass increased with stand age from $21.8t\;ha^{-1}$ in the 9-year-old stand to $130t\;ha^{-1}$ in the 66-Year-old stand. Aboveground biomass was allocated as follows : stem> branch > foliage, except for the 9-year-old stand which had a greater proportion of foliage biomass than branch biomass. As stand age increased, an increasing proportion of annual biomass increment was allocated to stems. The aboveground biomass of shrubs and herbs ranged from 0.4 to $3.9t\;ha^{-1}$ and from 0.05 to $0.6t\;ha^{-1}$, respectively. No relationship was found between aboveground understory biomass and stand age. The mass of woody debris and forest floor varied between 0.59 to $1.54t\;ha^{-1}$ and 6.0 to $21.63t\;ha^{-1}$, respectively. Nutrient accumulation in aboveground tree biomass increased with stand age and was in the order of N > Ca > K > P > Mg. Average rates of nutrients accumulation in biomass were greatest in the early stages of stand development, and less marked as stand aged. The nutrient concentrations in different tree components decreased in the order of needle > branch > stem. There were no detectable trends in nutrient content of the forest floor and mineral soils with stand age. Understory vegetation contributed little to the nutrient pool of these Korean pine ecosystems. Mineral soil contained the Breast proportion of nutrient capital of the various ecosystem compartments.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.115-122
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• 1999

Investigation of nutrient movement in soil and soil water is necessary to clarify water purification functions and nutrient circulation within a forest ecosystem. In this study, seasonal changes in the nutrient content of soil and soil water was investigated in Korean white pine(Pinus koraiensis) and Japanese larch(Larix leptolepis) forest applied urea ($150kg\;ha^{-1}$). Soil pH was decreased rapidly in Japanese larch plot for a long period. On the other hand, soil pH was increased slightly in Korean white pine plot. T-C and T-N content were increased in both plots. In Japanes larch plot, exchangeable Ca and Mg contents were decreased remarkably than those in korean white pine plot while exchangeable K was increased rapidly after application. The effect of urea application on exchangeable K was not obvious compared to other cations. The pH, Ca, $NH_4-N$, $NO_3-N$, $SO_4-S$ and Cl concentrations in the sampled soil water at surface soil were increased only temporarily after fertilization, with the only exception of the decrease in pH of the soil water in Japanese larch plot. On the other hand, the peak value of K, Mg concentrations in the soil water was shown between 2 and 5 months after fertilization. The concentrations of Ca, $NO_3-N$, $SO_4-S$ and Cl returned to the values found before fertilization after about 1 month. Those of K, Mg, and $NO_3-N$ after 6-12 months.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.1
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• pp.85-92
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• 2000

Four Chamaecyparis obtusa plantations of 6, 9, 14, and 20 years were studied to investigate biomass, net production and nutrient distribution. There was wide difference in DBH and height growth of the stands according to site and soil conditions. Total biomasses of the stands of 14 years and 20 years located in gentle slopes and good soil conditions were 96.2t/ha and 145.0t/ha, and total net productions of those were 22.4t/ha/yr and 23.5t/ha/yr, respectively. Total biomasses of the stands of 6 years and 9 years located in steep slopes and poor soil conditions were 0.7t/ha and 14.0t/ha, and total net productions of those were 0.3t/ha/yr and 4.7t/ha/yr, respectively. As stand age increased, the ratios of stem wood and branches to total biomass and total net production increased, while the ratios of leaves to total biomass and total net production and the ratios of roots to total biomass decreased. Concentrations of N, P, K and Mg were greatest in the leaf and concentration of Ca was greatest in the stem bark. As stand age increased, N concentrations of the stem bark, branch, dead branch and root and K concentration of the branch decreased, while Ca concentration of the stem bark increased. Nutrient contents of the whole tree were great in order of N, K, Ca, Mg and P.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.4 s.161
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• pp.264-268
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• 2005

Chlorophyll contents in Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) needles of an advance growth stand and a plantation were compared using 80% acetone and DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide). Total chlorophyll contents in DMSO were 4-6 times higher than those in 80% acetone. There were no significant differences in chlorophyll contents between two stand types in both 80% acetone and DMSO. It appeared that 6 hours in DMSO would be appropriate to successfully extract chlorophyll from Korean pine needles of advance growth and planted trees.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.82 no.2
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• pp.188-194
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• 1993

A natural Quercus variabilis forest and a Populus alba${\times}$P. glandulosa plantation in Mt. Mohu area were studied to investigate aboveground biomass and net production. A $20m{\times}30m$ quadrat was set up in each stand, and 10 sample trees each of Quercus variabilis and Populus alba ${\times}$ P. glandulosa were cut for dimension analysis. There was little difference in accuracy among three biomass regression models of logWt=A+BlogD, $logWt=A+BlogD^2H$, and logWt=A+BlogD+ClogH, where Wt. D, and H were dry weight, DBH, and height, respectively. Aboveground total biomass of Quercus variabilis stand was 31,275kg/ha, and that of Populus alba ${\times}$ P. glandulosa was 55,581kg/ha. In both of Quercus variabilis stand and Populus alba ${\times}$ P. glandulosa stand, the proportion of each tree component to abovegound total biomass was high in order of stem wood, branches, stem bark, and leaves. Quercus variabilis stand was higher in the proportion of stem bark, branches and leaves than Populus alba ${\times}$ P. glandulosa stand, while the former was lower in that of stem wood than the latter. Aboveground total net production of Quercus variabilis stand was 4,267kg/ha/yr., and that of Populus alba ${\times}$ P. glandulosa stand was 3,903kg/ha/yr. The proportion of each tree component to aboveground total net production of Quercus variabilis stand was high in order of leaves, stem wood, branches, and stem bark. That of Populus alba ${\times}$ P. glandulosa stand was high in order of stem wood, leaves, branches, and stem bark. Net assimilation rate and efficiency of leaf to produce stem of Quercus variabilis stand were 2.121 and 0.840, respectively. Those of Populus alba ${\times}$ P. glandulosa stand were 3.376 and 2.085, respectively. Though Populus alba${\times}$P. glandulosa stand was lower in aboveground total net production than Quercus variabilis stand, the former was higher in aboveground total biomass than the latter. The reason was that Populus alba${\times}$P. glandulosa stand was higher in net production of stem wood of accumulation organs than Quercus variablis stand.