• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.112-130
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• 2006

In order to improve the waste management system for the unit of small villages, we visited 14 counties nationwide and investigated the present conditions of the farming and fishing villages on waste management. First, we selected one concentrated residential type village and one separated residential type village. Then we investigated the quantities and the characteristics of the domestic wastes generated from the 2 sample villages that we chose early on. The concentration of 7 heavy metals in open burned residuals was analyzed. The results are as follows: (1) We distributed the 799 questionnaires to public servants (83 Gun, 716 Myon) and 337 questionnaires to residents. In accordance with a result of questionnaire on the Volume-Based Waste Fee System, the rate of participated questionnaire was 70.3% from public servants and 31.8% from residents. (2) From the survey on two chosen villages, the generation of municipal waste was 48.6g/person/day in A Village, 54.3g/person/day in B Village. This amount was smaller than that of national average of 1.05kg because of excluding recyclable wastes and some of incinerated combustible waste. (3) The 14 counties entered the aged society. There were 2 aging societies, 8 aged societies and 4 super-aged societies. And the average ratios of Public financial independence and waste budget of financial independence were 16.1% and 17.9% respectively. These are lower than that of national average of 57.2% and 31.4%. This indicates that these factors seemed to be operated with the hindrance insettling Volume-Based Waste Fee System in the small villages.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.76-81
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• 2011

Purpose: The object of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of early total parenteral nutrition with early amino acid in extremely low birth weight infant (ELBWI). Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of all ELBWIs who were born and admitted to Samsung Medical Center from January 2003 to December 2003 and January 2009 to December 2009 and alive at the time of discharge. Data for nutritional status and morbidities were compared between period 1 (2003, n=22), in which parenteral nutritional support was started gradually over several days and period 2 (2009, n=38), in which parenteral nutrition with amino acid was started as soon as possible after birth. Results: Compared to period 1, birth weight and Apgar score were lower in period 2. The intake amount of glucose, amino acid and total calorie was higher and the level of blood urea nitrogen was increased more from 7th day to 14th day after birth in period 2 when compared than period 1. The weight gain velocity was faster at 7th and 14th postnatal day in period 2. There were no differences in the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis, moderate to severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and severe intraventricular hemorrhage (${\geq}$ Gr III) between two periods but, the incidence of periventricular leukomalacia(PVL) was significantly lower in period 2. Conclusion: Early initiation of total parenteral nutrition with early amino acid in ELBWIs was beneficial at weight gain with lowering catabolism and increasing anabolism. And it could be related with reducing the incidence of PVL.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.463-471
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• 2018

Perilla is an oilseed crop cultivated in Korea since ancient times. Due to the high ${\alpha}-linolenic$ acid content in perilla, perilla seed oil can easily become rancid. ${\alpha}-Linolenic$ acid is synthesized by two enzymes, endoplasmic reticulum-localized ${\Delta}15$ desaturase (FAD3) and chloroplast-localized ${\Delta}15$ desaturase (FAD7) in vivo. In order to lower the ${\alpha}-linolenic$ acid content of the seed oil without disturbing plant growth, we tried to suppress the expression of only the FAD3 gene using RNA interference, whilst maintaining the expression of the FAD7 gene. Seventeen transgenic plants with herbicide ($Basta^{TM}$) resistance were obtained by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation using hypocotyls of perilla plants. The transgenic plants were firstly confirmed by treatment with 0.3% (v/v) $Basta^{TM}$ herbicide, and the expression of FAD3 was measured by Northern blot analysis. The ${\alpha}-linolenic$ acid content was 10-20%, 30-40%, and 60% in two, seven, and three of the twelve $T_1$ transgenic perilla plants which had enough seeds to be analyzed for fatty acid composition, respectively. Analysis of the fatty acid composition of $T_2$ progeny seeds from $T_1$ plants with the lowest ${\alpha}-linolenic$ acid content showed that the homozygous lines had 6-10% ${\alpha}-linolenic$ acid content and the heterozygous lines had 20-26% ${\alpha}-linolenic$ acid content. It is expected that the reduction in ${\alpha}-linolenic$ acid content in perilla seed oil will prevent rancidity and can be utilized for the production of high-value functional ingredients such as high ${\gamma}-linolenic$ acid.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2015

Recently, duck meat consumption has been rapidly increased because consumers recognized duck meat for healthy food. In relation to this, Korean duck industry need to develop Korean native duck (KND) breed for both conservation perspective and self-sufficient of the breeding stocks. In this study, 24 microsatellite (MS) markers were investigated for classification of KND and commercial duck (CD) breeds in the Korean market. Using these MS markers, the calculated number of alleles (K), expected heterozygosity (He) values and polymorphic information contents (PIC) were 1~16, 0~0.865 and 0~0.841, respectively. Also, the expected probability of identical values in random individuals (PI), random sib ($PI_{sib}$) and random half-sib ($PI_{half-sib}$) were estimated as $1.64{\times}10^{-16}$, $2.60{\times}10^{-7}$ and $1.30{\times}10^{-12}$, respectively. The results indicated that the expected probabilities of identity powers were enough for the individual identification. However, KND and CD breeds were not fully discriminated well using the 24 MS markers, which may CD and KND has shared same origin or crossbred. Therefore, further studies will be ultimately needed for developing a genetically pure line of KND breed even though the DNA markers used. Finally, these results will provide useful information for individual traceability system in ducks.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.93-101
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• 2016

Purpose: McArdle disease, glycogen storage disease type V (GSD V), is one of the most common adolescent-onset glycogen storage diseases. It is caused by recessive mutations in PYGM encoding myophosphorylase, which is critical to glycogen metabolism. Since only a few korean patients have been reported, we will observe the clinical and genetic features of three korean patients with McArdle disease. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of three patients with genetically confirmed McArdle disease, including the results of forearm ischemic exercise test, electromyogram, nerve conduction velocity, muscle biopsy, and PYGM analysis in peripheral leukocytes. Results: All three cases were males and their age of symptom onset was 12, 5, 14 years old, respectively. A high basal level of serum creatine kinase was noted in all three patients. They experienced the recurrent episodes of rhabdomyolysis, but second wind phenomenon was not definite. In muscle biopsy, subsarcolemmal space vacuoles including periodic acid schiff stained materials were found in two patients, while no evidence of glycogen storage disease was found in the other. A total of five different mutations, $p.Arg50^*$, p.Trp798Arg, $p.Arg50^*$, p.Glu779del, $p.Asp511Thrfs^*28$ and p.Phe710del, were found in three patients. Avoidance of isometric exercise, aerobic exercise and glucose intake before each exercise were recommended for all patients. Conclusion: The three Korean patients with McArdle disease showed the typical manifestations of the condition. The most mutations were private. Therefore, identification of more cases with long-term follow-up will be required to understand the clinical and genetic features of this disease among Korean population.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.177-188
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• 1985

To clarify the characteristics and genesis of clayey terrace soils in Yeongnam area, macro-morphological features and soil profile development indexes were investigated with the sequential soils in Yeongcheon (inland region) and in Yeongil (coastal region). The results are summarized as follows; 1. According to the physiogaphy and landuse, the terrace soils were discernible to well drained yellowish red (5 YR) profile of higher terrace (Bancheon series), moderately well drained reddish yellow (7.5 YR) profile of middle terraces (Upyeong and Hwadong series), and lower terraces (Deogpyeong and Geugrag series) which were moderately well to imperfectly drained by paddy-fication. 2. The roundness and sphericity of the gravels contained in the terrace deposits were ranged around 0.543-0.546 and 0.723-0.722, respectively. The rounded to well rounded gravels were resemble to typical alluvial origins. 3. The amount of clay minerals formed in the soil horizons per 100g of parent materials were 50.8-30.7g while the rates of the clay leached were 30.1-7.4%, and the higher terrace had the more leaching rates. 4. The index of profile development of the terrace soils ranged from 37.95 to 22.01 and the index were positively correlated with relative elevations of the soils. The rates of clay leaching were positively correlated with the ratios of clay in the illuvial horizons to elluvial horizons. 5. A similarity was observed among cumulative grain size curves of the terrace soils, but the patterns of recalculated silt free cumulative grain size curve of terrace deposits in Upyeong soils in Yeongil area were abruptly different from down layer that suggest the soil to have bisequum profile.

• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate the efficiency of Hydroxyapatite ($Bongros^{(R)}$-HA) what use for bone defect after operative treatment of benign bone tumor. Materials and Methods: Hydroxyapatite, was used to treat bone defect after operative treatment of benign bone tumor from September, 2006 to December, 2007. A total of 17 benign bone tumor cases (10 males and 7 females) with mean age of 28.5 was observed studied. The diagnoses were fibrous dysplasia in 8 cases, solitary bone cyst in 5 cases, and giant cell tumor in 4 cases. In categorization by location of tumor, there were 6 cases of proximal femur, 3 cases of proximal femur, 3 cases of proximal tibia, 4 cases of proximal humerus, and 1 case of hip bone. Autogenous bone was used with Hydroxyapatite in 4 cases, and only Hydroxyapatite used in 13 cases. Periods of Follow-up were from 3 months to 15 months, and mean period were 7.5 months. Amount of graft resorption and bone formation was observed with compare of post operation radiograph and the difference was shown by percentage. Results: More than 98% bone uptake was observed after mean 4.5 months, and more than 98% bone formation was observed after mean 6.2 months. Lesser bone defect size showed faster bone formation and it was statistically significant result (P=0.012). But other comparative studies on other factors such as sex, age of patients and combination of autogenous bone were no statistically significant differences in graft resorption and bone formation. And there was no significant complications in periods of follow-up. Conclusion: Hydroxyapatite is considered as one of useful method of bone defect after operative treatment of benign bone tumor.

• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.56-63
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate the efficiency of demineralized bone matrix (DBM, Genesis$^{(R)}$) used for bone defect after operative traetment of benign bone tumors by clinical and radiological methods. Materials and Methods: DBM was used to treat bone defect after operative treatment of benign tumor from February 2012 to May 2013. Total 25 benign bone tumor cases (15 males, and 10 females) with mean age of 30.3 were studied. The diagnoses were solitary bone cyst in 9 cases, non ossifying fibroma in 5, fibrous dysplasia in 5, aneurysmal bone cyst in 3 and enchondroma in 3. In categorization by location of tumor, there were 5 cases of distal femur, 4 of proximal tibia, 3 of proximal femur, 3 of proximal humerus, 3 of phalanx, 2 of distal radius, 2 of hip bone, 2 of calcaneus, and 1 of scapula. Autogenous bone was used with DBM in 6 cases, and only DBM used in 19 cases. Mean periods of follow up were 8.7 months (range: 6 to 14 months). Amount of graft resorption and bone formation was observed with compare of post operation radiograph and the difference was shown by percentage. Resorption level was measured by DBM level which could be observed from simple x-ray, and bone formation level by bone trabecular formation level at impaired site. Results: Twenty three cases of total 25 cases showed bone union. In the 23 cases, more than 98% DBM resorption was observed after mean 4.3 months, and more than 98% bone formation was observed after mean 6.9 months. Lesser bone defect sizes showed faster bone formation and it was statistically significant (p=0.036). But other comparative studies on other factors such as, sex, age of patients and combination of autogenous bone were no statistically significant differences in graft resorption and bone formation. And there was no significant complication in periods of follow-up. Conclusion: Demineralized Bone Matrix (Genesis$^{(R)}$) is thought to be useful treatment for bone defect after operative treatment of benign bone tumor, however longer follow-up periods appears to be needed.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.141-154
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• 2014

The adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) is the one of important issues in the recent accounting research because the change from local GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) to IFRS has a substantial effect on accounting information. Over 100 countries including Australia, China, Canada and the European Union member countries adopt IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards) for financial reporting purposes, and several more including the United States and Japan are considering the adoption of IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards). In Korea, 61 firms voluntarily adopted Korean International Financial Reporting Standard (K-IFRS) in 2009 and 2010 and all listed firms mandatorily adopted K-IFRS (Korea-International Financial Reporting Standards) in 2011. The adoption of IFRS is expected to increase financial statement comparability, improve corporate transparency, increase the quality of financial reporting, and hence, provide benefits to investors This study investigates whether recognized accounts receivable discounting (AR discounting) under Korean International Financial Reporting Standard (K-IFRS) is more value relevant than disclosed AR discounting under Korean Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (K-GAAP). Because more rigorous standards are applied to the derecognition of AR discounting under K-IFRS(Korea-International Financial Reporting Standards), most AR discounting is recognized as a short term debt instead of being disclosed as a contingent liability unless all risks and rewards are transferred. In this research, I try to figure out industrial responses to the changes in accounting rules for the treatment of accounts receivable toward more strict standards in the recognition of sales which occurs with the adoption of Korea International Financial Reporting Standard. This study examines whether accounting information is more value-relevant, especially information on accounts receivable discounting (hereinafter, AR discounting) is value-relevant under K-IFRS (Korea-International Financial Reporting Standards). First, note that AR discounting involves the transfer of financial assets. Under Korean Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (K-GAAP), when firms discount AR to banks before the AR maturity, firms conventionally remove AR from the balance-sheet and report losses from AR discounting and disclose and explain the transactions in the footnotes. Under K-IFRS (Korea-International Financial Reporting Standards), however, most firms keep AR and add a short-term debt as same as discounted AR. This process increases the firms' leverage ratio and raises the concern to the firms about investors' reactions to worsening capital structures. Investors may experience the change in perceived risk of the firm. In the study sample, the average of AR discounting is 75.3 billion won (maximum 3.6 trillion won and minimum 18 million won), which is, on average 7.0% of assets (maximum 38.6% and minimum 0.002%), 26.2% of firms' accounts receivable (maximum 92.5% and minimum 0.003%) and 13.5% of total liabilities (maximum 69.5% and minimum 0.004%). After the adoption of K-IFRS (Korea-International Financial Reporting Standards), total liabilities increase by 13%p on average (maximum 103%p and minimum 0.004%p) attributable to AR discounting. The leverage ratio (total liabilities/total assets) increases by an average 2.4%p (maximum 16%p and minimum 0.001%p) and debt-to-equity ratio increases by average 14.6%p (maximum 134%p and minimum 0.006%) attributable to the recognition of AR discounting as a short-term debt. The structure of debts and equities of the companies engaging in factoring transactions are likely to be affected in the changes of accounting rule. I suggest that the changes in accounting provisions subsequent to Korea International Financial Reporting Standard adoption caused significant influence on the structure of firm's asset and liabilities. Due to this changes, the treatment of account receivable discounting have become critical. This paper proposes an intelligent diagnostic system for estimating negative impact on stock value with self-organizing maps and case based reasoning. To validate the usefulness of this proposed model, real data was analyzed. In order to get the significance of this proposed model, several models were compared to the research model. I found out that this proposed model provides satisfactory results with compared models.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.130-137
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• 2009

Purpose : Stem cell transplantation (SCT) has gained worldwide acceptance as a treatment for hematologic disorders. This study was performed to evaluate the clinical characteristics and outcomes of the acute kidney injury after SCT in children. Methods : The records of 53 patients who were treated with SCT at the pediatric department of Yeungnam University Hospital between January, 1996 and April, 2009 were used as subjects. Their were divided into two groups ; 'Early renal insufficiency' (ERI, n=18) and 'Non-early renal insufficiency' (NERI, n=35). ERI had greater than 25% of drop in GFR after SCT. Results: Total 53 patients were analyzed. In cord blood SCT (n=11), ERI was 4 (36.4%) and NERI was 7 (63.6%). In bone marrow SCT (n=16), ERI was 8 (50.0%) and NERI was 8 (50.5%). In autologous peripheral blood SCT (n=26), ERI was 6 (23.1%) and NERI was 20 (76.9%). There is no difference in both groups according to kinds of SCT. GVHD was developed in 22 patients, and there is no difference in each group. Twenty two of 53 patients died. ERI was 12 (66.7%) and NERI was 10 (28.6%). Acute renal failure is most important cause of the deaths. Conclusion : Out of 53 pediatric patients who were treated with SCT, 18 patients had greater than 25% of drop in GFR. There is no difference in both groups according to kinds of SCT. GVHD was found in 22 patients and there is no relation between GVHD development and acute kideney injury.