• Title/Summary/Keyword: 응력 범위

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A Study on Estimating Shear Strength of Continuum Rock Slope (연속체 암반비탈면의 강도정수 산정 연구)

  • Kim, Hyung-Min;Lee, Su-gon;Lee, Byok-Kyu;Woo, Jae-Gyung;Hur, Ik;Lee, Jun-Ki
    • Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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    • v.35 no.5
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    • pp.5-19
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    • 2019
  • Considering the natural phenomenon in which steep slopes ($65^{\circ}{\sim}85^{\circ}$) consisting of rock mass remain stable for decades, slopes steeper than 1:0.5 (the standard of slope angle for blast rock) may be applied in geotechnical conditions which are similar to those above at the design and initial construction stages. In the process of analysing the stability of a good to fair continuum rock slope that can be designed as a steep slope, a general method of estimating rock mass strength properties from design practice perspective was required. Practical and genealized engineering methods of determining the properties of a rock mass are important for a good continuum rock slope that can be designed as a steep slope. The Genealized Hoek-Brown (H-B) failure criterion and GSI (Geological Strength Index), which were revised and supplemented by Hoek et al. (2002), were assessed as rock mass characterization systems fully taking into account the effects of discontinuities, and were widely utilized as a method for calculating equivalent Mohr-Coulomb shear strength (balancing the areas) according to stress changes. The concept of calculating equivalent M-C shear strength according to the change of confining stress range was proposed, and on a slope, the equivalent shear strength changes sensitively with changes in the maximum confining stress (${{\sigma}^{\prime}}_{3max}$ or normal stress), making it difficult to use it in practical design. In this study, the method of estimating the strength properties (an iso-angle division method) that can be applied universally within the maximum confining stress range for a good to fair continuum rock mass slope is proposed by applying the H-B failure criterion. In order to assess the validity and applicability of the proposed method of estimating the shear strength (A), the rock slope, which is a study object, was selected as the type of rock (igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary) on the steep slope near the existing working design site. It is compared and analyzed with the equivalent M-C shear strength (balancing the areas) proposed by Hoek. The equivalent M-C shear strength of the balancing the areas method and iso-angle division method was estimated using the RocLab program (geotechnical properties calculation software based on the H-B failure criterion (2002)) by using the basic data of the laboratory rock triaxial compression test at the existing working design site and the face mapping of discontinuities on the rock slope of study area. The calculated equivalent M-C shear strength of the balancing the areas method was interlinked to show very large or small cohesion and internal friction angles (generally, greater than $45^{\circ}$). The equivalent M-C shear strength of the iso-angle division is in-between the equivalent M-C shear properties of the balancing the areas, and the internal friction angles show a range of $30^{\circ}$ to $42^{\circ}$. We compared and analyzed the shear strength (A) of the iso-angle division method at the study area with the shear strength (B) of the existing working design site with similar or the same grade RMR each other. The application of the proposed iso-angle division method was indirectly evaluated through the results of the stability analysis (limit equilibrium analysis and finite element analysis) applied with these the strength properties. The difference between A and B of the shear strength is about 10%. LEM results (in wet condition) showed that Fs (A) = 14.08~58.22 (average 32.9) and Fs (B) = 18.39~60.04 (average 32.2), which were similar in accordance with the same rock types. As a result of FEM, displacement (A) = 0.13~0.65 mm (average 0.27 mm) and displacement (B) = 0.14~1.07 mm (average 0.37 mm). Using the GSI and Hoek-Brown failure criterion, the significant result could be identified in the application evaluation. Therefore, the strength properties of rock mass estimated by the iso-angle division method could be applied with practical shear strength.

Experimental Study on Fire-Resistant Characteristics of Bi-Directionally Prestressed Concrete Panel under RABT Fire Scenario (RABT 화재시나리오를 적용한 이방향 프리스트레스트 콘크리트 패널부재의 내화특성에 관한 실험적 연구)

  • Yi, Na-Hyun;Lee, Sang-Won;Kim, Jang-Ho Jay
    • Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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    • v.24 no.6
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    • pp.695-703
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    • 2012
  • Recently, major infrastructure such as bridges, tunnels, PCCVs (Prestressed Concrete Containment Vessel), and gas tanks are Prestressed Concrete (PSC) structure types, which improve their safety by using confining effect from prestressing. Generally, concrete is known to be an outstanding fire resistant construction material. Because of this reason, researches related to extreme fire loaded PSC member behaviors are not often conducted even though PSC behavior under extreme fire loading is significantly different than that of ordinary reinforced concrete (RC) behavior. Therefore, in this study, RABT fire loading tests were performed on bi-directionally prestressed concrete panels with $1000{\times}1400{\times}300mm$ dimensions. The prestressed specimens were applied with 430 kN prestressing (PS) force using unbonded PS thread bars. Also, residual strength structural tests of fire tested PSC and ordinary RC structures were performed for comparison. The study results showed that PSC behavior under fire loading is significantly different than that of RC behavior.

Joint Characteristics in Sedimentary Rocks of Gyeongsang Supergroup (경상누층군 퇴적암의 절리 특성 연구)

  • Chang, Tae-Woo;Son, Byeong-Kook
    • The Journal of Engineering Geology
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    • v.19 no.3
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    • pp.351-363
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    • 2009
  • Two orthogonal joint sets develop well only in sandstone beds in the sandstone-mudstone sequences of Gumi and Dasa outcrops within Cretaceous Gyeongsang Basin. And various joint data are similar in the beds of the same thickness in both outcrops, meaning that the joint sets were homogeneously produced by extensional deformation in the same regional stress field. Most of joints in the sandstone beds are orthogonal to, and confined by bed boundaries, which are believed to be formed by hydrofracturing during consolidation after burial. Two orthogonal joint sets are considered to be almost coeval on the basis of mutual abutting relationship which makes up fracture grid-lock and a product of rapid switching of ${\sigma}_2$ and ${\sigma}_3$ axes with constant ${\sigma}_1$ direction oriented to vertical. The joint sets in the sandstone beds show planar surfaces, parallel orientations and regular spacing, with joint spacing linearly proportional to bed thickness. The spacing distributions of the joints seem to correspond to log-normal to almost normal distribution in most of the beds. But multilayer joints do not display regular spacing and dominant size. Either joint set in this study is characterized by a high level of joint density and a saturated spacing distribution as indicated by the mode/mean ratio values and the Cv(coefficient of variance) values. Joint aperture tends to increase with the vertical length of the joints controlled by bed thickness.

Effect of Different Energy Frames on the Impact Velocity of Strain Energy Frame Impact Machine (에너지 프레임 종류에 따른 변형에너지 프레임 충격시험장치의 충격속도)

  • PARK, Seung Hun;PARK, Jun Kil;TRAN, Tuan Kiet;KIM, Dong Joo
    • Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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    • v.27 no.4
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    • pp.363-375
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    • 2015
  • This research investigated the effects of diameter and material of energy frame on the impact velocity or strain rate of Strain Energy Frame Impact Machine (SEFIM). The impact speed of SEFIM have been clearly affected by changing the diameter and material of the energy frame. The reduced diameter of the energy frame clearly increased the impact velocity owing to the higher strain at the moment of coupler breakage. And, titanium alloy energy frame produced the fastest speed of impact among three materials including steel, aluminum and titanium alloys because titanium alloy has faster wave velocity than steel. But, aluminium energy frame was broken during impact tests. In addition, the tensile stress versus strain response of high performance fiber reinforced cementitious composites at higher and wider strain rates between 10 and 72 /sec was successfully obtained by using four different energy frames.

Development of an Artificial Neural Expert System for Rational Determination of Lateral Earth Pressure Coefficient (합리적인 측압계수 결정을 위한 인공신경 전문가 시스템의 개발)

  • 문상호;문현구
    • Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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    • v.15 no.1
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    • pp.99-112
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    • 1999
  • By using 92 values of lateral earth pressure coefficient(K) measured in Korea, the tendency of K with varying depth is analyzed and compared with the range of K defined by Hoek and Brown. The horizontal stress is generally larger than the vertical stress in Korea : About 84 % of K values are above 1. In this study, the theory of elasto-plasticity is applied to analyze the variation of K values, and the results are compared with those of numerical analysis. This reveals that the erosion, sedimentation and weathering of earth crust are important factors in the determination of K values. Surface erosion, large lateral pressure and good rock mass increase the K values, but sedimentation decreases the K values. This study enable us to analyze the effects of geological processes on the K values, especially at shallow depth where underground excavation takes place. A neural network expert system using multi-layer back-propagation algorithm is developed to predict the K values. The neural network model has a correlation coefficient above 0.996 when it is compared with measured data. The comparison with 9 measured data which are not included in the back-propagation learning has shown an average inference error of 20% and the correlation coefficient above 0.95. The expert system developed in this study can be used for reliable determination of K values.

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Effect of rock joint roughness on shear strength (조도(粗度)가 전단강도에 미치는 영향)

  • 김영기;천성환
    • The Journal of Engineering Geology
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    • v.2 no.1
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    • pp.1-18
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    • 1992
  • Rock mass having discontinuous plane almost appear roughness which have a great effect on shear strength. Rocks of studied object choose granites (15 samples), gneisses (7 samples), and andesites (1 sample). The purpose of this study was to clarify shear strength of discontinuous planes as value of shear strength angle (${\Phi}_p$), critical stress of roughness (${\sigma}_r$) and shear failure strength (${\tau}_o$). 1. Roughness decrease from ${\Phi}_i=38.03^{\circ}$ to $33.21^{\circ}$ that is, friction angle has the highest value at first stage and has the lowest value at the last stage. 2. Critical angle of roughness distribution within $45^{\circ}$ (test max. $angle=43^{\circ}$), JRC(Joint Roughness Coefficient) is less than 14 and lies distribution range of boundary is following: $JRC=-4.63Ln{\sigma}n+5.63$. 3. When the roughness critical stress(${\sigma}_T) is from 0.1 to 3 .56Mpa, shear failure strength of roughness (${\tau}_o$) is from 0.01 to 0.46Mpa, shear strength(${\tau}$) of discontinuous plane is from 3.65 to 39.11 Mpa. If loading is higher than these values, collapse and sliding will occur on the rock mass.

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A Study of Analytical Integrity Estimations for the Structure and Rotor System of an Emergency Diesel Generator (비상디젤발전기의 회전체 및 구조물 해석적 건전성 평가에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Chae-Sil;Choi, Heon-Oh;Jung, Hoon-Hyung
    • Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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    • v.24 no.2
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    • pp.79-86
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    • 2014
  • This paper describes an integrity evaluation method for emergency diesel generator(EDG) and rotor part of EDG. EDG is a very important equipment in the nuclear power plant(NPP). EDG supplies electricity to the safety-related equipments for the safety shut down of NPP in an emergency situation of earthquake. The safety of the rotor part of EDG is also important during seismic impact from earthquake. The finite element modelling of the EDG including rotor part was constructed. The modal analysis of EDG was firstly performed. The first natural frequency was calculated and revealed higher than the cutoff frequency of seismic spectrum. Then the stress analysis was done to compare with the allowable stress. The safety of the rotor part was investigated by the finite element analysis of the rotor and journal bearing interaction to find film thickness and critical speed. The seismic load was applied to rotor part in a manner that the load was a weighted static load. Analysis results showed that the maximum stress was within the range of allowable stress and the film thickness is larger than the permissible minimum thickness, and the critical speed was out of the operating speed. Hence, the structural and dynamic integrity of EDG could be confirmed by the numerical analysis method used in this paper. However, dynamic analysis of a rotating rotor and supporting bearing with the seismic impact needs to be investigated in a more rigorous method since the seismic load to the rotating part complicates the behavior of rotating system.

Assessment of Composite Material Flaws on the Type III Cylinders for Compressed Natural Gas Vehicles (압축천연가스자동차용 Type III 용기의 복합재 결함 평가)

  • Kim, Young-Seob;Kim, Lae-Hyun;Yang, Dong-Ju
    • Journal of Energy Engineering
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    • v.20 no.2
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    • pp.90-95
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    • 2011
  • This study was conducted to judge requalification of cylinders by assessing composite flaws such as scratches, cuts, and gouges damaging on the composite of Type III cylinders for compressed natural gas vehicles. As a result of the flaw tolerance test, all specimens have satisfied with minimum requirement cycles according to damage levels based on ISO 19078 and cyclic performance for pressure showed beyond twenty thousands in damage level 1 and 2, and did eighteen thousands to twenty-one thousands in damage level 3. Eight of twelve specimens failed the test due to composite flaws and the rest of the cylinders failed regardless of flaws. The results of Finite Element Method followed by the computer simulation indicated that the stress of 79.5 MPa calculated on the flaw model of $1.25\;mm{\times}200\;mm$ and the stress of 66.6 MPa on the non-flaw model when the service pressure applied to inside of cylinder. The difference between the models is about 19.37%. We concluded that this difference influences fatigue life and this flaw model is a critical value affecting cyclic performance of cylinders.

Preliminary Investigation of Pavement Adjustment Concepts for Slab Thickness Deficiency in Portland Cement Concrete Pavement (콘크리트 포장의 슬래브 두께 손실에 대한 지불규정 기준 정립을 위한 기초연구)

  • Kim, Seong-Min;Rhee, Suk-Keun
    • International Journal of Highway Engineering
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    • v.9 no.2 s.32
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    • pp.141-151
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    • 2007
  • The current standards and specifications for the road pavement construction have been developed based on materials and construction methods. The pavements constructed in accordance with those specifications do not guarantee high performance of pavements since they do not consider long-term performance of pavements. Therefore, as part of the study to develop performance-based construction standards for pavements, the payment adjustment methods based on the pavement performance are currently being developed. This paper presents preliminary studies performed to develop the payment adjustment methods when there is deficiency in the concrete slab thickness that is one oi the most important factors for the pavement design and construction. First, the payment adjustment methods in USA were investigated. Then, the AASHTO failure equation, the relationship between slab thickness and stress, and the relationship between stress level and pavement life were employed to propose the payment adjustment concepts based on the pavement performance for the deficient slab thickness. The variation in the slab thickness according to measurement locations was investigated by taking cores. In addition, the measurement methods of slab thickness and the variation of measured thicknesses depending on performers were analyzed, and finally the methodology to develop the thickness deficiency ranges for the use in the payment adjustment methods was proposed.

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A Study on Inelastic Lateral-Torsional Buckling of Stepped I-Beams Subjected to Pure Bending (균일모멘트를 받는 계단식 I형보의 비탄성 횡-비틀림 좌굴에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Jong Min;Kim, Seung Jun;Park, Jong Sup;Kang, Young Jong
    • Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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    • v.20 no.2
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    • pp.237-246
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    • 2008
  • The cross-sections of continuous multi-span beams sometimes suddenly increase, or become stepped, at the interior supports of continuous beams to resist high negative moments. The three-dimensional finite-element program ABAQUS (2006) was used to analytically investigate the inelastic lateral-torsional buckling behavior of stepped beams subjected to pure bending moment and resulted in the development of design equations. The flanges of the smaller cross-section were fixed at 30.48 by 2.54 cm, whereas the width and/or thickness of the flanges of the larger cross-section varied. The web thickness and height of beam was kept at 1.65 cm and 88.9 cm, respectively. The ratios of the flange thickness, flange width, and stepped length of beams are considered analytical parameters. Two groups of 27 cases and 35 cases, respectively, were analyzed for double and single stepped beams. The combined effects of residual stresses and geometrical imperfection on inelastic lateral-torsional buckling of beams are considered. First, the distributions of residual stress of the cross-section is same as shown in Pi, etc (1995), and the initial geometric imperfection of the beam is set by central displacement equal to 0.1% of the unbraced length of beam. The new proposed equations definitely improve current design methods for the inelastic LTB problem and increase efficiency in building and bridge design. The proposed solutions can be easily used to develop new design equation for inelastic LTB resistance of stepped beams subjected to general loading condition such as a concentrated load, a series of concentrated loads or uniformly distributed load.