• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.19-25
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• 2021

It has been widely recognized that there are two varieties of lateral liquid /l/, which are light /l/ (a non-velarized allophone) and dark /l/ (a velarized allophone). However, this categorical view has been challenged in recent studies, both on articulatory and acoustic aspects. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether to consider /l/ velarization as a continuum in American English and provide supporting data. A spontaneous American English speech database called the Buckeye Speech Corpus was used for the material. The formant frequencies of /l/ in each syllable position were measured and analyzed statistically. The formant frequencies of /l/ in each syllable position, especially F2 values, were significantly different from each other. The results showed that there were other significantly different varieties of /l/ in American English, which support the continuum view on /l/ velarization. Regarding the effect of the adjacent vowel, the backness of the adjacent vowels was shown to affect the degree of /l/ velarization, regardless of the syllable position of the lateral liquid. This result will help provide a solid ground for the continuum view.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.12-21
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• 1998

이 연구는 몇 가지 음성적 특징들이 한국어 연속 음성에서의 운율단위의 운율 단서 로 사용되어질 수 있음을 보여 준다. 구 단위의 운율 이론 체계에서 한국어의 운율단위를 악센트구와 억양구로 정의한 전선아(1993)의 연구 결과를 연속음성 자료에 도입하면서 운율 경계에서의 음성적 특징들을 살펴보았다. 연구 결과 악센트구와 억양구말에서는 피치 패턴 과 경계성조의 변화 뿐 아니라 단위말 음절의 길이 증가 현상이 두드러짐을 알 수 있었다. 또 악센트구와 억양구초에서는 모음으로 시작하는 음절의 경우, 모음 시작부에서의 성문음 화가 특징으로 나타난다. 운율 경계에서의 이런 음성적 특징들은 운율단위를 구분짓는 단서 로 이용될 수 있으며 또한 한국어 연속음성의 운율적 패턴을 이해할 수 있게 한다.

• Proceedings of the Acoustical Society of Korea Conference
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• spring
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• pp.309-312
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• 2002

무성모음화 현상이 어떠한 분절음적, 운율적 환경에서 주로 실현되는가를 알아보기 위하여 선행자음의 분절음적 환경, 후행자음의 분절음적 환경, 해당 강세구의 음절수, 운율 구조상의 위치 등 모두 네 가지를 변수로 실험을 진행하였다. 모두 10명의 화자(남5, 여5)가 발화한 1140개의 자료에 나타난 행당 모음의 길이를 측정하는 방법으로 분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 선행자음은 [+기식성]과 [+지속성]을 가진 환경이, 후행 자음은 [-지속정]과 [기식성]을 가진 환경이 무성모음화가 잘 일어나는 환경인 것으로 밝혀졌다. 음절수의 증가는 큰 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 보였고, 대체로 두 번째 강세구의 단어초에 위치하는 경우에 모음의 길이가 짧거나 무성모음화되는 경향이 관찰되었다.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 1993.10a
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• pp.193-205
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• 1993

한글의 글자꼴과 장평율 그리고 글줄 길이와 글줄꼴 처리 방식이 가독성에 미치는 효과를 측정하였다. 글자꼴은 명조체, 고딕체, 샘물체를 사용하였고, 장평율은 글자의 가로 대 세로 비율을 1 대 1, 1 대 2 그리고 2 대 1로 변형시킨 세 가지를 사용하였다. 글줄 길이는 60mm와 120mm의 두 가지로 하였고 글줄 끝에서 음절 단위로 끊어 쓴 문장과 어절 단위로 끊어 쓰되 띄어쓰기 여백을 조절한 문장과 조절하지 않은 문장을 사용하였다. 연구결과, 글자꼴에서는 명조체와 고딕체의 가독성이 샘물체보다 좋았고, 가로 대 세로의 비율이 1 대 1이거나 1 대 2인 글자의 가독성이 2 대 1인 글자의 가독성보다 우수하였다. 이러한 연구 결과는 한글 정보 처리 과정에서 자모보다 글자가 중요한 시각 정보로 사용되고 한번 응시하는 동안에 표집되는 글자수가 가독성에 영향을 미칠 수 있다는 사실을 시사한다. 글줄 길이는 120mm일 때의 가독성이 더 좋았고 글줄 끝처리 방식은 가독성에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.121-128
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• 2018

A Korean morphological analyzer adopts sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) model, which can generate an output sequence of different length from an input. In general, a seq2seq based Korean morphological analyzer takes a syllable-unit based sequence as an input, and output a syllable-unit based sequence. Syllable-based morphological analysis has the advantage that unknown words can be easily handled, but has the disadvantages that morpheme-based information is ignored. In this paper, we propose a reranking model as a post-processor of seq2seq model that can improve the accuracy of morphological analysis. The seq2seq based morphological analyzer can generate K results by using a beam-search method. The reranking model exploits morpheme-unit embedding information as well as n-gram of morphemes in order to reorder K results. The experimental results show that the reranking model can improve 1.17% F1 score comparing with the original seq2seq model.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.19-31
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to observe the realization of pause and breath groups from adult speakers and to examine how gender, generation, and tasks can affect this realization. For this purpose, we analyzed forty-eight male or female speakers. Their generation was divided into two groups: young, old. Task and gender affected both the realization of pause and breath groups. The length of the pause groups was longer in the read speech than in the spontaneous speech and female speech. On the other hand, the length of the breath group was longer in the spontaneous speech and the male speech. In the spontaneous speech, which requires planning, the speaker produced shorter length of pause group. The short sentence length of the reading material influenced the reason for which the length of the breath group was shorter in the reading speech. Gender difference resulted from difference in pause patterns between genders. In the case of the breath groups, the male speaker produced longer duration of pause than the female speaker did, which may be due to difference in lung capacity between genders. On the other hand, generation did not affect either the pause groups or the breath groups. The generation factor only influenced the number of syllables and the eojeols, which can be interpreted as the result of the difference in speech rate between generations.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.27-35
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• 2023

This study aimed to investigate the effect of Chinese on the production of Korean rhythm. Korean and Chinese are typologically classified into different rhythmic categories; because of this, the phonological properties of Korean and Chinese are similar and different at the same time. As a result, Chinese can exert both positive and negative influences on the realization of Korean rhythm. To investigate the influence of the rhythm of the native language of L2 learners on their target language, we conducted an acoustic analysis using acoustic metrics like of the speech of 5 Korean native speakers and 10 advanced Chinese Korean learners. The analyzed material is a short paragraph of five sentences containing a variety of syllable structures. The results showed that KS and CS rhythms are similar in %V, VarcoV, and nPVI_S. However, CS, unlike KS, showed characteristics closer to those of a stress-timed language in the values of %V and VarcoV. There was also a significant difference in nPVI_V values. These results demonstrate a negative influence of the native language in the realization of Korean rhythm. This can be attributed to the fact that all vowels in Chinese sentence are not pronounced with the same emphasis due to neutral tone. In this sense, this study allowed us to observe influences of L1 on L2 production of rhythm.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.69-76
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• 1994

Acoustic cues of some consonantal phonology were tested in Korean words. All Korean consonants were recorded and acoustically analyzed in controlled phonological environments :ⅰ) word-initial, ⅱ) inter-vocalic, and ⅲ) word-final positions. The observed acoustic regulations are : ⅰ) The lengths of obstruents are longer word-initially than word-finally, ⅱ) The lengths of sonorants are longer word-finally than in word-initial or inter-vocalic positions, ⅲ) The formants of the lateral sound /l/ are higher word-finally than intervocalically. The phonological explanations of these acoustic regulations can be found in the rules of ⅰ) inter-vocalic voicing of plain stops, ⅱ) syllable-final unreleasing of obstruents, ⅲ) word-initial aspiration of stops, and ⅳ) liquid alternation between [r] and [l]. Numerical data of all these acoustic regulations are reported in order to facilitate their application toward improving naturalness for speech synthesis and accurateness for speech recognition.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 1986

We analyzed Korean CV mono-syllables consisted of concatenation of consonants/k, t, p, g/, their fortis and rough sound and vowels/a, e, o, u, I/by the PARCOR technique, and then we synthesized those speech by means of the phoneme synthesis controlling the analyzed data. In the speech analysis, the duration of consonants decreases in the rough sound, the lenis and the fortis in turns. And also the gain of them decreases in the same tendency. The pitch period increases more and more in vowels following the rough sound, the fortis and the lenis in turns. We synthesized the lenis and the fortis by controlling the duration and the gain of the rough sound, and vowels following the fortis and the rough sound by controlling the pitch period and the duration of vowels following the lenis. As the results, the synthesized speech quality is good and we make certain it is possible to make a rule to the phonome synthesis in Korea speech.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.17-22
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• 1999

In this paper we propose a new mixed method of LDA and tri-tone model to predict Korean prosodic break indices(PBI) for a given utterance. PBI can be used as an important cue of syntactic discontinuity in continuous speech recognition(CSR). The model consists of three steps. At the first step, PBI was predicted with the information of syllable and pause duration through the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) method. At the second step, syllable tone information was used to estimate PBI. In this step we used vector quantization (VQ) for coding the syllable tones and PBI is estimated by tri-tone model. In the last step, two PBI predictors were integrated by a weight factor. The proposed method was tested on 200 literal style spoken sentences. The experimental results showed 72% accuracy.