• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.407-413
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• 1998

The influence of the anion composition of simulated acid rain on cation leaching of two soils with different surface charge properties was examined. Four mixtures of mole ratio of $SO_4:NO_3$(1:0, 2:1, 1:1, 0:1) with pH 2.0 simulated acid rain were applied to an Inceptisols(Gyuam series) and Andisols(Pyeongdae series). The Andisols had higher $SO_4{^{2-}}$ adsorption capacity than the Inceptisols because of its higher point of zero charge(PZC, pH 6.5) than Inceptisols(PZC pH 3.1). Cation leaching in Andisols varied directly with the $NO_3$ content of the leaching input due to higher mobility of $NO_3$ compared with $SO_4$ that was absorbed. The pH of the Andisols was higher with the addition of $Na_2SO_4$ than the addition of $NaNO_3$ indicating that this soil behaves as a base and has a high $SO_4$ adsorption capacity. The relative $NO_3{^-}/SO_4{^{2-}}$ content input had no effect on cation leaching of the Inceptisols. Amounts of leaching on the Andisols by simulated acid rain were higher than Inceptisols. This experiment explained that anion composition of acid rain plays a significant role in the cation leaching of soils which are able to adsorb $SO_4$.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.253-260
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• 2005

Salt accumulation in the plastic film house soils under continuous cultivation condition causes problems such as salt damages to plants, nitrate accumulation in vegetables, groundwater contamination, etc. due to excess application of fertilizers. Objective of this research was to find an optimum adsorbent to reduce salt concentration in the soil solution of plastic film house soils, where crop injuries have been observed due to the salt accumulation. The soils were significantly high in available P $(1,431{\sim}6,516mg\;kg^{-1}),\;NO_3-N\;(117.60{\sim}395.73mg\;kg^{-1})$, exchangeable Ca $(4.06{\sim}11.07\;cmol_c\;kg^{-1})$ and Mg $(2.59{\sim}18.76\;cmol_c\;kg^{-1})$, as compared to those of the average upland soils in Korea. Soils were treated with each of adsorbent such as ion-exchange resin, zeolite, rice bran, etc. at 2% level and prepared into saturated-paste samples. After equilibrium, soil solution was vacuum-extracted from the soil and measured for changes of the pH, EC, and concentrations of $Ca^{2+},\;Mg^{2+},\;K^+,\;Na^+,\;{NH_4}^+,\;{PO_4}^{3-}\;and\;{NO_3}^-$. Rice bran effectively removed ${PO_4}^{3-}\;and\;{NO_3}^-$ in the soil solution up to 100%. Efficiency was decreased in the orders of rice bran > ion-exchange resin > zeolite. Removal efficiencies of zeolite and ion-exchange resin for $Ca^{2+}$ were ranged from 1 to 65% and from 7 to 61%, respectively. Ion-exchange resin was also effective for removing $Mg^{2+},\;K^+,\;Na^+,\;and\;{NH_4}^+$. Overall results demonstrated that rice bran and ion-exchange resin could be applicable for salt accumulated soil to remove the respective anion and cation.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.416-424
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• 2013

In the course of a study for the development of functional foods utilizing Woosul (Achyranthis radix), the components and various biological activities of Korean Woosul (AJN: Achyranthes japonica Nakai) and Chinese Woosul (ABB: Achyranthes bidentata Blume) were compared. Woosul in Korea, including AJN and ABB, are regulated and part of the Korean Pharmacopoeia. From AJN and ABB, ethanol extracts and their subsequent organic solvent fractions were prepared and their in-vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-diabetes activities were evaluated. Although AJN and ABB have no clear distinction in terms of usage in Korea, our results suggest that AJN has higher quantities of lipid-soluble components and lower amounts of water-soluble sugars than does ABB. ABB also appears to possess greater amounts of flavonoid and polyphenol substances than AJN. Analyses of biological activities showed that the fractions of AJN were more active as antibacterial agents, and possessed more pronounced ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activities than those of the ABB fractions. However, the antioxidant activities of the ABB fractions, as determined by DPPH anion-, ABTS cation-, nitrite-scavenging activity and reducing power, were higher than those of the AJN fractions. Our results suggest that the components and bioactivity of the extracts and subsequent fractions of AJN and ABB are different. Therefore, usage of either AJN or ABB should be carefully considered, as regards their individual properties, when the active fractions of Woosul are employed in the development of functional foods or novel plant-derived medicines.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.655-663
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• 2014

Woosul (Achyranthis radix), a widely used material in food and oriental medicinal industry, has different origins of plant species in Korea, Japan and China. In Korea, woosul is designated as the radix of Achyranthes japonica Nakai (AJN) and Achyranthes bidentata Blume (ABB) in the regulation of The Korean Pharmacopoeia. However, the comparative study of hot water (HW) extracts between AJN and ABB is still rudimentary. In this study, HW extracts and its subsequent organic solvent fractions of AJB and ABB were prepared, and their in-vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-diabetes activities were evaluated. The HW extract of ABB has higher sugars and polyphenol compounds, and higher lightness and lower yellowness compared than those of AJN. Analysis of biological activities showed that the ethylacetate (EA) fraction of AJN and n-hexane fraction of ABB have antibacterial activities, and the EA fractions of AJN and ABB has strong antioxidation activities determined by radical scavenging activity and reducing power. In anti-diabetes activity assay, the EA fractions of AJN and ABB showed ${\alpha}$-amylase inhibitory activities, while the butanol fractions of AJN and ABB showed ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Our results suggest that the HW extracts of AJB and ABB have different components and extraction yields, and their subsequent fractions have different biological activity. Therefore it was concluded that the EA fraction of AJN is appropriate to develop as natural medicine, and the HW extract of AJN is suitable to woosul-tea or woosul-sikhye production.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.40 no.9
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• pp.599-606
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• 1996

The effects of chemical species in groundwater on the solubility of the uranyl hydrolysis precipitates formed at pH 6.4 and 9.7 were investigated. Based on the chemical composition of the groundwater, the synthetic groundwater was prepared. The colloid-free (separated) groundwater was also prepared by removal of both organic and inorganic colloids from the sampled groundwater. Solubilities of precipitates formed in the hydrolysis of uranyl ion in groundwater, separated groundwater, synthetic groundwater and 0.1 M NaCl solution were measured over neutral to alkaline pH range, and especially, the effect of the anions and cations found in groundwater on the solubility was investigated. Solubility in groundwater was approximately two orders of magnitude greater than that in 0.1 M NaCl solution. Soubililties of uranyl hydrolysis precipitates formed at pH 9.7 and 6.4 were compared in groundwater and synthetic groundwater. Solubilities of the precipitates formed at different pH were found to be in the same order of magnitude in groundwater and synthetic groundwater, however the uranyl hydolysis precipitates formed at higher pH values showed a tendency of higher solubility.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.54-59
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to clarify the performance of mourning clothes from Konggi Provincial Museum, to identify the fiber of these clothes, and investigate the washing effect by wet cleaning. Shapes of mourning clothes were studied, and some ingredients of non fibrous extracted matter were analyzed by FT-IR spectroscopy to clarify the performance of mourning clothes. Microscope examination, melting test, and stain test were used for the identification of the fiber. SEM was used to confirm the effect of washing after mourning clothes washed by wet cleaning added anionic detergent, sodiumdodecylbenzenesulfonate (LAS). The performance of these clothes was mourning cloth, not mummy cloth as results of analyses to the clothes' shapes and extract ingredients. The extract ingredients were carbohydrate, alkyl alcohol, and aldehyde. They didn't have any nitrogen compounds and fatty acids. The fiber identification showed this fiber was hemp. The effect of washing was high as the surface of fiber was clean and linear after wet washing.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.561-569
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• 2008

We analyzed contents of cations and anions for the domestic bottled drinking water. Results showed that total cation content was 45.81 mg/L and contained 40% of Ca. The content of cations were decreased in the order of Ca>Si>Na>Mg>K. Total anion content was 12.20 mg/L and contained 90% of ${SO_4}^{2-}$ and $Cl^-$. $F^-$ and $NO_{3-}N$ were a little contained. While Si content was reduced 2.3~75.7%(mean value:38.5%) after freezing, Ca content was reduced 45.2% after boiling. It showed that water containing higher Ca content was significantly decreased after boiling. Precipitates formed by freezing and boiling is composed of minerals such as Si and Ca. Compared to minerals from food intake, concentrations of minerals from water intake are expected to be less influenced. It is recommended Bottled Water that contains more than 20 mg/L of Ca(exceeding water-quality standard for turbidity) is safe to drink without thawing and boiling.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.99-108
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• 1993

It is well known that we should take 2L of drinking water per day to maintain our health. The drinking water quality is becoming worse owing to sewage discharge and industrial wastewater. Surface water is polluted by various kinds of contaminants and ground water were known as clean and unpolluted water, but through recent many reports the ground waters are also contaminated by waste disposal and intrusion of organic and bacterial movement. This research was undertaken to make a water index of water contamination by referringcations cations and anions. NH$_{4}$, Fe, Mn, and Pb are chosen as cations and $NO_3$, Cl, and $SO_4$ ions are chosen as anions to make a index, and the following water index was made as the contamination index. (Fe+Mn+Pb)/0.7+$(NH_4+NO_3+Cl+SO_4)$/10.5<6.0 By using ton Chromatography the cations and anions are rapidly analyzed and plotting the analyzed data to the equation, we can easily get the degree of contaminations by avoiding analysis of over 37 water parameters in several days. Of course this index of water contamination is not perfect and detail one, but in case of emergent case or to know the overall trends of contamination, it is convenient to use this index. Among the tested 5 kinds of samples the ground water showed contamination index of 6.87. Authors used the already published healthy index and tasty index and differentiated their degrees in detail.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.124-130
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• 1998

This study was conducted to evaluate the ability of anion generating air cleaner to remove gases, vapor and particles from closed room contaminated with environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). The measurements covered particle sizes of 13.8-542.5nm, particle concentration, surface area, volumes UVPM, FPM, solanesol, and the following gases and vapor; carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nicotine, and 3-ethenylpyridine. Tobacco smoke was generated and mixed in a closed room in which the airflow rates were in the range of 0.00-0.04 m/s. The anion generating air cleaner was startedl and the decay rates for the gases, vapor and particles were measured, When the use of anion generating air cleaner, solid components of ETS, such as respirable suspended particle (RSP), utraviolet particulate matter (UVPM, fluorescent particulate matter (FPM) and solanesol was sharply decreased, and vapor phase components of ETS, such as nicotines 3-ethenylpyidine were modelately decreased by time elapse. Even the use of anion generation air cleaner, the decreasing rate of carbon dioxide concentration was similar with control, and the decreasing rate of carbon monoxide was slower than that of control. Our results indicated that the use of anion generting air cleaner had an effect on reduction of solid and vapor components from ETs, but it had no effect on gaseous components of ETS.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.1323-1327
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• 2003

Persimmon has been considered to have therapeutic values for various diseases in Korea. Dried persimmon has been applied to wounded parts for anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. Anti-coagulant fraction from Persimmon stem was purified through gel filtration, phenyl Sepharose, DEAE-Sephadex and additional gel filtration column chromatographies. Its molecular weight was estimated to be 130,000 ∼ 180,000. By element analysis, its main components were C, H, and O. The anti -coagulant was heat- stable and completely inhibited after periodate oxidation, indicating that it was a complex carbohydrate.