• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.737-747
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• 2012

Recently, in order to support automatic meter reading for conventional metering devices, an image processing-based approach of recognizing the number meter data in the captured meter images has attracted many researchers' interests. Numerical character segmentation is a very critical process for successful recognition. In this paper, we propose an efficient numeric character segmentation method which can segment numeric characters well for any metering device types under diverse illumination environments. The proposed method consists of two consecutive stages; detection of number area containing all numbers as a tight ROI(Region of Interest) and segmentation of numerical characters in the ROI. Detection of tight ROI is achieved in two steps: extraction of rough ROI by utilizing horizontal line segments after illumination enhancement preprocessing, and making the rough ROI more tight through clipping utilizing vertical and horizontal projection about binarized ROI. Numerical character segmentation in the detected ROI is stably achieved in two processes of 'vertical segmentation of each number region' and 'number segmentation in the each vertical segmented number region'. Through the experiments about a homegrown meter image database containing various meter type images of low contrast, low intensity, shadow, and saturation, it is shown that the proposed numeric character segmentation method performs effectively well for any metering device types under diverse illumination environments.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.79-107
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• 2004

Shielding theory is to allow the construction of a structure that would be shielded by existing permanent structures even thought such structure extends above the height limits prescribed for such zones. This theory is mentioned as recommended practices in ICAO Annex, and is adopted, with modification, in the current Military Airbase Law, amended in August 26th 2002. However, the Military Airbase Law adopts shielding standard allowing 45 meters uniformly, which is a unique standard compared to other countries shielding guideline. The basic principle in applying the shielding theory is, after considering the circumstances of location of shielded structure, whether such structure has physical effect on aeronautical operations. Based upon the basic principle of shielding theory, the uniform application of shielding standard in the Military Airbase Law would undermine the safety of aeronautical operations. This article is to review subsection 2 of section 8 of the Military Airbase Law, which adopts modified shielding theory, and is to suggest better guideline. From a comparative analysis perspective, shielding guidelines of ICAO and other countries will be discussed. Based upon this discussion, the general problems of shielding theory and the specific problems in the Military Airbase Law will be examined. Finally, this article suggests the case-by-case application of shielding theory, considering circumstances of location, for the purpose of ensuring aviation safety.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.1040-1044
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• 1996

A case with a bronchial foreign body(wood) which had an uncommon way of entry through a wound In the chest wall was described. A 41-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of chronic cough and profuse purulent sputum. He had been injured by a fragment of wood which penetrated his anterolateral chest wall at 30 years ago. A chest x-ray film reavealed a calcific foreign body, measuring 3.0 by 1.0 cm, in the posterobasal segment of the left lung. Computed nomograp y of the chest demonstrated a calcific foreign body with bronchiectatic change near the diaphragmatic pleura In the left lower lobe. Left lower lobectomy was performed, and the patient remains well without any thoracic symptoms after the operation.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.9 no.7
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• pp.57-66
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• 2009

Zigbee is a universal communication standard used in USN and is utilized in various applications. Zigbee protocol provides an address within a single PAN network, and at this time, it uses DAA. This is a method that divides a 16-bit address area into blocks with a fixed size according to the depth to assign one to each node. However, this method is limited because it has to assign addresses in 16 bits. As the depth increases, the number of nodes also increases exponentially to the maximal number of routers provided to each depth. Therefore, it is difficult to construct a huge network with numerous routers and large depth as in the places which are wide or have many shadow areas. Besides, since all the operations are performed in a single PAN network, it is hard to make several PANs into a single network. This article suggests new addressing and routing methods that can construct several PAN networks into a single network and combine broad area with less limitation in the number of routers and depth by extending the Zigbee-based network. Moreover, this paper has tested its performance and has verified its usability through substantive tests.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.24-34
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• 2003

The purposes of this paper are to analysis the characteristics of urban structure and to provide the strategies of urban restructuring in Incheon. While old urban center has tended to decline, urban central functions have concentrated towards new suburban centers, outer regions of Incheon. The urbanization of Incheon to outer regions is continuing, together with the population growth. The basic directions of urban restructuring are the formation of network urban structure, the establishment of development designation district, the formation of development, and axises for urban regeneration. It is also suggested that the systematic strategies of urban restructuring need to consider the district development for globalization, the formation of new growth pole and development axises, the establishment of special theme street, and development to network city for global city.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.219-225
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• 2016

In this study, for assessment of degenerative knee joint cartilage disease we acquired images by fat suppressed 3D spoiled gradient recalled (SPGR) and fat suppressed 3D $T2^*$ weighted imaging techniques. To do a quantitative evaluation, the knee joint cartilage was divided into medial femoral cartilage (MFC), medial tibial cartilage (MTC), lateral femoral cartilage (LFC), lateral femoral cartilage (LFC) and patella cartilage (Pat) to measure their respective signal intensity values, signal-to-noise ratio, and contrast-to-noise ratio. As for the measured values, statistical significance between two techniques was verified by using Mann-Whitney U-Test. To do a qualitative evaluation, two radiologists have examined images by techniques after which image artifact, cartilage surface, tissue contrast, and depiction of lesion distinguishing were evaluated based on 4-point scaling (1: bad, 2: appropriate, 3: good, 4: excellent), and based on the result, statistical significance was verified by using Kappa-value Test. 3.0T MR system and HD T/R 8ch knee array coil were used to acquire images. As a result of a quantitative analysis, based on SNR values measured by using two imaging techniques, MFC, LFC, LTC, and Pat showed statistical significance (p < 0.05), but MTC did not (p > 0.05). As a result of verifying statistical significance for measured CNR value, MFC, LFC, and Pat showed statistical significance (p < 0.05), while MTC and LTC did not show statistical significance (p > 0.05). As a result of a qualitative analysis, by comparing mean values for evaluated image items, 3D $T2^*$ weighted Image has indicated a slightly higher value. As for conformance verification between the two observers by using Kappa-value test, all evaluated items have indicated statistically significant results (p < 0.05). 3D $T2^*$ weighted technique holds a clinical value equal to or superior to 3D SPGR technique with respect to evaluating images, such as distinguishing knee joint cartilages, comparing nearby tissues contrast, and distinguishing lesions.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.438-447
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• 2000

Background : Transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) is a relatively simple and convenient procedure to obtain lung tissue from a patient with diffuse or localized lesion on chest radiographs, whose disease cannot be diagnosed through routine tests. The authors tried to evaluate the diagnostic value of TBLB, especially, the concordance between CT scan and TBLB with respect to the location of the lesion and diagnostic yield according to tumor-bronchus relationship. Method : We reviewed the medical records, plain chest films, and chest CT scans of 278 patients who underwent TBLB at Kyungpook National University Hospital between January 1996 and June 1998. Results : One hundred and sixteen (41.7 %) patients were diagnosed by TBLB. Diagnostic yield of TBLB of malignant tumors tended to be higher than that of benign diseases (64.7% versus 53.9%, p=0.09). Of primary lung cancers, TBLB was more diagnostic in adenocarcinoma and small-cell carcinoma than other cell types (p<0.01) and, of benign diseases, more diagnostic in tuberculosis than in non-tuberculous diseases (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the diagnostic rate according to the location of the tumor. The diagnostic rate tended to increase with the size of tumor (p=0.06). The diagnootic rate of TBLB did not differ according to the pattern of lesion in benign diseases. However, in malignant diseases TBLB was more diagnostic in diffuse/multiple nodular lesions than in localized lesions(p<0.05). According to the tumor-bronchus relationship, TBLB was more diagnootic in type I/II groups than in other types. CT scan and TBLB showed a strong correlation with respect to the localization of the lesion (r=0.994, p<0.01). Conclusion : The above results show that TBLB is useful in the diagnosis of lung disease. CT scan and TBLB showed a strong correlation in determining the location of the lesion. Diagnostic yield of TBLB is higher in lesions with 'bronchus sign' (type I and II). TBLB and other diagnootic methods such as transthoracic needle aspiration are expected to complement one another in the diagnosis of lung diseases.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.62 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 2007

Background: Toxocariasis is a common cause of eosinophilia and eosinophilic lung disease in Korea. We analyzed the characteristics of eosinophilic lung disease in toxocariasis. Method: One hundred and forty one patients with eosinophilia caused by a toxocara larval infection were evaluated from September 1, 2001 through March 30, 2006. The plain chest x-ray, chest CT(computed tomography), and bronchoalveolar larvage(BAL) were examined. A diagnosis of toxocariasis was made by ELISA using that secretory-excretory antigen from the T. canis larvae. Results: Toxocarial eosinophilic lung diseases was diagnosed in 32 out of 141 patients. Ground glass attenuation was the main feature on the CT scans in 23 out of 141 patients (71.9%). Thirteen patients (40.6%) had a random in zonal distribution on CT. Pleural effusion was observed in 9 patients (28.1%). Twenty eight patients (87.5%) complained of respiratory symptoms. Eleven patients (34.4%) had gastrointestinal symptoms and 12 patients (37.5%) had liver infiltration. Conclusions: The most common findings of the chest CT in patients with toxocariasis was a randomly distributed ground grass attenuation. A toxocara infection should be considered in a differential diagnosis of patients who exhibit pulmonary infiltration with eosinophilia in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.1-11
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• 2013

This study investigated Chinese Laws on the kind of urban green spaces and the legal requirements for the green spaces of urban habitat and analyzed the specificities of them intending to provide basic data to suggest bringing in or not the relevant Chinese Laws to Korea. This study can be summarized as follows: First, the concept of Chinese urban green spaces(g.s.) classified by 5 kinds(park g.s., production g.s., protection g.s., attachment g.s., the others g.s.) placed the park and green spaces in the same category unlike the Korean urban green spaces that only distinguishes between park and green spaces. The Chinese Urban Park is classified by 4 kinds(composite park, community park, special park, linear park) at the 'Standard for urban green spaces classification' which is below in rank of the legal system. Second, in case of calculation for green spaces ratio of urban green spaces in China, the green rooftop landscaping area should not be included as a green spaces area except the rooftop of a basement or semi basement building to which residents have easy access. The green spaces requirements and compulsory secure ratio by 3 habitat kinds(habitat, small habit, minimum habitat) of when to act as a residential plan is regulated. Third, the green spaces system is obligated to establish at habitat green spaces plan and is specified to conserve and improve existing trees and green spaces. The green spaces ratio on reconstruction for old habitat is relaxed to be lower than for new habitat and a gradient of green spaces is peculiarly clarified. The details and requirements for establishment and the minimum area intending for each classes of the central green spaces(habitat park, children park, minimum habitat's green spaces) are regulated. Especially at a garden style of minimum habitat's green spaces, intervals between the south and north houses and a compulsory security for green spaces area classifying into two groups(closing type green spaces and open type green spaces) by a middle-rise or high-rise building are clarified. System of calculation for green spaces area is presented at a special regulation. Fourth, a general index(area/person) of public green spaces within habitat to achieve by 3 habitat kinds is determined, in this case, the index on reconstruction for a deterioration zone can be relaxed to be lower to the extent of a specified quantity. A location and scale, minimum width and minimum area per place of public green spaces are regulated. A space plot principle including adjacent to a road, greening area ratio against total area, security of open space and the shadow line boundary of sunshine are also regulated to intend for public green spaces. Fifth, the minimum horizontal distance between the underground cables and the surrounding greening trees are regulated as the considerable items for green spaces when setting up the underground cables. The principle to establish green spaces within public service facilities is regulated according to the kind of service contents. It shall be examined in order to import or not the special regulations that only exist in Chinese Laws but not in Korean Laws. The result of this study will contribute to gain the domestic landscape architect's' sympathy of the research related to Chinese urban green spaces laws requiring immediate attention and will be a good chance to advance into the internationalization of Korean Landscape Architectural Laws.