• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.131-141
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• 2018

Objectives: This study was designed to determine the effects of middle-aged men's family functionality and self-efficacy on their retirement anxiety, in order to produce methods to alleviate this anxiety, including providing basic information for devising programs that help middle-aged men get better adjusted to and increase their awareness about retirement. Methods: For data collection, the study surveyed 364 middle-aged men who were residing in B Metropolitan City from February. 10 to 25, 2017. Results: This study found that the primary factor influencing middle-aged men's retirement anxiety is self-efficacy, for which the explanatory power for the surveyed men's retirement anxiety was 52.0%. In contrast, family functionality had no effect on retirement anxiety. Conclusions: To make middle-aged men less anxious about retirement, a variety of programs must be created and implemented that help them improve their self-efficacy prior to retirement. Furthermore, these men should be provided with educational and intervention programs that facilitate their adjustment to retirement and increase their awareness about retirement.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.10 no.9
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• pp.195-212
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• 2012

Most of the office-workers are worrying about their future and try to make diverse future plan. Fast shifting industry pattern make office-workers retire early and their remain life time are getting longer and many of them try to consider some kind of new start-up. In this article factors affecting entrepreneurial intention were discussed such as individual factors, psychological factors, environmental factors. Individual factors were economic situations and future life expectation were analyzed. Psychological factors were composed of risk taking tendency, self efficiency, career value, and entrepreneurial characteristics were discussed. Environmental factors were composed of recognition on social-economic risks and recognition on negative mind on start-up, and employment unstability. 340 sample questionaries were collected and 26 samples were excluded. Data were analyzed by SPSS Win 18.0 Version. The results of the study were as follows. Among individual factors life-expectation after retirement was positive impact on entrepreneurial intention. Among psychological factors risk taking factor has positive impact on entrepreneurial intention. Among Environmental factors negative recognition on start-up has negative impact on entrepreneurial intention. Based on the studies diverse understanding and implementation of policies were necessary to change negative social atmospheres on start-up.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.143-150
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• 2020

This research is intended to identify how office worker's recognition of strength affects the intention of starting a business when it is used as a medium for utilizing strength. The survey period was conducted for two months from January 17, 2019 to March 8, 2019. In order to achieve the object of this study, a significant number of employees have been collected nationwide, and 287 office workers were analyzed after collecting 300 questionaires, excluding 13 office workers who were not sincere. The significant data were analyzed by utilizing the structural equation and technical statistics and by verifying the conformity of structural model and measurement model and by investigating the relationship between variables. The results of this study are summarized as follows: First, employee's perception of strength has been found to have a significant effect on the utilizing of strength. Second, the use of workers' strengths has been found to have a significant effect on the intention of starting a business. Third, it has been confirmed that in the relationship between the employee's perception of strength and intention to start a business, the recognition of strength has a significant effect on the intention of starting a business only through the use of strength. Most office workers are nervous about the future and make various plans. The time to live after retirement is getting longer and jobs and working hours are shrinking at an alarming rate. According to the analysis on the status of small business owners in the mid-term of 2017 data, the average monthly operating profit of small business owners across the country is decreasing over the years, and most start-ups are subsistence-type start-ups, and they decide to start their own businesses because they have no other choice than start-ups. As the number of small business owners suffering from financial difficulties has increased since the financial crisis and insecurity of job is pushing those with financial difficulties after retirement to the battleground of the start-up market, the result of this research suggest that the workers need to recognize their own strength and enhance the importance of utilizing the strength.

• 한국벤처창업학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2021.11a
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• pp.135-142
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• 2021

20년 3월부터 본격화된 코로나 팬데믹은 전세계경제에 큰 충격으로 불확실성은 더욱 커져 경제생태계 대변혁의 시대를 맞이하고 있는 가운데 고령 인구의 증가, 생산인구의 감소와 더불어 20년 12월 기준 직장의 폐업과 정리해고, 경영부진 등 비자발적인 일자리를 떠난 사람이 19년 대비 48.9%(2020 통계청) 증가, 직장인의 퇴직 평균연령도 51.7세로 직장인 의지와 관계없이 조기 은퇴가 불가피한 상황이다. 한편 직장 근로자 10명중 8명은 창업할 의지가 있는 것으로 나타나 이제는 직장인의 창업은 선택이 아닌 필수로 인식하고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 직장인의 기업가정신과 지속학습, 보상만족, 고용가능성이 창업의지와 어떠한 상관관계를 가지고 있는가를 조사하고 혁신행동이 매개역할을 하는지에 대해 분석하는데 있다. 본 연구에서는 직장 재직자의 기업가정신과 직장생활 과정에서 지속학습, 보상만족, 고용가능성이 창업의지에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구를 혁신행동의 매개효과를 중심으로 진행하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 재직자의 기업가정신과 지속학습, 보상만족, 고용가능성이 혁신활동을 증가시키고, 증가된 혁신활동이 창업의지에 영향을 미칠 것이라는 인과적 경로를 검증하고자 한다. With Corona의 불확실한 경제여건에서 조직은 생존을 위한 끊임없는 변화를 추구함에 따른 재직자의 고용불안은 가중될 것이며, 100세 시대를 준비해야 하기에 창업은 필수적 상황으로 창업의지를 종속변수로 설정하여 본 연구를 진행하였다.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.95-110
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• 2011

As global economic conditions are getting uneasy and polarization of our economy is intensified, the economic sentiment of small businesses is still low and unstable. The collapse of worldwide banking systems due to sub prime crisis in 2007 became the catalyst that shakes financial industries in each country in the world; the most sentiment people, small businesspersons, also have hard time facing survival way out, facing a great crisis. All organizing powers including manufactures, wholesales and retails are being gradually greater in mutual relations and dependence, and unstable factors about risks are also increasing. For exterior environmental and physical risk factors which cannot make small businesses survive themselves by developing ways out are eventually increasing, those who cannot cope with these factors face a great crisis. Although the government tries hard to overcome this situation conducting many ways, the effect does not continue. It is the real state that independent business markets including overall employment and establishing business have vicious cycle that they cannot be improved, due to increase of employment centered on short-term labors which lack durability in creation of employment and decline of household income. Recently, growth shows indication of slowdown because of multinational risk factors including financial crisis in each country in Europe, the death of Kim Jung-il, relationship with North Korea, and unstability of war situation in the Middle East Asia. Experts expect that growth rate will be about 4%, and independent business that ordinary people feel is still gloomy. It's reality that there is no adequate alternative for lack of jobs, unstable employment and a means of living after retirement. Also, the fact that large companies enter the market which is narrow and in the excessive competition should be an environmental factor that makes the situation worse. The business concept, a franchise, is the part we should think about whether it is the institutional solution that can guarantee independent businessmen stable life. Major companies are frightfully entering the market today, breaking the barrier to entry and shouting of a win-win with independent businesses. It's the small businesspersons who go through painful domestic recession, cannot predict the future and manage confusing and unstable independent business. It's very important to restore the domestic economy through wisely boosting consumption as soon as possible. It's also important to lead the situation by gathering powers of the government and related organizations, agonizing, suggesting solutions, and establishing accurate directions. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to suggest ways to strengthen competitiveness of small businesspersons by examining small business support policies which are currently implemented.

• 한국노년학
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.1629-1644
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• 2009

This study was to examine the relationship between self-differentiation and mental health of elderly couples. This study also tries to investigate the effect of self-differentiation on mental health. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaire method with 271 elderly couples over 55 years old who lived in Chollabuk-Do province. The results showed that first, there was no significant difference in the level of total self-differentiation between husbands and wives. While the level of mental health(depression, somatization) were higher for wives than for husbands. Second, both husbands' and wives' mental health were negatively correlated with self-differentiation. Finally, results of multiple regression analyses showed that both husbands' and wives' mental health were negatively influenced by self-differentiation. Specifically, the variable significant affecting the husbands' mental health was the emotional reactivity of self-differentiation and the variable significant wives' mental health was the emotional cut-off of self-differentiation. These findings confirmed the concept of self-differentiation in applying to mental health of elderly couples.

• Journal of Teachers' Pension
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• v.3
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• pp.207-252
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• 2018

현행 사학연금법은 공무원연금법 제46조 제1항 제4호 "정원 감소로 퇴직한 때부터 연금 지급" 조항을 준용함에 따라 정원감축 및 폐교에 따른 퇴직을 할 경우 법에 명시된 연금지급 개시연령이 아닌 퇴직 후 5년 이후에 조기연금을 지급하도록 하고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 현행 지급개시연령 규정의 타당성을 검토하고 개선방안을 제시하는데 있다. 이를 위해 사학연금 지급개시연령 현황 및 사립학교 폐교 현황과 사학연금이 공무원연금법을 준용함으로써 발생하는 문제점 및 현행 규정에 따른 연금지급 시 사학연금재정에 미치는 영향을 분석하고 법 개정의 타당성을 검토하여 개선방안을 모색하였다. 주요 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 65세 정년이 되어 은퇴하지 않고 중도에 퇴직하거나 고용이 취소되어 지급개시연령 보다 훨씬 일찍 조기연금을 지급하게 될 경우에는 퇴직연금 자체가 노후소득보장제도이기 보다는 실업급여의 성격으로 전락하게 되는 측면이 있다. 또한, 폐교에 재직 중인 교직원은 근로가 가능한 연령과 건강상태임에도 불구하고 즉시 연금을 수급하게 됨으로써 재취업을 하지 않을 경우 연금에 대한 의존성이 높아지고 근로유인을 저해할 수 있다. 그리고 최근 잦은 폐교로 인한 연금수급자 과다 발생 및 재정적 지속가능성의 문제가 있다. 또한 사학연금 가입자와 공무원연금 가입자의 특성을 비교하면 중요한 차이점이 발견된다. 국공립학교의 경우에는 해당 학교가 폐교 또는 정원이 감소될 경우 다른 지역 학교로 해당 재직 교직원을 이동 배치하는 등의 대처 방안을 시행하기 때문에 사실상 퇴직하는 사례가 거의 없는 반면, 사학연금 가입자의 경우 공무원연금 가입자에 비해 상대적으로 고용불안에 노출되어 있고, 학령인구 감소 등으로 인해 사립학교 폐교 가능성이 상존하므로 이들에 대한 생활안정대책이 필요하다. 또한 공무원 조직의 개폐 및 정원 감소는 법령으로 정하고 있지만, 사립학교 교직원의 개폐 및 정원의 감소는 사학기관의 특성에 따라 차이가 있다. 그리고 공무원의 경우 공무원연금의 대상이면서도 고용형태의 상대적 취약점을 감안하여 임기제 공무원의 경우 고용보험의 가입이 일부 허용되나, 사학연금 가입자의 경우에는 전면적으로 가입이 제한되어 직역연금 간 형평성 문제가 발생하고 있다. 그리고 국민연금과 비교할 때 다음과 같은 차이점이 있다. 국민연금법의 경우 사업장가입자로 적용받고 있다 하더라도 준용법과 같은 사립학교 폐교 시 조기연금 수급 규정이 없으며, 고용보험법의 적용으로 실직 시 실업급여 등의 대응책이 있긴 하나 연금 수급을 통한 소득보장 수준에는 못 미치는 제도적 보완책을 갖추고 있다. 또한, 국민연금 가입자는 고용보험에 적용되나, 사학연금 가입자는 실업상태에 놓였을 경우 고용보험의 적용을 받지 못한다는 점에서 차이가 존재한다. 이에 다음과 같은 개선방안을 제시하였다. 폐교 시 사학연금 가입자의 생활안정을 위해 고용보험 가입을 검토할 필요가 있고, 재정안정화를 위해 연금을 전액지급하기 보다는 퇴직일부터 지급개시연령까지의 잔여기간에 따라 차등지급하는 방안을 모색해 볼 수 있으며, 고용보험법상의 실업급여 제도를 원용하고 소정의 연금지급기간을 설정하여 연금을 지급하는 방안을 고려할 필요가 있다. 이에 더하여 사학연금제도 내에서 별도의 고용보험기금을 마련하는 방안도 모색해볼 필요가 있다.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.89-106
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• 2022

Recently, in Korea, the number of unemployed people who have lost their jobs involuntarily due to closure of workplaces, layoffs, and poor management stood at 788,000 in October 21, an increase of 44,000 from last August (Statistics Office, 2021). The average retiring age of workers is 49.7, so regardless of their intention, they often end up retiring early unavoidably. Meanwhile, it has been found that eight out of ten workers have startup intention; therefore, now their startup is regarded to be essential, not selective. The purpose of this study is to investigate if workers' entrepreneurial orientation, continuous learning, satisfaction with remuneration, and employment prospect are correlated with entrepreneurial intention and examine if innovative behavior mediates the relations. To sum up the results, first, innovativeness and risk sensitivity in entrepreneurship are found to have positive effects on workers' entrepreneurial intention. Restless challenges and innovative thinking at work are crucial variables to enhance entrepreneurial intention. Second, satisfaction with remuneration influences entrepreneurial intention positive effects, and continuous learning and employment prospect, too, have positive effects on entrepreneurial intention. As employment instability is increasing at work due to the rapidly changing corporate environment, Considering whether the current organization will strive for survival or prepare to start a business for sustainable economic activity, it is judged that there is a willingness to start a business for better compensation even if the satisfaction of compensation is high. In addition, it was confirmed that the possibility of employability with the career desired by the organization as well as the securing of practical competency and expertise through continuous learning are important variables in increasing the will to start a business. Third, relations between entrepreneurial orientation, satisfaction with remuneration, continuous learning, employment prospect, and entrepreneurial intention are found to be mediated by innovative behavior; however, its mediative effect in relations between innovativeness, risk sensitivity, and entrepreneurial intention in entrepreneurship is dismissed. Innovative behavior at work are found to be major variables to elevate entrepreneurial intention in relations between continuous learning, employment prospect, and satisfaction with remuneration.