• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.38 no.1 s.110
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• pp.83-94
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• 2005

The objective of the study was to elucidate early life history of Rhinogobius brunneus, based on laboratory observations and field works, along with its courtship and spawning behaviors. The male and female fish matured were sampled for the lab experiments from Gap-Stream, which is one of the tributaries of Geum-River, Korea. The spawning behaviors and courtship of matured adults had a typical pattern; matured males of Rhinogobius brunneus built up spawning nests and had their own territory before the spawning, and the behavior then triggered the egg spawning of female with active courtship. The females attached elliptic egg mass as a single layer, on the stones below the spawning nest. After the spawning, the egg mass was guarded by males only until the hatching. The size of egg fertilized, measured by microscope was about 1.5${\pm}$0.1mm in length and 0.7${\pm}$0.1 mm in the egg's width. According to the lab experiments conducted under four temperature regime, the lapsed time for the hatching was shortened as temperatures increased in the treatments. On the contrary to the hatching time, the average length of newly hatched larvae showed a reverse relation with water temperature. The larvae, considered a final stage of the early life history was about 3.6 mm in total length for water temperature of $18^{\circ}C$, whereas they were between 3.1 mm and 3.2 mm for over $25^{\circ}C$. This indicates that higher water temperature may decrease the growth rate in the early life history. These results may provide valuable information for the population conservation and ecosystem protection under accelerated water pollution and habitat degradations in Korea.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.515-521
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• 1997

Tobacco plant was grown for 40 days hydroponically in nutrient solutions composed of different forms of nitrogen, like NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ -N, NH$_4$$^{＋}$-N, and a mixed formulation of NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ -N and NH$_4$$^{＋}$-N. Uptake response, nitrate reductase, and glutamine synthetase activity at growth stage were investigated to understand the basic knowledge of nitrogen metabolism. The better growth of shoot and root was observed in the mixed nutrient solution than NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ -N or NH$_4$$^{＋}$-N, alone. The plant growth in NH$_4$$^{＋}$-N nutrient solution was poor due to ammonium toxicity. The pH of nutrient solution containing NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ -N increased up to 40 days after transplanting. But the pH of solution containing NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ -N decreased drastically to 3.42 at 20 days after transplant. The pH in the mixed formulation dropped to pH 3.64 at 30 days after transplant and showed re-increase. It is assumed that nitrogen of NH$_4$$^{＋}$-N form was taken up preferentially at early stage and NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ -N form was taken up preferentially at middle stage in the treatment with the mixed solution. The result indicates that the relative proportion of nitrogen forms affected the uptake patterns at each growth stages. The contents of chlorophyll and soluble protein were high with the mixed solution. Total nitrogen content was the highest in NH$_4$$^{＋}$-N solution and the content also increased by the application of the mixed type of nitrogen. The amount of nitrate in leaves was high in NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ -N treatment and the amount of ammonium was high in NH$_4$$^{＋}$-N treatment. The activity of nitrate reductase or glutamine synthetase was highest in the leaves grown in mixed nutrient solution than in those with any other single of nitrogen form.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.73-79
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• 2001

Recently many studies have reported that total and bioavailable androgens reduced in male and female athletes and that physical exercise reduces the body weight and increases the reproductive abnormalities such as oligomenorrhea, anovulation, inadequate luteal phase, and delayed puberty in women by the inhibition of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis . In addition, high mileage endurance 겨nning, psychological stress, and military endurance training in men also reduce the secretion of reproductive hormones. To investigate the efffcts of physical endurance exercise on the secretion of reproductive hormones in men, androgenic hormones from adrenal glands and testis were measured in serum by the conventional radioimmunoassays after long-term (more than3 months), short-term (1 week), and acute (1${sim}$2 hours) physical exercises. Androgenic hormones from adrenal glands and testis such as total testosterone (TT), free testosterone (fT), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and androstenedione (A) decreased after thesestrenuous endurance trainings, whereas ACTH, cortisol, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfetes (DHEAS) increased. Conadotropins (LH and FSH) were not idluenced by the physical exercises. Based upon the present results, we assume that the decrease in adrenal and testicular androgens by physical endurance exercises might be associated with the reproductive abnormalities in athletes by unknown factor(s) in addition to the HPG axis disturbance.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.766-772
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the daily intakes of propyl gallate, EDTA (ethylenediamine tetra acetate), and erythorbic acid for average consumers by age group and the intake of high consumers ($95^{th}$ percentile) in Korea. The average intake of EDTA was $1.14{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}bw/day$, and 0.0% of the ADI (acceptable daily intake) established by JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). The $95^{th}$ percentile intake of EDTA was $141.24{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}bw/day$ (5.6% of ADI). The average intake of erythorbic acid was $16.93{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}bw/day$, and the 3-6 year-old group had the highest consumption ($58.43{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}bw/day$), which was <1.0% of the ADI established by the EU (European Union). The $95^{th}$ percentile intake of erythorbic acid was $1,320.31{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}bw/day$ and 22.0% of the ADI. In conclusion, daily intakes of propyl gallate, EDTA, and erythorbic acid in Korea were at safe levels in all age groups and also in high consumers.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.299-305
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• 2013

This study surveyed the real state of children-favored food sold within the green food zone in Gwangju and whether they were high calorie and low nutrition food (HCLNF) or not. A total of 124 samples, which were kimbab (8), tteokbokki (7), toast (12), and Mandu (8) in meal and fried (potato, 6), fried (etc, 6), sundae (7), chicken (skewed, 7), chicken (gangjeong, 5), hot dog (7), corn dog (7), oden (7), slush (27), and oden soup (10) in between meal, were surveyed. The test items are moisture, ash, crude fat and protein, carbohydrate, free sugars, sodium, and saturated fat. In 35 samples of four meal categories, every samples had sodium more than the criteria (600 mg per serving size) and had saturated fat lower than the criteria (4 g per serving size) except twelve toasts. All of toasts were identified as HCLNF due to saturated fat and sodium contents. Four toasts also exceeded the calorie criteria (500 Kcal per serving size). In 89 samples of ten between meal categories, every samples had protein more than the criteria (2 g serving size) excepting slushes and had free sugars lower than the criteria (17 g per serving size) excepting one chicken (gangjeong). Most of fried foods, chickens (gangjeong), and corn dogs had saturated fat more than the criteria (4 g per serving size). But only five fried foods and five chickens (gangjeong) were identified as HCLNF due to calorie (500 Kcal per serving size). In 27 samples of slushes, 20 samples had free sugars more than the criteria (17 g per serving size) with no protein, so they all were identified as HCLNF.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.273-285
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• 2009

Statement of problem: The aim of dental research is to advance scientific knowledge and leads to improvement in the treatment and prevention of dental disease. Utilizing an effective research design and adequate statistical methods are essential procedures ensuring that the results of researches are based on evidences. A research should utilize proper statistical methods without statistical errors; Otherwise, it could adversely affect clinical practice and future research. Purpose: This study was made to investigate the statistical methods used in the Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics (JKAP) and then to assess them for the statistical errors. Material and methods: Among the total of 399 articles in the JKAP published from 2000 to 2006, 292 articles using statistics were reviewed. The validity of the statistical methods used in them were assessed using a checklist based on the guideline for statistical reporting in the uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals by International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. The checklist consisted of three categories of statistical errors: 1) Unspecified computer statistical packages, 2) Inadequate description of statistical methods, 3) Misuse of statistical terms. Then, the results were compared between the Korean version and the English version in the JKAP. Results: Among the 212 articles using statistics in the Korean version, 115 articles (54%) and among the 80 articles using statistics in the English version, 47 articles (59%) were shown to have unspecified computer statistical packages without statistically significant difference (P = .66). Likewise, 101 articles (48%) in the Korean version and 25 articles (31%) in the English version were shown to have the inadequate description of statistical methods without statistically significant difference (P = .09). However, 114 articles (54%) in the Korean version and 19 articles (24%) in the English version were shown to have the misuse of statistical terms with statistically significant difference (P = .01). Conclusion: Some of the articles in the JKAP had inadequate statistical validity, given the statistical errors identified in this assessment. Hence, dental researchers should be more careful when it comes to describing and applying statistical methods.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.59-88
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• 1995

Three groups have participated in this study. 1) The first group consists of 57 patients were who had been treated in the Oriental Medical Hospital at Kyung Hee Medical Center. 2) The second group consists of 37 outpatients who had been treated in the Oriental Medical Hospital at Kyung Hee Medical Center. 3) The third group consists of 76 students of the Oriental Medical School at Kyung Hee University. The following conclusions were made in comparison with EAV measurement values, SaSang Constitution Classfication and CVA. 1. The following conclusions were made in comparison with EAV measurement values and Type(SaSang Constitution Classfication). 1) The analsis of the Correlation in Normal group with EAV measurement values and Type(SaSang Constitution Classfication). 2) The analysis of the correlation in patient group with EAV measurement values showed significant differences in Right meridians(Nerval degeneration vessel, Circulation, Allergy) and in Left meridian(Liver). 3) The analysis of the correlation in Total(Normal+patient)group with EAV measurement values showed significant differences in Right meridians(Large intestine, Nerval degeneration vessel, Circulation, Allergy, Pancreas) and in Left meridians(Lymph vessel, Nerval degeneration vessel, Spleen, liver). 4) The above results showed common-significant differences in Right Allery meridian and in Left Liver meridian. 2. The analysis of the correlation in EAV measurement values and Group (Cerebrovascular accident) showed significant differences in Right meridians(Lymph vessel, Lung, Nerval degeneration vessel, Allergy, Paren & Epith. degeneration vessel, Triple warmer, Heart, Pancreas, Stomach, Fibroid degeneration vessel, Skin, Fatty degeneration vessel, Heart, Stomach, Fibroid degeneration vessel, Skin, Fatty degeneration vessel, Bile duct, Kidney). 3. The analysis of the correlation in EAV measurement values and Para(GROUPS according to PARALYSIS)showed significant differences in Left Stomatch meridian. The analysis of the correlation in EAV measurement values and Para(GROUPS according to PARALYSIS) about the differance of right measurement values and left measurement values showed significant differences in Nerval degeneration vessel, Stomatch, Gall bladder & Bile duct, Kidney and Urinary Bladder meridians. 4. The analysis of the correlation in EAV measurement values and Compl(GROUPS according to COMPLICATION with CVA)showed significant differences in Right meridians(Lymph vessel, Articular degeneration vessel, Fatty degeneration vessel) and in Left meridians(Lung, Stomatch, Fatty degeneration vessel). 5. The analysis of the correlation in Type and MORPHOROGICAL DIAGRAMING (HTOUPS according to MORPHOROGY) showed significant differences in Cranium region, Chest region, Stomatch region and Umbilicum region. 6. The analysis of the correlation in BAZ measurement values and Group(Cerebral Vascular Attack)showed significant differences, the analysis on the correlation of BAZ measurement values and Type(SaSang Constitution Classfication) didn't show any significant differences. 7. In comparison with Actual measurement vales and Voll's measurement values, BAZ measurement values agree with Voll's measurement values but CMP measurement values lower than the Voll's measurement values. Later We have to research further about classifications of race, age, sex etc. The EAV measurement values have Group(Cerebrovascular accident) more correlative than Type(SaSang Constitution Classfication). The EAV may well be that it will be used as an accessory method in SaSang Constitution Classfication and as a diagnostic method in medicine too.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.111-117
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship that adolescent stress perception level has with dietary habits and oral health behaviors in high school students. A survey of high school students in some areas of the Jeollabuk-do province of South Korea was conducted. Five hundred fourteen survey responses were used in the final analysis. As a result of the questionnaire survey, the following conclusions were obtained. The highest stress type was indicated to be academic stress (mean${\pm}$standard deviation [SD], $3.09{\pm}0.89$). The next was shown to be home (family) stress (mean${\pm}$SD, $2.85{\pm}0.84$). The possibility of using a dental clinic was indicated to be less in girls than boys (p<0.001). Regarding subjective oral health behavior, the possibility of visiting a dental clinic was low in those who thought that their own oral health condition was not good or moderate (p<0.05). Also, it was shown that the higher stress led to the higher possibility of visiting a dental clinic (p<0.01). Students with higher grades had a in the upper ranks were indicated to have high possibility of having a regular meal (p<0.01). Higher stress led to the significantly higher possibility of eating cariogenic food (p<0.01). Students with median grades had a high possibility of eating cariogenic food (p<0.01), while students with higher grades had a low possibility of eating cariogenic food (p<0.05). These resultss show that stress perception level influences dietary habits and oral health behaviors. Thus, there is a need to develop a program in high scholls to promote the physical and mental health of students to relieve stress. Substantial and systematic oral health education is thought to be likely needed to develop desirable dietary habits.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.1-32
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• 2003

An analysis on cause-specific mortality at the provincial level provides essential information for policy formulation and makes it possible to draw hypotheses regarding various diseases and causes of death. Although the mortality level and causes of death at the provincial level are determined by the multiple effects of socioeconomic, cultural, medical and ecological factors, this study primarily intends to examine similarities and differences of cause-specific mortality at the provincial level. Utilizing the registered death and the registered population as of 1998, the delayed death registration and unreported infant deaths were supplemented at the provincial level and age-standardized death rates and life tables were calculated. Regarding the mortality level due to all causes, major findings were as follow: (1) For both sexes as a whole, Seoul showed the lowest mortality level, and Jeonnam showed the highest mortality level; and (2) The differences of the mortality level among provinces were greater for males than females and for those less than 65 years than those 65 years and over. Regarding the cause-specific mortality level revealed in all indicators (cause-specific age-standardized mortality rates and the probability of dying at birth due to a specific cause for males, females, and both sexes combined respectively), the major findings were as follow: (1) The mortality level due to heart diseases was the highest in Busan and the lowest in Gangweon; (2) The mortality level due to liver diseases was the highest in Chonnam; and (3) The mortality level due to traffic accidents was the highest in Chungnam and the lowest in Inchon. As the mortality differentials at the provincial level are related to various factors, exploratory statistical analysis is attempted for the 25 explanatory variables including socioeconomic variables and 90 mortality variables. Mortality due to all causes are related to socioeconomic variables. Among cause-specific mortality, mortality due to liver diseases and traffic accidents is related to socioeconomic variables. Finally, the need to improve the quality of death certificate is discussed.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.49-62
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• 2013

The Dongmakgol Tuff is divided into 8 lithofacies based on their grain size and depositional structures: massive tuff breccia(TBm), welded tuff and lapilli tuff(LTw), rheomorphic tuff and lapilli tuff(LTr), massive lapilli tuff(LTm), stratified lapilli tuff(LTs), gradedly bedded lapilli tuff(LTg), crudely bedded lapilli tuff(LTb) and massive fine tuff(Tm). They can be divided into 3 pyroclastic rock group based on their constituents of the lithofacies. The lower group(LI) is composed of LTm, LTw and LTr, which are interpreted to have resulted from emplacement of voluminous pyroclastic flows due to ignimbrite-form eruption to boiling-over eruption. The middle group(LT+MI) consists of LTs, LTg and LTm associated with Tm in the lower part, and of LTm, LTw and LTr in the middle and upper parts; these suggest that started with deposition of pyroclastic surges from phreatoplinian eruption by poor eternal water, passed through emplacement of pyroclastic flows from ignimbrite-form eruption and ended with deposition of voluminous pyroclastic flows from boiling-over eruption. The upper group(lUT+uUT+UI) is composed of LTs, LTg and Tm in the lowermost, TBm, LTb, LTb and Tm in the lower part, and LTm and LTw in the middle and upper part, suggesting that began with deposition of surges from phreatoplinian eruption, passed through deposition of pumice- and ash-fallouts from plinian eruption and transformed into emplacement of pyroclastic flows due to boiling-over eruption. As result, eruptive processes in the Dongmakgol Tuff approximately began with phreatoplinian or/and plinian eruption, transformed into ignimbrite-forming eruption and proceeded into boiling-over eruption in each volcanism, but proceeded presumably without phreatoplinian or plinian eruption in the earlier stage of 1st volcanism.