• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.3-12
• /
• 1992

Forage grasses and legumes ar$\varepsilon$ the mam component of livestock diets in Canada. There are over 30 million ha of grassland in Canada and there is a large, undeveloped land base in fringe areas suitable for forage production. The short growing s season limits the grassland farming to the southern p parts of Canada. The win!er season is long and in most parts of Canada cold temperatures, fr$\varepsilon$ezmg, and thawing, and diseases exert sever$\varepsilon$ stress on overwintering forage plants. The development of persistent cultivars is essential for sustained production particularly in the fringe areas with short growmg s$\varepsilon$ason. The seasonality of dry matter production is a result of high growth rates in early summ$\varepsilon$r and low dry matter accumulation in late summer and fall. Innovative management practIces a and cultivars with improved regrowth capacity are n necessary to overcome such skewed production pattern and to extend effiectlVe grazmg season l Improved pasture production is an important part of reducing costs in livestock operations and remaining competitive. It is suggested that applying available technology would increase pasture productivity and reduce d$\varepsilon$pendence on stored feeds thus improving profitability of small producers in particeular. Reducing nutrient losses during harv$\varepsilon$stmg, s storage, and feeding is essential for improved production efficiency during confinement. The devclopment of low cost and labor saving methods of ensiling is critical for improved efficiency and profitability of forage based enterprises Livestock industries must respond to consumer preferences for low fat and cholesterol foods. Research and development of entire production systems is emphasized for dev$\varepsilon$loping viabl$\varepsilon$ enterprises. It is increasingly difficult to secure resources for r$\varepsilon$search, education, and extension, and alliane$\varepsilon$s and cooperation must expand among organizations with interests in forage based livestock systems.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.32 no.3
• /
• pp.275-284
• /
• 2012

This study was carried out to determine the harvest management during autumn on the forage production, quality and regrowth of following year of Phragmites communis as native grass. Field experiments were conducted in Ansan and in Cheonan from 2010 to 2011. Forages were cut at 3 cm, 15 cm and 25 cm in height as compared to control (no harvest) in Ansan plots, and forages grown in Cheonan plots were cut at 10 cm and 20 cm in height with control (no harvest). The forages were harvested one time on Oct 7, 2011 in Ansan, and were harvested twice on July 7 and on October 7 in Cheonan. In Ansan, dry matter (DM) yield of control plot the following year were higher than those from harvested plots. In vitro digestible DM (IVDDM) yields, however, were the same: 1,236 kg/ha from control, 1,234 kg from 15 cm cut and 1,241 kg from 25 cm cut plots, except that lower IVDDM yield from 3 cm cut plot than these were observed. Forage quality of control plot was poorer than those of harvested ones. In vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) and relative feed value (RFV) of control were 39.98% and 65.3, respectively as compared to harvested plots (42.36~46.40% IVDMD and 67.8~72.5 RFV). Yield and quality from Cheonan plots were similar to those from Ansan plots. Annual yield in DM and in CP from control plot were a little higher than those from harvested plots. However, there were no difference found in IVDDM yield between 20 cm cut (5,354 kg/ha) and control (5,178 kg). But IVDDM of 10 cm cut forages was less (4,531 kg). Forage quality scores were better from 20 cm cut, and 10 cm cut plot than control, in order (p<0.05). The quality grades were the 5th and 6th for forages from harvested plots and control plot, respectively. Regrown Phragmites communis from all Cheonan plots ranked the 4th in forage quality. More than 70% of annual yield was observed from the first grown forages. One time harvest per year was desirable for following regrowth and long time stable production of Phragmites communis. We recommended that Phragmites communis be harvested once for more forage yield with higher quality, and that optimum cutting height is 15~20 cm.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.114-121
• /
• 2010

Traditional temples in Korea are the important cultural heritage because of artistic traditonal buildings and structures, paintings, sculptures, and big forest areas which are most ecological and beautiful in Korea. Since traditional temples still function as religious places for very long time, the sense of places intrinsic to the temples are very strong and vivid. The sense of place is very closely related to the conservation of the original landscape type. Recently however, there is a strong tendency to use solar energy in traditional temples because of the low energy efficiency of the old traditional architecture which may have negative impact on landscape which again in turn may lead to the destruction of the sense of place. The purpose of this study was to suggest some landscape design guidelines to protect the sense of place of traditional temple by investigating the impact of solar energy facility on the landscape experience of traditional temple. In order to do perform this purpose, Tongdosa was selected as a study site and four kinds of measurement tools(landscape image, temple identity, landscape satisfaction, degree of landscape improvement) were used as questionnaire items. 180 college students participated in the questionnaire survey. The analysis showed that the solar energy facility had very negative impact on landscape experience such as three landscape image factors(scenic beauty, openness, complexity), landscape satisfaction, temple identity, and landscape improvement. Based on the results, three landscape improvement plans were suggested. First, solar energy facility should be built in the forest in order not to be exposed to visitors, if possible. Second, the landscape management of traditional temple should emphasize on sustaining scenic beauty and temple identity along with the provision of openness. Lastly, detailed landscape guideline should be prepared to regulate the scale, ratio, and the form of the artificial buildings and structures to protect the sense of place of traditional temple.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.30-37
• /
• 2018

The uniformed regulations for control of the height of buildings owned by individuals to protect landscape of cultural properties are causing serious social conflicts by limiting the development of landowners. It is urgent need of introducing indicators that can resolve such conflicts and evaluate the regulations of buildings, which can satisfy urban development as well as landscape management of cultural properties. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to simulate landscape changes according to the Cultural Heritage Protection Act and National Land Planning and Utilization Act by using Unity3D in the Pungnammun Gate(Treasure No. 308) of Jeonju and its surroundings, where architectural cultural property forms the symbolic landscape of the city. Then some items such as view points, target points were introduced and the quantitative evaluation of landscapes was attempted by applying the indicator of 3D Visual Exposure. As a result, the viewing opportunity and viewing area of Pungnammun Gate were not significantly influenced by changes in landscape according to the two laws. However, the change of the height of buildings by the National Land Planning and Utilization Act, which has the greatest development capacity, confirmed the possibility of weakening the identification of the Pungnammun Gate by increasing 3D Visual Exposure of the background buildings more than two times. Finally, it was confirmed that the skyline of Pungnammun Gate was clearly infringed upon development under the National Land Planning and Utilization Act, but the skyline was maintained similar to the current situation in the regulation by the Cultural Heritage Protection Act. Thus, this study is meaningful in that the application of 3D Visual Exposure showed the possibility of utilization as an indicator for quantitatively evaluating the protection of view on cultural property and skyline according to the changes of building heights.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.47 no.6
• /
• pp.611-623
• /
• 2014

The alluvial aquifer, widely developed near the four major rivers such as Nakdong River, can be used effectively for groundwater artificial recharge and is expected to be the future water resources in Korea. This study is aimed at examining the impact of repeatedly injected river water into the riverside alluvial aquifer on injection rate or efficiency in its system at Changweon area. For this, injection tests were performed two times, first on June 19 and second on September 25 through October 9, 2013, and the mixing ratios of river water to groundwater were used as the tool to compare the efficiency of injection. The mixing ratios were evaluated by using electrical conductivities of injected river water (average $EC=303{\mu}S/cm$) and groundwater ($EC{\fallingdotseq}6,000{\mu}S/cm$) measured at 20 m depth of four observation wells installed 10 m apart from each injection well. The result shows the remarkable differences on two respects. First, in some observation well, detection time for incipient injection effect during $2^{nd}$ injection test was shown to be much slower than that of $1^{st}$ injection test. Second, the hourly increasing rate of mixing ratios in $2^{nd}$ test was revealed to be reduced much more than that of $1^{st}$ test. This means that the efficiency of injection was badly deteriorated by only 1,210 minute injection work. Therefore, injection water needs to be adequately treated beforehand and repeated pumping work and/or resting phase is needed afterwards. To a certain extent, the improvement of water quality in saline aquifer was verified in this system by injection tests.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.295-303
• /
• 2011

BACKGROUND: Anaerobic digestion process is recently adapted technology for treatment of organic waste such as animal manure because the energy embedded in the waste can be recovered from the waste while the organic waste were digested. Ever increased demand for consumption of meat resulted in the excessive use of antimicrobials to the livestocks for more food production. Most antimicrobials administered to animals are excreted through urine and feces, which might highly affect the biological treatment processes of the animal manure. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of antimicrobials on the efficiency of anaerobic digestion process and to clarify the interactions between antimicrobials and anaerobes. METHODS AND RESULTS: The experiment was consisted of two parts 1) batch test to investigate the effects of individual antibiotic compounds on production of methane and VFAs(volatile fatty acids), and removal efficiency of organic matter, and 2) the continuous reactor test to elucidate the effects of mixed antimicrobials on the whole anaerobic digestion process. The batch test showed no inhibitions in the rate of methane and VFAs production, and the rate of organic removal were observed with treatment at 1~10 mg/L of antimicrobials while temporary inhibition was observed at 50 mg/L treatment. In contrast, treatment of 100 mg/L antimicrobials resulted in continuous decreased in the rate of methane production and organic removal efficiency. The continuous reactor test conduced to see the influence of the mixed antimicrobials showed only small declines in the methane production and organic matter removal when 1~10 mg/L of combined antimicrobials were applied but this was not significant. In contrast, with the treatment of 50 mg/L of combined antimicrobials, the rate of organic removal efficiency in effluent decreased by 2~15% and the rate of biogas production decreased by 30%. CONCLUSION(s): The antimicrobials remained in the animal manure might not be removed during the anaerobic digestion process and hence, is likely to be released to the natural ecosystem. Therefore, the efforts to decline the usage of antimicrobials for animal farming would be highly recommended.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.50 no.5
• /
• pp.504-518
• /
• 2017

Purpose: The objective of this study was to develop a processed foods database (DB) for estimation of processed food intake in the Korean population using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey (KNHANES). Methods: Analytical values of processed foods were collected from food composition tables of national institutions (Development Institute, Rural Development Administration), the US Department of Agriculture, and previously reported scientific journals. Missing or unavailable values were substituted, calculated, or imputed. The nutrient data covered 14 nutrients, including energy, protein, carbohydrates, fat, calcium, phosphorus, iron, sodium, potassium, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin C. The processed food DB covered a total of 4,858 food items used in the KNHANES. Each analytical value per food item was selected systematically based on the priority criteria of data sources. Results: Level 0 DB was developed based on a list of 8,785 registered processed foods with recipes of ready-to-eat processed foods, one food composition table published by the national institution, and nutrition facts obtained directly from manufacturers or indirectly via web search. Level 1 DB included information of 14 nutrients, and missing or unavailable values were substituted, calculated, or imputed at level 2. Level 3 DB evaluated the newly constructed nutrient DB for processed foods using the 2013 KNHANES. Mean intakes of total food and processed food were 1,551.4 g (males 1,761.8 g, females 1,340.8 g) and 129.4 g (males 169.9 g, females 88.8 g), respectively. Processed foods contributed to nutrient intakes from 5.0% (fiber) to 12.3% (protein) in the Korean population. Conclusion: The newly developed nutrient DB for processed foods contributes to accurate estimation of nutrient intakes in the Korean population. Consistent and regular update and quality control of the DB is needed to obtain accurate estimation of usual intakes using data from the KNHANES.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.44 no.4
• /
• pp.45-56
• /
• 2016

In this study, an analysis has been conducted on the evaluation criteria of current G-SEED(Green Standard for Energy and Environmental Design) and on the 78 buildings, certified by G-SEED, for 3 years from November, 2012 to November, 2015. Based on the results of this analysis, four issues are driven and proposed hereinafter. Issue 1 : Nowadays, the psychological proportion of landscape architecture in building is getting greater than ever so that it shows reliable reduction of carbon dioxide. Therefore, so far as the eight kinds of buildings are concerned, the evaluation items of G-SEED must include those of landscape architecture mandatorily through its enlargement. Issue 2 : It is undesirable factor that inhibits precise evaluation on landscaping area to let other areas appraise landscape architecture because it requires outstanding professionalism. So, G-SEED should not only ensure landscaping professionalism for the correct evaluation but also let landscape area participate in assessing other areas. Issue 3 : Many previous researches turned out that landscape planting technique has excellent effect on saving energy and reducing temperature of buildings. Thus, landscape planting technique of landscape area is required to be one of the evaluation items of energy sector. Issue 4 : Tree management also has to be newly included as one of the evaluation factor for the maintenance relating to the landscape architecture. G-SEED, enacted and enforced by the Green Building Creation Support Act in 2013, surely is effective system to reduce carbon dioxide in buildings. This is a special Act in its nature that is superior to Construction Law and must be observed by all means to construct buildings. Under the umbrella of this legal system, various of researches and products are contributing to creating new jobs in construction area. However, it is a well-known fact that landscape architecture area has shown less interest on this Act than that of construction area. In conclusion, it is necessary that landscape industry should conduct continuous researches on G-SEED and pay more attention to the Act enough to harvest related products and enlarge its work area.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.42 no.6
• /
• pp.101-110
• /
• 2014

This study analyzes the validity of the type classification of the type and design changes of apartment landscaping planting construction design changes that were completed in the private sector, efficiently manages the design changes that are displayed over landscaping planting work in general in the future, and performs research by placing the object underlying the presentation. The results are as follows. First, the percentage that occurred in the planting construction of design changes that have occurred in the apartment landscaping construction was carried out in the private sector and accounted for 61.8%. This indicates that part of the planting is a major design change. Second, as the cause of such a design change to be those associated with the field conditions such as lack of main construction period. In particular, due to a change in oral, appeared 7-48 times design changes of one review design change approval is complex, design changes of planting construction had shown a feature that occurs in multiple simultaneous. Third, the 7 types of Design Changes in planting design were delineated as 'design changes for consideration of the user', 'design changes for image improvement', 'design changes for ease of maintenance', 'design changes due to the mismatch of design statement', 'design changes due to the relationship with the engineering species of other', 'design changes due to lack of field study', and 'design changes due to the consideration of feasibility.' Fourth, 'design changes for consideration of the user' and 'design changes for image improvement' were found in more than half of the frequency of the overall changes. This differed from the results shown in public corporations. Fifth, if planting construction design change process, private companies, it was found that is showing the approval of the practice after the previous construction of the construction cost savings due to construction time. However, in the case of a public corporation, these exhibited a different aspect from the private sector and show a design change procedure that reflects the changes after the design change events in the field have occurred. The above results, the type of landscaping works in planting design change of public enterprises, regardless of the private sector, is the same in the seven types, the main reason of and procedures for design changes, indicating that there are other respects. In design change, it may be desirable to apply becomes liquidity rationality and efficiency of the dimension, depending on the nature of the landscape construction.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.25-30
• /
• 2008

Purpose: In this paper, we have analyzed the problems of the Oh's report which is used to the basic data for supply and demand of medical technicians and studied a proposal for improvement to control system and supply and demand of korean optometrists. Methods: We have analyzed errors of Oh's report including supply and demand for medical technicians and management policy, expecting number for future optician, inaccurate estimation by limited data (employment rate, retirement rate, mortality rate) and an incorrect method of measurement for future supply and demand. Results: Oh's report showed the 18% error for estimation of supply which exclude the irregular entrance students. The estimation of supply was calculated by graduation rate 62.6% (college and University of Technology are 78.9% and 85.98% respectively), employment rate 65.8% (the average employment between 2002 and 2007 is 73.96%) and retirement rate is 2.3% (the retirement of pharmacists is 1.3%) but it showed the significant differences to objective data. For estimate the suitable ratio of optometrists to the population, the ratio use of medical facilities by an age group was used, and suggested spectacle wearers 1,280 persons (populations 2,928 persons) per optometrist but the different from reference of Germany (4,706 persons), America (1,789 persons) and Korea (1,825 persons/an optometrist) are applied to estimation on supply. This report applied the low employment rate and argued that maintain the present situation, but claimed that utilize unemployment persons. The above result has induced double weighting effect on estimation of supply. Conclusions: To solve the related problems of supply and demand, we have to make a search for exact data and optimum application model, have to take an example of nation similar job category as Germany and the research result of the job satisfaction into consideration. After we get the integrated research result, we must carried out the policy with fairness and balance for the estimation of supply and demand. Therefore exact research is required prior to beginning policy establishment, government and related group have to make a clear long-term plan and permanent organization for medical technician to establish supply and demand of medical technician.