• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.227-250
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• 1999

The free radical theory of aging was introduced in 1956 by Denham Harman. This aging theory proposed that normal aging results from random deleterious damage to tissues by free radical and supplying antioxidant lead to decrease oxidative damage, inhibit aging process. In this study, we investigated antioxidantive effects of four Korean constitutional prescriptions for 'Soum' constitution - Palmulgunjatang(Y1), Sipyimiguanjungtang(Y2), Osuyubujayijungtang(Y3) and Seungyangyikkibujatang(Y4). Antioxidative activity of this prescriptions was examined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhyrdazyl radicals, superoxide anion radicals, peroxyl radical, hydroxyl radical scavenging effects and erythrocyte hemolysis inhibitory effects. Y2 and Y3 were shown to have relatively high antioxidative activity on this methods. In additions, result of the cytoprotective effects of Korean constitutional prescriptions agianst 2,2'-azobis(amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH), a free radical initiator, induced cytotoxcity in human hepatoblastoma cell line was similarly obtained. On the basis of this result, we assayed the antioxidative effects of Y2 and Y3 on experimental oxidative damage, induced in mouse by 100mg/kg AAPH. Male ICR mouse were given oral administration of 500mg/kg Y2 and Y3 for 4 weeks. Thiobarbuturic acid reactive substance (TBARS) and protein degradation level in liver, plasma and brain as index of oxidative damage were decreased and thiol compound, total antioxidant status in plasma were increased by Y2 administration. But, Y3 injected group was decreased only protein degradation level in brain. Also, glutathione, a potent water-soluble endogenous antioxidant, concentration was increased by Y2 and Y3 administration in liver and brain. However, superoxide dismutase and catalase activity as a major antioxidative enzyme in vivo were not shown change by Y2 and Y3 administration. On the basis of these result, Y2 have an antioxidative effects on both water-soluble fraction and lipid-solube fraction in cell and tissues. But, Y3 has a lower antioxidative effects on lipid-soluble fraction than Y2 in cell and tissues. These results suggest that Y2 has a antioxidative effects by protect the tissue against oxygen free radical mediated oxidative damage and Y3 has a limited antioxidaitve effects on water-soluble fraction in vivo. Therefore, we make report that Y2 is more effective prescriptions for anti-aging or therapeutics of diseases.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.688-695
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• 2017

This paper deals with characteristics analysis of a permanent magnet (PM) linear generator using analytical methods for wave energy harvesting. The wave energy is carried out from the movement of a yo-yo system. A linear generator using permanent magnets to generate a magnetic force itself does not require a separate power supply and has the advantage of simple maintenance. In addition to the use of a rare earth, a permanent magnet having a high-energy density can be miniaturized and lightweight, and can obtain high energy-conversion efficiency. We derived magnetic field solutions produced by the permanent magnet and armature reaction based on 2D polar coordinates and magnetic vector potential. Induced voltage is obtained via arbitrary sinusoidal input. In addition, electrical parameters are obtained, such as back-EMF constant, resistance, and self- and mutual-winding inductances. The space harmonic method used in this paper is confirmed by comparing it with finite element method (FEM) results. These facilitate the characterization of the PM-type linear generator and provide a basis for comparative studies, design optimization, and machine dynamic modeling.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.10
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• pp.983-988
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• 2003

Purpose : Syncope appears to be common. However, the mechanism of syncope is not clear. Increased vagal activity and withdrawal of sympathetic stimulation cause hypotension, bradycardia and finally loss of consciousness. The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes of cerebral blood flow velocity, blood pressure, and heart rate during tilt test in children with vasovagal syncope. Methods : Sixty four children with a past history of syncope were evaluated. The stand up test was performed for 15 minutes after a rest at supine position for 10 minutes, followed by an $80^{\circ}$ tilt test lasting 45 minutes. If presyncope(lightheadedness, nausea, blurred vision, or sweating) or syncope occurred, the study was discontinued. 12-lead electrocardiography, echocardiography, and electroencephalography were performed. Transcranial Doppler study was performed at the middle cerebral artery with 2 MHz continuous Doppler probe in 10 children with positive tilt test. Systolic, diastolic, mean cerebral blood flow velocity, integral, and pulsatility index were measured with blood pressure, heart rate, and $O_2$ saturation. Results : The positive rate of tilt test was 31.3%(20/64). Systolic, diastolic, and mean cerebral blood flow velocity decreased significantly in absence of hypotension or bradycardia during presyncope. Time velocity integral of cerebral artery also decreased significantly. Conclusion : Decreased cerebral blood flow velocity can predict the presyncope manifestation. Impairment of autoregulation of cerebral blood flow might play an important role in the pathophysiology of vasovagal syncope.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 2006

Purpose : This study shows the movements of the ankle and the foot in walking stages, and helps to diagnose and treat the problems of the ankle and the foot. The foot in human is a mean of the transportation, body support, and shock absorber. However, the slightest changes in the anatomical position can cause a significant increase of the stress and force in the ankle and the foot. The regular compressive force in the ankle of the normal person is generated by the contraction of the gastrocnemius and popliteus muscles, and transmitted to the achilles tendon. The plantar flexion about 10 degrees occurs immediately after the heel strike, getting ready for the weight acceptance. The shear force about 80 % of the body weight is generated immediately after the heel off of the mid stance phase. In those who have a problem in the ankle, the compression force at the ankle decreased to 1/3 of the body weight, and the shear force decreased, and the compressive force was reached at their maximum level earlier than the normal people. Conclusion : Analysis of the movements at the ankle and the foot in walking phase can make the effort to diagnose and treat the ankle and foot with the problems. However, the further study is necessary.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.475-483
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• 2016

The current study was conducted to evaluate beneficial effects of a new formula (CWC-9) using four traditional Oriental medicinal herbs, Cynanchum wilfordii, Rehmannia glutinosa, Polygala tenuifolia, and Acorus gramineus, on hippocampal cells and memory function. To examine the neuroprotective effects of a new four-herb extract, cell viability, cytotoxicity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) assays were performed in HT22 cells and behavioral tests (Morris water maze and passive avoidance retention), Western blot, and immunohistochemistry were performed in a mouse model of focal cerebral ischemia. In HT22 hippocampal cells, pretreatment with CWC-9 resulted in significantly reduced glutamate-induced cell death with suppression of ROS accumulation caused by glutamate. In a mouse model of focal cerebral ischemia, we observed significant improvement of spatial and short-term memory function by treatment with CWC-9. Phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in hippocampus of ischemic mice were decreased by treatment with CWC-9, but phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) were significantly enhanced. By immunohistochemical analysis, we confirmed higher expression of phosphorylation of CREB in the hippocampal neurons of CWC-9 treated mice. These results suggest that new multi-herb formula CWC-9 mainly exerted beneficial effects on cognitive function through regulation of neuro-protective signaling pathways associated with CREB.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.157-167
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• 2019

Purpose: This study examined the antioxidant and cancer cell growth inhibitory activities of an ethanol extract and different solvent fractions of Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. (ice plant). Methods: The ice plant was freeze-dried, extracted with 99.9% ethanol, and then fractionated with hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water. The total polyphenol content (TPC), total carotenoid content (TCC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activity (RSA), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were measured. Assays using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin-diacetate and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide were performed to measure the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell growth, respectively. Annexin V/propidium iodide staining and cell cycle analysis were performed for the detection of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Results: TPC, TCC, RSA, and FRAP of the ethanol extract (EE) were 3.7 mg gallic acid equivalent/g, $13.2{\mu}g/g$, 21.0% (at a concentration of 5 mg/mL), and 21.0% (at a concentration of 5 mg/mL), respectively. Among the different solvent fractions, the butanol fraction (BF) showed the highest TPC (5.4 mg gallic acid equivalent/g), TCC ($86.6{\mu}g/g$), RSA (34.9% at 5 mg/mL), and FRAP (80.8% at 5 mg/mL). Treatment of HCT116 human colon cancer cells with EE and BF at concentrations of 250 and $500{\mu}g/mL$ reduced the levels of intracellular ROS. Concomitantly, EE and BF resulted in the dose-dependent inhibition of cell growth (at the concentrations of 125, 250, and $500{\mu}g/mL$ for 24 ~ 48 h) and the induction of apoptosis (at the concentrations of 250 and $500{\mu}g/mL$ for 48 h) in HCT116 cells. An increased G2/M cell population was also found in the BF-treated cells. Conclusion: These results suggest that ice plant possesses antioxidant and growth inhibitory activities in colon cancer cells.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.157-164
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• 1996

This study aimed increase the quality during ripening of Cheddar cheese made with proteinase-negative mutant of Streptococcus lactis KCTC 1913 selected by curing. The degradation of protein during cheese ripening were investigated by electrophoresis and chromatography. The results were summarized as follow ; 1. The number of lactic acid bacteria decreased with the ripening stage, and that of the control cheese decreased faster than that of the cheese made with mutant. 2. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of cheese caseins revealed no difference between the cheese made with mutant and the control cheese, but differences along with the ripening stage were evident. 3. On Sephadex G-25 column chromatography, the extracts of bitter components from the green cheese and 3 month ripended cheese were fractionated into 3 fractions. With the progress of ripening, bitter peptides were degraded to rather small peptides or free amino acids. 4. Sensory evaluation of the 3 month ripended Cheddar cheese found no significant differences in color but the cheese made with mutant evidenced higher palatability in flavor and better texture than the control cheese. 5. The yields of the cheddar cheese made with mutant was 0.14% higher than that of the control cheese.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.137-150
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• 2007

Trees emit phytoncide into atmosphere to protect them from predation. Phytoncide from different trees has its own unique fragrance that is referred to as forest bath. Phytoncide, which is essential oil of trees, has microbicidal, insecticidal, acaricidal, and deodorizing effect. The present study was performed to examine the effect of phytoncide on Porphyromonas gingivalis, which is one of the most important causative agents of periodontitis and halitosis. P. gingivalis 2561 was incubated with or without phytoncide extracted from Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa Sieb. et Zucc.; Japanese cypress) and then changes were observed in its cell viability, antibiotic sensitivity, morphology, and biochemical/molecular biological pattern. The results were as follows: 1. The phytoncide appeared to have a strong antibacterial effect on P. gingivalis. MIC of phytoncide for the bacterium was determined to be 0.008%. The antibacterial effect was attributed to bactericidal activity against P. gingivalis. It almost completely suppressed the bacterial cell viability (>99.9%) at the concentration of 0.01%, which is the MBC for the bacterium. 2. The phytoncide failed to enhance the bacterial susceptibility to ampicillin, cefotaxime, penicillin, and tetracycline but did increase the susceptibility to amoxicillin. 3. Numbers of electron dense granules, ghost cell, and vesicles increased with increasing concentration of the phytoncide, 4. RT-PCR analysis revealed that expression of superoxide dismutase was increased in the bacterium incubated with the phytoncide. 5. No distinct difference in protein profile between the bacterium incubated with or without the phytoncide was observed as determined by SDS-PAGE and immunoblot. Overall results suggest that the phytoncide is a strong antibacterial agent that has a bactericidal action against P. gingivalis. The phytoncide does not seem to affect much the profile of the major outer membrane proteins but interferes with antioxidant activity of the bacterium. Along with this, yet unknown mechanism may cause changes in cell morphology and eventually cell death.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.113-117
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• 2006

New nonspecific immunostimulators (Koko enterprise Co., Ltd., Korea) were evaluated for its effectiveness as a nonspecific immunostimulator in pigs. The effects of new nonspecific immunostimulators were determined by analysis of cytokines using ELISA and blood-chemistry. IFN-r which is one of the cell mediated immune cytokines significantly increased in DIR-vitamineral 0.2% group posttreatment 4 weeks and was significantly higher IMF 0.2%, DIR-vita 0.1% and DIR-vitamineral 0.2% groups than control group in 3 months. DIR-vitamineral 0.2% had a most strong effectiveness as a nonspecific immunostimulator in our treatment materials in pigs. IMF 0.2% and DIR-vita 0.1% were seen that there had effectiveness of a nonspecific immunostimulator in posttreatment 3 months. IgG IgM and Total Ig which were humoral immune globulins, were not significantly changed in posttreatment 4 weeks and 3 months. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that new nonspecific immunostimulators had an immunostimulatory effect on pigs through cell mediated immune response.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.373-383
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• 2011

Tributyltin (TBT) is one of endocrine disrupters which are known as having similar function to sex steroid hormone inducing apoptosis in various tissues of rodents. Recently, it has been reported that TBT induces apoptosis in thymus causing the decreased thymic function, but little is known about the mechanism. To elucidate the mechanism, three-week-old SD female rats were orally administrated with TBT 1, 10, and 25 mg per body weight (kg) and sesame oil as a control for 7 days. On day 8, the thymi were obtained and weighed, and then the number of thymocytes was counted. We also performed H&E staining, TUNEL assay, and Annexin V flow cytometric analysis to examine the apoptosis rates and the structure in the thymus. Next, we investigated the adipogenesis and apoptosis-related mRNA expression levels in the thymi by real-time PCR. The thymic weight and the number of thymocytes were decreased by TBT in a dose-dependent manner. As a result of the H&E staining, the boundary between cortical and medullary area was blurred in the thymi of TBT treated rats compared to those of controls. In the results of TUNEL assay and Annexin V flow cytometric analysis, apoptosis rates in the thymus were increased after TBT treatment. The expression levels of thymic epithelial cell marker genes such as EVA, KGF, AIRE, and IL-7 were significantly decreased in the thymi of TBT treated rats, but $PPAR{\gamma}$, aP2, PEPCK, and CD36 were significantly increased. The expression of $TNF{\alpha}$ and TNFR1 as apoptosis-related genes also was significantly increased after TBT treatment. The present study demonstrates that TBT can increase the expression of adipogenesis and apoptosis-related genes leading to apoptosis in the thymus. These results suggest that the increased adipogenesis of thymus by TBT exposure might induce apoptosis in the thymus resulting in a loss in thymic immune function.