• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.65-72
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• 2011

Numerical simulation has been performed to investigate the bubbly flow in the liquid with vertical temperature gradient. The objective of this study is to establish an accurate numerical prediction program of gas-liquid two-phase flows in a vertical temperature gradient condition, whose mathematical model is formulated by the Eulerian-Lagrangian model. The present numerical results reveal the temperature mixing mechanism and the fluid dynamical characteristics induced by the bubbly flow in the liquid with stratified temperature. The effects of bubble radius, void fraction, and gas flow rate on bubble-driven convective flow are considered, too.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.279-286
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• 2017

We investigated growth response and variation of ecological niche breadth of Hibiscus hamabo according to light, moisture and nutrient when global warming is proceeded by elevated $CO_2$ concentration and temperature. H. hamabo was cultivated in experimental condition in the greenhouse that are divided by control(ambient condition) and treatment(elevated $CO_2$ concentration and temperature). Light, moisture and nutrient gradients were treated within the control and the treatment. Although H. hamabo prefers higher light intensity(up to L3) to lowers', Hamabo mallow doesn't like excessive light intensity($787{\pm}77.76{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$). Also, H. hamabo was difficult to grow in absent nutrient(0%) and excessive nutrient(20%). However, there was no trend with moisture gradients. The death rate of H. hamabo in the treatment was higher in all gradients except for the highest light intensity condition than control. It means that range of tolerance about light is narrowed when concentration of $CO_2$ gas and temperature is elevated. There was no trend of death rate according to moisture gradient, comparing between control and treatment. The death rate in all nutrient gradients within the treatment is lower than the controls'. It means that range of tolerance about nutrient is widened. The ecological niche breadth of H. hamabo in the treatment was narrower as 30.1% in light gradients but wider as 8.6% in moisture gradients and 30% in nutrient gradients than in the control. In the conclusion, when global warming is proceeded by elevated $CO_2$ concentration and temperature, growth of H. hamabo would be restricted by light intensity.

• Proceedings of the Acoustical Society of Korea Conference
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• 1998.06c
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• pp.235-238
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• 1998

파이프의 양 끝단에 심한 온도구배가 형성될 때 음향이 발생한다는 사실은 이미 알려진 사실이다. 본 연구는 열구동식 열음향냉동기를 구현하기 위해서 1단계로 열원에 의한 음향발생을 달성하고자 했다. 이를 위해 1/4 파장의 열음향 발생장치를 설계 및 제작하여 실험에 사용하였다. 열음향 발생기는 직경 3cm, 길이 16cm의 공명관에 가열부, 박판집적체, 고온부 및 저온부의 열교환기로 구성되며 발생음의 기본주파수는 520Hz로 설계하였다. 고온부를 38$0^{\circ}C$로 가열한 결과 열음향발생기의 개구부로부터 1m 떨어진 곳에서 최초 음압측정값이 약 112dB, 음향출력으로 약 1와트에 해당하는 값을 얻었다. 박판집적체에 급격한 온도구배가 형성되면서 주변의 기체가 자발적인 진동을 하여 형성된 음향동력중 일부는 공명관 벽에 흡수되고 일부는 열교환기에서 점성에 의해 소산된다. 따라서 실제로 음향으로 변하는 부분은 이들을 감한 부분인데 실험결과 약 53%의 음향 생성효율을 달성했으며 이는 스위프트 등이 얻었던 결과보다 우수하다.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.483-490
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• 2008

Minimization of nozzle induces many flow losses in micro-propulsion system. In this study, we studied about thermal transpiration based micro propulsion system to overcome these losses. Thermal transpiration device(Knudsen pump) having no moving parts can self-pump the gaseous propellant by temperature gradient only (cold to hot). We designed, fabricated the Knudsen pump and analyzed pressure gradient efficiency of membrane according to Knudsen number under vacuum condition. Experimental results showed that thick membranes are more effective than thin membranes in transition flow regime, and pressure gradient efficiency according to Knudsen number is increased to maximum 82% apart from membrane thickness in free molecular regime.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.272-277
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• 2001

An experimental study of jet impinging the non-isothermal heating surface with linear temperature gradient is conducted with the presentation of the turbulent flow characteristics and the heat transfer rate, represented by the Nusselt number. The jet Reynolds number ranges from 15,000 to 30,000, the temperature gradient of the plate is 2~4.2$^{\circ}C$/cm and the dimensionless nozzle to plate distance (H/D) is from 2 to 10. The results show that the peak of heat transfer rate occurs at the stagnation point, and the heat transfer rate decreases as the radial distance from the stagnation point increases. A remarkable feature of the heat transfer rate is the existence of the second peak. This is due to the turbulent development of the wall jet. Maximum heat transfer rate occurs when the axial distance from the nozzle to nozzle diameter (H/D) is 6 or 8. The heat transfer rate can be correlated as a power function of Prandtl number, Reynolds number, the dimensionless nozzle to plate distance (H/D) and temperature gradient (dT/dr). It has been found that the heat transfer rate increases with increasing turbulent intensity. The wall jet is influenced by temperature gradient and the effect becomes more important at higher radii.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 1992.04a
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• pp.104-108
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• 1992

국소가열 가공방법은 종래 사용 되어온 온간,열간 가공의 경우와는 달리 프레스 성형의 응력조건 또는 양긱,열(온도)에 의한 재료 성질의변화 등을 고려하여, 가공하는 박판의 필요 부분을 선택적으로가열, 냉각 또는 두가지를 조합하여 처리하는 것이다. 온도 구배의 영향이 박판 성형의 공정에 많은 영향을 줌에도 불구하고 종래의 박판 성형가공은 주로 열을 고려하지않은 성형해석이 대부분이었고 열을 고려 하였다라도 대 부분이 실험에의존 한 방법이었다. 그러나 실제의 공정 설계에서 실험만을 통한 공정 변수의규명은 많은 노 력과 시간을 필요로 하기 때문에 컴퓨터를 통한 시뮬레이션의 필요성이 대두 되었다. 본 연구는 박판 축대칭 온도 구배와, 변형해석을 유한 요소적 방법을 통해 행하고 이를 실제 공정 설계에 적용할 수있도록 도움을 주고자 하는 데에 있다.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.777-784
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• 2017

Energy harvesting through a thermoelectric module normally makes use of the temperature gradient in the system's operational environment. Therefore, it is difficult to obtain the desired output power when the system is subjected to an environment in which a low temperature gradient is generated across the module, because the power generation efficiency of the thermoelectric device is not optimized. The utilization of solar energy, which is a form of renewable energy abundant in nature, has mostly been limited to photovoltaic solar cells and solar thermal energy generation. However, photovoltaic power generation is capable of utilizing only a narrow wavelength band from the sunlight and, thus, the power generation efficiency might be lowered by light scattering. In the case of solar thermal energy generation, the system usually requires large-scale facilities. In this study, a simple and small size thermoelectric power generation system with a solar concentrator was designed to create a large temperature gradient for enhanced performance. A solar tracking system was used to concentrate the solar thermal energy during the experiments and a liquid circulating chiller was installed to maintain a large temperature gradient in order to avoid heat transfer to the bottom of the thermoelectric module. Then, the setup was tested through a series of experiments and the performance of the system was analyzed for the purpose of evaluating its feasibility and validity.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.32-38
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• 2005

FBG sensors have been studied more actively than any other fiber optic sensor because of good multiplexing capabilities among many fiber optic sensors. The demodulation method of FBG sensors is based on the detection of wavelength shift of their sensor peaks and properties such as strain and temperature can be measured by detecting them. However, the signal stability of FBG sensors can be influenced by the strain gradient induced by structural geometry or cracks on the surface when FBG sensors are embedded into or attached on the structure. In this study, the signal characteristics of reflected spectra of FBG sensors under strain gradient were verified and the relations between the grating length of FBG sensors and the amount of strain gradient were investigated. From the experimental results, the recommended working range of FBG sensors under strain gradients was shown quantitatively with respect to grating lengths of them.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Industrial Safety Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.263-268
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• 2000

원자력 압력용기의 건전성 평가 및 안전성 확보에 대한 관심은 1978년 미국 Rancho Seco 발전소에서 발생한 가압열충격 사고로 인해 크게 부각되기 시작하였다. 가압열충격(Pressurized Thermal Shock： PTS)이란 계통의 압력이 높은 상태이거나 증가중인 상태에서 급속한 냉각과 과도한 냉각이 발생하는 것을 의미한다. 이러한 냉각에 의해 원자로용기 외벽보다 내벽이 빨리 냉각되어 상당한 온도구배가 발생하고 이 온도구배에 따라 용기 내벽에 최대인장 열응력이 발생한다.(중략)

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.347-352
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• 1999

The finite element formulation and simulation of drying process for ceramic electric insulators are investigated. The heat and moisture movements in green ceramics caused by the interaction of temperature gradient, moisture gradient, conduction, convection and evaporation are considered. The variations of temperature and moisture not only change the volume but also induce the hygro-thermal stress. The finite element formulation for solving the temperature and moisture distributions as well as the associated hygro-thermal stresses is derived. Using the computer code developed, the drying process of a ceramic electric insulator is simulated. Temperature distribution, moisture distribution, hygrothermal stress and deformed shape during the drying process are predicted.