• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.183-192
• /
• 1995

This study was conducted to investigate bird community and to suggest a proper way how to manage and protect wildbirds in Chuwangsan National Park. The survey was carried out over two survey sections by the line transect method in spring, summer and autumn in 1994. Total number of observed birds were 42 species(33 species in spring, 32 species in summer, and 26 species in autumn), and the result was the same with the typical pattern of temperate bird communities. Total number of natural monument and rare birds were 7 species, which included Golden Eagle(Aquila chrysaetos), Chinese Sparrow Hawk(Accipter soloensis), Eagle Owl(Bubo bubo), etc. In breeding season, species richness was high in canopy nesting guild, and density(ea/ha) was high in hole nesting guild. Canopy foraging guild was dominated in spring and summer, ratio of bush(or ground) foraging guild was increased in autumn. Since the habitats of observed natural monuments and rare species were roughly overlapped with the nature preservation area, it is necessary to preserve the area completely and to investigate and protect these species continuously. For the protection of the bush(or ground) foraging guild, it needs to plant bushes around trails and to control users. Food plants, artificial food planting of bushs, and artificial nest are needed for the habituation of wildbirds, and as the damage of wild cats is increasing lately, it needs to control these cats.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.55 no.3
• /
• pp.257-266
• /
• 2016

Subtropical insect pests expand their habitats by migration to temperate zones along with global climate change. A subtropical insect pest, Maruca vitrata, is infesting leguminous crops including azuka beans in Korea and gives significant economic damages. Its great genetic variation raised an issue of the origin of a Korean M. vitrata population. To understand the genetic character of the Korean population, its cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (cox 1) gene was sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed with other regional populations. The world populations of M. vitrata were grouped into three clusters: Asia-African, American, and Oceanian. The Korean population was classified into Asia-African cluster. To characterize the insecticide susceptibility of the Korean population, seven different insecticides (4 neutoxic insecticides, 1 insect growth regulator, 2 biopesticides) were assessed. Young larvae of M. vitrata were relatively susceptible to all tested insecticides. However, old larvae were much less susceptible than young larvae. No test insecticides effectively (> 50%) killed the old larvae of M. vitrata within 7 days.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.305-321
• /
• 2006

Atmospheric Acid Deposition: Nitrogen Saturation of Forests: Volume weighted annual average wet deposition of nitroge at 33 sites in Korea during 1999-2004 ranged 7.28 to $21.05kgN{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$ with average $12.78kgN{\cdot}ha^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$, which values are similar level with nitrogen deposition of Europe and North America. The temperate forests that suffered long-term high atmospheric nitrogen deposition are gradually saturated with nitrogen. Such nitrogen saturated forest watersheds usually leach nitrate ion ($NO_3^-$) in stream water and soil solution. It may be likely that Korean forest ecosystems are saturated by much nitrogen deposition. In leaves with nitrogen saturation ratios of N/P, N/K and N/Mg are so enhanced that mineral nutrient system is disturbed, suffered easily frost damage and blight disease, reduced fine-root vitality and mycorrhizal activity. Consequently nitrogen saturated forests decrease primary productivity and finally become forest decline. Futhermore understory species are replaced the nitrophobous species by the nitrophilous one. In soil with nitrogen saturation uptake of methane ($CH_4$) is reduced and emission of nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrous oxide ($N_{2}O$) are increased, which gases are greenhouse gas accelerating global warming.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.354-369
• /
• 2010

The synoptic and kinematic characteristics of a heavy rainfall that occurred in Gangneung region on 22 to 24 October 2006 were investigated using weather maps, infrared images, AWS observation data and NCEP global final analyses data. The total amount of rainfall observed in the region for the period was 316.5 mm, and the instanteneous maximum wind speed was $63.7m\;s^{-1}$. According to the analysis of weather maps, before the starting of the heavy rainfall, an extratropical low pressure system was developed in the middle region of the Korean Peninsula, and an inverted trough was formed in the northern region of the peninsula. In addition, a jet stream on the upper charts of 300 hPa was located over the Yellow Sea and the southern boundary of the peninsula. A cutoff low in the cyclonic shear side of the upper jet streak, which was linked to an anomaly of isentropic potential vorticity, was developed over the northwestern part of the peninsula. And there are analyzed potential vorticity and wind, time-height cross section of potential vorticity, vertical air motion, maximums of the divergence and convergence and vertical distribution of potential temperature in Gangneung region. The analyzed results of the synoptic conditions and kinematic processes strongly suggest that the tropopause folding made a significant role of initializing the heavy rainfall.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.131-136
• /
• 2018

Decrease in seawater temperature during winter is one of the most important and serious issues confronted by fish net-cage aquaculture farms. This can become the cause of the manifestation of diseases and ensuing mass mortality. The present study was conducted to assess the survival rate, the range of limited low-temperature, the response of oxidative stress in the blood of red sea bream Pagrus major with decrease of water temperature. Low-lethal temperature for 7 days of P. major ($7day-LT_{50}$) was $6.54^{\circ}C$ (confidence limit: $6.31{\sim}6.71^{\circ}C$). Oxygen consumption rate was decreased with lower temperature. It showed the minimum value at the range of low-lethal temperature. Osmolality at $5^{\circ}C$ and $6^{\circ}C$ experimental group was higher significantly than control group. SOD (superoxide dismutase) activity was increased significantly at $5^{\circ}C$ experimental group compared to control group. This study data will be used to determine the appropriate area for aquaculture of red sea bream. It also manage fish net-cage farm to cope with the mass mortality occurring frequently during winter season.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.49-58
• /
• 1994

To investigate the relationship between leaf growth of several woody plants and ait tempera ture in early growing season (from April to June) in deciduous forests, I surveyed the changes of leaf area (LA), leaf weight (LW) and specific leaf area (SLA) of 19 specles, in two areas Namhansansung (NA) and Taegwallyong (TA) area in which that the latitudes are similer ($37^{\circ}28'N$ at NA and $37^{\circ}27'N$ an TA), but annual mean-temperatures were different ($11.8^{\circ}C\;in\;NA, \;6.3^{\circ}C$ in TA) for two years, 1991 and 1992. In the same species, the plants of NA began to grow 10-25 days earlier than those of TA, but the latter grew faster than the former. On 10 June the values of LA and LW per leaf were similar in the two areas but the maximum values of SLA were higher in NA. In the same plant, the values of LA and LW were constant year by year, except for PYIOLUS leveilleana, Quercus mongolica, Symplocos chznensis for. pilosa and S t y a r ubussiu. In N A , the leaves be gan to grow during the first ten days of April, and eariler in 1992 than in 1991, and daily mean temperature (DMT) of the former from 27 March to 6 April were higher than those of thc latter. But the LA increased faster in 1991 than in 1992. and DMT from 10 April to 16 April were higher in 1991 than in 1992.

• Journal of Aquaculture
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.115-121
• /
• 2004

In a series of feeding experiments using the newly established the first laboratory strain of a temperate photosynthetic ciliate, Mesodinium rubrum MR-MAL01, direct evidence was obtained for ingestion of the cultured M. rubrum cells by the bivalves like the Korean scallop, Chlamys farreri and Manila clam. Ruditapes phil-ippinarum. Each experimental Korean scallop and Manila clam removed up to 9,590 and 23,200 cells min-1, respectively. Small particles almost identical to the ruptured cells of MR-MAL01 culture were observed in the gut of the experimental bivalves, although no intact M. rubrum cell was found. In a 28 days rearing experiment, Isoshrysis galbana (KMCC H-2), a microalga, supported better growth of small Manila clam spat (0.46 mm in shell length) than MR-MAL01 strain. For the large Manila clam spat (0.84 mm in shell length), however. MR-MAL01 strain was a better prey item. Mass culture methods for this photosynthetic marine ciliate may be developed for use as live feed in aquaculture of the spat and broodstock of bivalve and small-mouthed fish larvae.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.91-99
• /
• 1972

지리산은 해발 1915m인 남한 본토 최고인 명산이며 국립공원으로 지정된 바도 있으나 아직 그 동물상에 대한 조사는 불충분한 바 있다. 1972년 8월 11일-14일의 4일간에 걸쳐 남궁 윤은 한라산 거미상과의 비교 검토를 위하여 지리산의 제 2 고봉인 반야봉과 제 3고봉인 노고단을 중심으로 한 지리산 서남면인 "겉지리산"의 일부를 조사하였다. 한편 백외는 1971년 7일 하순 화엄사, 노고단 및 피아골의 거미상에 대해 조사한 바 있다. 광대한 지리산의 전체적인 면모를 파악하기에는 미급한 조사였지만 대치적인 특징을 추찰한 수 있었기에 이에 보고코져 한다. 지리산 거미에 대하여는 백 갑용(1942-1972), 백운하외 (1970) 등에 의해 18과 76종 (3미확정종포함)이 보고된 바 있으나 채집기록에 불분명한 바가 있고, 그 환경이나 수직분포 등에 대하여는 언급된 바가 없었다. 금번 조사한 장소를 고도별로 보면 다음과 같다. 연곡사(300-400m), 화엄사(400-600m), 피아골(500-900m), 화엄사골(600-900m), 용수바위 (900-1300m), 코재 (900-1300m), 임걸령(1400-1500m), 노고단(1400-1550m), 반야봉(1550-1750m) (1) 이 조사보고에서는 종전의 보고에서 기록이 분명한 것을 종합하여 21과 135종 (미확정종 6종 포함)의 목록을 작성하였다. (2) 지리산 추가종 56종을 확인하였으며 그 중에서 한국 미기록종은 16종이다. (목록에 *표를 한 것) (3) 미확정종은 개체특징이 분명한 것만 수록했으며 이들 중 금후 연구로써 신종으로 기재됨 것도 있다. (4) 이번 조사의 결과로는 지리산의 거미상은 북방종 26종$(20.2\%)$ 남방종 8종$(6.2\%)$ 세계공통종이 3종$(2.3\%)$으로 북방온대성 $(71.3\%)$의 경향이 짙으다. (5) 고도분포는 반야봉 (1550-1750m)에서 18종$(7.3\%)$, 1400-1550m가 38종$(15.5\%)$, 900-1400m에서 39종$(15.8\%)$, 600-900m에서 72종$(29.2\%)$, 600m이하에서 79종$(32.1\%)$으로 고도가 높아짐에 따라 종수가 점감되고 1300m 이상에 서식하는 것은 44종$(32.6\%)$에 불과하였다. (6) 지리산의 우점종은 대륙접시거미 (Prolinyphia emphana)로 600m 이상부터 산정부에 걸쳐 널리 분포하며, 개체수에 있어서도 가장 많았다. 깡충거미과(Salticidae), 늑대거미과(Lycosidae)가 극히 적은 것도 특징적이라 하겠다.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.26 no.6
• /
• pp.934-940
• /
• 2012

This study was carried out to serve the structure of Carpinus laxiflora community in the Moojangsa valley, Tohamasan district, Gyeongju National Park. We designated 16 quadrats ($10m{\times}10m(100m^2)$) for looking at the continuation of Carpinus laxiflora community as the climax forest community. As a result of TWINSPAN, plant community was classified into 5 different communities. 3 communities are Carpinus laxiflora community which have a little different subdominant species; 1) with ombrophilous broadleaf species, 2) with Quercus serrata, 3) with others. Species diversity index was ranged from 0.4899 to 0.9490. Carpinus laxiflora communities were expected to continue as the Carpinus laxiflora community, but Carpinus laxiflora - Quercus serrata communities were expected continue or shrink up of the Carpinus laxiflora. As this study, if we insist the Carpinus laxiflora community as the climax in the temperate zone in Korea then should be analyze more survey data in various area.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.19-28
• /
• 2009

Echinosophora koreensis (Nakai) Nakai (Leguminosae) is one of the threatened plant growing in secondary forest with sparse pine forest. The aim of this research is to investigate current status in a habitat of E. koreensis population, and obtain knowledge for conservation of the population. The flora of vascular plants and vegetation were investigated in the habitat E. koreensis in Mt. Bibong, Gangweon Province. Investigation were carried out in August 2003 and May 2008 at the three different habitats. As a result, a total 40 species 7 varieties of 28 family were recorded in whole area. The vegetation of investigated area was typical northern-temperate Pinus forest, humidity of soil was low and located at a slope area. These investigated area is very important for conservation of rare plant, E. koreensis. Therefore, sustainable conservation strategy such as designation of conservation area should be prepared urgently by the results of long-term monitoring studies.