• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.297-301
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• 2009

Stephania delavayi Diels. (S. delavayi Diels.) has been used as a drug for pain-relieving and acute gastroenteritis treatment in China. Because the major therapeutic mechanism of anti-inflammatory drug is to inhibit the cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and because COX-2 proteins inhibit apoptosis, COX-2 inhibitor has been thought as the anticancer drug candidate. For this reason, we examined S. delavayi Diels. as an anticancer drug. S. delavayi Diels. was fractionated with methanol and then partitioned with ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and reducing power. DPPH radical scavenging activities of the crude fractions at the concentration of $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ were 75.23% (n-butanol), 68.11% (methanol), 63.58% (ethyl acetate), and 50.13% (water). The reducing power increased according to the concentration in dose-dependent manner. Also, when the antiproliferation effects of each fraction against human breast cancer cell-lines MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 were examined, methanol extract, n-butanol fraction and ethyl acetate fraction exhibited cell proliferative inhibition effects in both cell-lines whereas water fraction did not. Among the crude fractions, the n-butanol fraction exhibited the most potent anti-proliferation effect. In conclusion, fractions from S. delavayi Diels. are promising anticancer drug candidates.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.378-383
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• 2002

The aim of the study was to analyze N-nitrosamine (NA) and its precursors in serveral fermented foods which were treated with nitrite, thiocyanate and ascorbic acid under simulated gastric digestion. Every analyzed sample contained nitrate, with levels ranging from 0.3 to 1.3 mg/kg, but nitrite was present at very low levels of less than 0.3 mg/kg. And other precursors of amines such as dimethylamine and trimethylamine were detected less than 0.5 mg/kg in every samples. N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) was detected in the levels of <0.5 ∼ 2.7 ug/kg in soy sauce,1.5∼3.1 ug/kg in soybean paste and <0.5∼1.8 ug/kg in beer, while NDMA levels increased by 1.1∼4.5 times in the fermented foods which were digested under simulated gastric conditions.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.500-500
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• 2016

전국의 농업용 저수지 중 장기간 높은 유기물 및 영양염의 농도로 인해 부영양화가 우려되는 71개 저수지에 대하여 수질오염 및 퇴적물오염 특성을 분석하였다. 수질오염 특성 분석 결과, 평균농도가 COD 11.7 mg/L, TOC 6.8 mg/L, TN 1.844 mg/L, TP 0.101 mg/L, SS 18.1 mg/L, Chl-a 57.3 mg/$m^3$ 로 분석되었다. 조사 대상 저수지 71개 지구 중 COD 46.3 %, TN 84.4 %, Chl-a 63.7 %가 농업용수 수질기준 초과 저수지로 조사되었다. 또한 연구 대상지구의 주요 오염원으로 생활계오염원 31개 저수지의 COD 11.1 mg/L이며, 축산계오염원 40개 저수지의 COD 12.2 mg/L로 나타났다. 각 항목의 수질 결과에 대한 평균 오염도를 분석한 결과, 축산계 오염원이 생활계 오염원 저수지보다 부유물질(SS)을 제외하고 모든 항목에서 오염도가 높게 나타났다. 그러나 TN, TP는 오염원에 따라 크게 차이를 보이지는 않았으며, 축산계 오염원 저수지의 수질 오염도는 모든 항목에서 농업용수 수질기준을 초과하였다. 장기적인 수질오염 저수지에 대하여 퇴적물의 오염 특성을 조사하였으며, 퇴적물오염으로 인한 수질오염 영향관계를 조사 분석하였다. 퇴적물 오염 특성 분석 결과, 강열감량 10.5 %, 총질소 3,480 mg/kg, 총인 1,299 mg/kg으로 오염 수준이 전체적으로 높게 조사되었다. 생활계오염원 31개 저수지의 강열감량 9.8 %, 총질소 2,711 mg/kg, 총인 1,178 mg/kg이며, 축산계오염원 40개 저수지의 강열감량 11.1 %, 총질소 4,076 mg/kg, 총인 1,393 mg/kg로 나타났다. 수질 중 COD, TOC, TN, TP, SS, Chl-a의 오염도와 퇴적물중 강열감량, 총질소, 총인의 각 항목간 상관관계를 분석한 결과, 퇴적물 내 다른 항목에 비해 SS를 제외하고 총인이 모든 수질 항목과 정(+)의 상관관계를 나타내었다. 특히 퇴적물 중 총인과 수질의 TP가 가장 높은 상관성을 나타내는 것으로 조사되었는데, 이는 퇴적물 내 총인이 수질오염에 가장 많은 영향을 줄 수 있으며, 상호작용이 있음을 의미한다고 하겠다. 또한 수질의 TP 오염도에 따라 부영양화 및 조류의 활성화가 크게 영향을 받는다는 기존의 연구결과에 의하면 퇴적물 내 총인의 오염도가 부영양화와 조류 번식에 영향을 크게 미칠 것이라 판단된다.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.349-358
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• 2007

In order to understand biogeochemical cycles of organic carbon in the permeable intertidal sandy sediments of the Nakdong estuary, we estimated the organic carbon production and consumption rates both in situ and in the laboratory. The Chl-a content of the sediment and the nutrient concentrations in below surface pore water in the sandy sediment were lower than in the muddy sediment. The sediment oxygen consumption rates were relatively high, especially when compared with rates reported from other coastal muddy sediments with higher organic carbon contents. This implied that both the organic carbon degradation and material transport in the sandy sediment were enhanced by advection-related process. The simple mass balance estimation of organic carbon fluxes showed that the major sources of carbon in the sediment would originate from benthic microalgae and detrital organic carbon derived from salt marsh. The daily natural biocatalzed filtration, extrapolated from filtration rates and the total area of the Nakdong estuary, was one order higher than the maximum capability of sewage plants in Busan metropolitan city. This implies that the sandy sediment contributes greatly to biogeochemical purification in the area, and is important for the re-distribution of materials in the coastal environment.

• Proceedings of the Korean Aquaculture Society Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.143-144
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• 2003

봄철 해역에 따른 부착미세조류의 영양성분 변화를 알아보기 위하여 본 실험을 수행하였다. 실험은 울진, 부안, 완도, 부산 지역에서 봄철인 2~4월 동안 실시되었으며 실험간의 오차를 줄이기 위해 실험 시작일의 차이는 최대 10일 이내로 하였다. 배양을 위한 실험해역의 기초 조사로 배양지역 연안해수의 수온, 염분, pH, 총질소, 총인, Chlorophyll-a의 측정을 하였고 각 지역의 부착미세조류를 수확하여 영양분석을 하였다. 실험에 사용된 파판은 전복 종묘생산에 이용되는 규조배양용 파판과 틀을 이용하였고 실험기간은 총 8주 동안 실시하였다. 2주마다 파판을 수거한 뒤 부착된 미세조류를 부드러운 솔로 분리하여 원심 분리한 후 지방산과 아미노산의 측정을 하였다. 또 각 시료의 일정량을 Sedwick-rafter counting chamber를 이용하여 검경ㆍ계수한 후 이를 단위면적당 개체수(cells/$\textrm{cm}^2$)로 환산하여 biomass를 구하였다. 봄철 지역간의 수온의 범위는 13.9~16.6$^{\circ}C$를 보였으며 울진이 가장 높고 부안지역이 가장 낮았다. 염분은 부안지역의 염분이 평균 2$\textperthousand$ 이상 낮았으며 그 외의 지역은 큰 차이가 없었다. pH는 7.77~8.21의 범위를 보이고 있었으며 질산염 농토는 부산이 0.265mg/$\ell$로 최대값을 보였고 울진이 0.032mg/$\ell$로 제일 낮았다. 인산염 농도는 완도지역이 0.018mg/$\ell$로 최대치를 보였고 부안은 검출되지 않았다. Chlorophyll-a의 농도는 울진지역이 0.66mg/$\ell$으로 제일 낮았으며 부산이 2.69mg/$\ell$, 부안지역이 2.27mg/$\ell$ 로 높은 값을 보였다. 봄철 지역에 따른 부착미세조류의 아미노산 분석결과는 울진이 실험지역 중 제일 높은 총 아미노산과 필수아미노산의 함량을 나타냈으며 각 지역별로 울진은 4주에 20.3%, 부안은 8주째 8.1%, 완도는 8주째 4.7%, 부산은 6주째 10.4%로 서로다른 시기에 높은 아미노산의 함량을 나타냈다. 실험지역 부착미세조류의 지방산 결과를 보면 전 실험기간동안 지방산 중 대부분은 $C_{18}$이하의 포화 또는 불포화 지방산이 주를 이루고 있었으며 palmitic acid( $C_{16:0}$)와 palmitoleic acid( $C_{16:0}$)의 양이 전체 지방산 함량중 37.47~75.94%로 대부분을 차지하고 있었다. 그리고 n-3HUFA(high unsaturated fat쇼 acids)인 EPA는 부안지역이 2주째 20.85%로 전체 지역중 함량이 제일 높았고, 울진은 실험기간중 6주가 14.76%로 제일 높은 함량을 보였다. 완도는 6주에만 10.97%의 함량을 보였으며 부산지역의 시료에서는 EPA의 검출이 없었다. 봄철 각지역에 설치된 파판에서의 부착미세조류 출현량을 보면 2주째의 부착미세조류량은 부안이 8.3$\times$$10^3$ cells/$\textrm{cm}^2$로 가장 높았고 부산이 0.6$\times$$10^3$ cells/$\textrm{cm}^2$로 가장 낮았다. 울진의 경우 0.7$\times$$10^3$ cells/$\textrm{cm}^2$로 부산과 비슷하게 낮은 출현량을 보였고 완도는 2.4$\times$$10^3$ cells/$\textrm{cm}^2$였다. 4주째의 출현량은 울진지역이 471.1$\times$$10^3$ cells/$\textrm{cm}^2$로 가장 높았으며 부안, 완도, 부산 순으로 출현량이 낮았고 특히 부산은 1.2$\times$$10^3$ cells/$\textrm{cm}^2$로 가장 낮았다. 6주째의 출현량은 울진 지역이 368.6$\times$$10^3$ cells/$\textrm{cm}^2$로 가장 높았으며 부안 89.8$\times$$10^3$ cells/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 완도 25.1$\times$$10^3$ cells/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 부산 5.9$\times$$10^3$ cells/$\textrm{cm}^2$ 순이었다. 8주째의 경우에도 울진, 부안, 완도, 부산이 각각 255.8$\times$$10^3$ cells/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 157.8$\times$$10^3$ cells/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 44.3$\times$$10^3$ cells/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 1.1$\times$$10^3$ cells/$\textrm{cm}^2$로 4주, 6주의 경우와 같은 경향을 보였다.보였다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.235-244
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• 2011

The physicochemical properties and quality changes in salted and dried brown croaker products using deep seawater salt were investigated for preparation with different pretreatment, salting and drying conditions. Optimum salt concentration, salting time and drying time for product were 20% of body weight, 12 hrs at room temperature ($25{\pm}2^{\circ}C$), and 24 hrs at $30{\pm}2^{\circ}C$, respectively. The volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), peroxide value (POV), viable cell count and acid value (AV) of viscera and blade removed products were 18.9~22.4 mg%, 21.0~32.5 meq/L, and 2.3~4.4 mg/mL, $2.0\sim3.5{\times}10^3$ CFU/g, respectively and only viscera removed products were 31.2~38.1 mg%, 40~55.2 meq/L, 7.0~11.5 mg/mL, $4.1\sim5.5{\times}10^3$ CFU/g, respectively. Changes in quality of salted and dried brown croaker products were investigated during storage at room temperature and $5{\pm}2^{\circ}C$. The POV, AV and viable cell counts of salted and dried brown croaker products increased in commercial salt used and only viscera removed products compared with deep seawater salt used and viscera and blade removed products during storage time. Results in this study showed that the deep seawater salt was very effective for quality control of salted and dried brown croaker products and pretreatment method was a very important factor for preparation products. The optimum conditions for preparation of salted and dried brown croaker product were 20% of body weight for salt concentration, 12 hrs at $25{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ for salting time, and 24 hrs at $30{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ for drying time. Optimum storage time for quality maintenance was 14 days at $5{\pm}2^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.40-50
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• 2011

We study the characteristic and total flux of non-point pollutants such as total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved nutrients, total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) in the storm water runoff from urban streams and sewer outlets of Banweol Industrial Complex around Shihwa Lake. The concentrations of non-point pollutants were generally increased with increasing of the duration and intensity of rainfall. Mean TSS concentration of Ansan stream was higher than that of sewer outlets but mean concentrations of COD, TP and TN were approximately 2~5 times higher of sewer outlet than of urban stream. TSS showed statistically positive relationships with COD and TP but it had negative correlation with dissolved nutrients. There was a significant correlation between total flux of non-point pollutants in the storm water runoff and total basin area of each sewer outlet, showing that the highest runoff flux was observed at 3rd sewer outlet which represents the largest basin area from Banweol industrial complex. Total runoff fluxes for TSS, COD, TP and TN in this study were 187,536 kg, 17,118 kg, 922 kg, 13,519 kg, respectively. Given the basin area of sewer outlet in Banweol industrial complex which corresponds only 3% from total catchment area around Shihwa Lake, enormous amount of non-point pollutants will be entered into Shihwa Lake without any treatment. It is necessary to manage and reduce of various non-point sources and pollutants because the runoff of nonpoint pollutants during storm events should be deteriorating the water quality of Shihwa Lake. Our results provides useful informations on the development of best managements practices (BMPs) for effective implementation of total pollution loads management system of Shihwa Lake.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.39 no.11
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• pp.599-606
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• 2017

The effects of microbubble-oxygen physicochemical method for the removal of organic pollutants, nitrogen, and phosphorus contained in animal manure were investigated using a laboratory scale single reactor. The characteristics of used livestock manure were $36,894{\pm}5,024mg\;TCOD/L$, $22,031{\pm}2,018mg\;SCOD/L$, $4,150{\pm}35mg\;NH_4-N/L$, and $659{\pm}113mg\;PO_4-P/L$. It was confirmed that the amount of organic pollutants, nitrogen, and phosphorus removal was increased by the use of oxygen rather than air as the gas supplied with the microbubble, and by input of larger oxygen amount. When the oxygen was fed with 600 mL flow rate per minute, TCOD and phosphorus removal were 2.5 times and 5.6 times higher than those of air supplied. As the microbubble-oxygen reaction time was longer, the removal rate of nutrients increased gradually. The removal rates of ammonium and phosphorus reach to $41.03{\pm}0.20%$ and $65.49{\pm}1.39%$, respectively, after 24 hours. When the coagulation treatment method was applied to increase phosphorus removal rate from the effluent of microbubble-oxygen treatment, the phosphorus was removed up to 92.7%. However, the removal rate of organic pollutants (TCOD) was as small as $28.7{\pm}0.2%$ within the first 6 hours, and then the negligible removal of TCOD was recorded. This study suggests that microbubble-oxygen can be applied not only livestock manure but also aeration tank of various wastewater treatment plant, which can reduce the load on the associated unit process and produce stable high-quality effluent.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.39 no.1 s.115
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• pp.85-92
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• 2006

To evaluate the primary production and nutrient uptake of macrophytes in Lake Paldang, this study investigate the vegetation areas of six dominant aquatic plants including Typha angustifolia, Zizania latifolia, Phragmites australis, Trapa japonica, Nelumbo nucifera and Savinia natans, and contents of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus of each macrophyte. Total vegetation area of six dominant aquatic plants was 1.37 $km^2$. Among them, Typha angustifolia was the most wide-distributed species which occupied the 46.7% of total vegetation area. Littoral zone of South Han river had the largest vegetation area with 0.458 $km^2$, and North Han river, Kyungan river and confluence area in the order named. The results of the contents of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus of macrophytes showed that the carbon contents of emergent macrophytes was higher than that of other life-forms. The nitrogen content of Salvinia natans, free-floating macrophyte was highest and that of Typha angustifolia, emergent macrophyte was lowest. The phosphorus content of Trapa japonica showed the highest content of phosphorus among six macrophytes and emergent macrophytes such as Zizania latifolia and Phragmites australis showed lower contents of phosphorus than other life-forms. The annual net primary production of macrophytes in Lake Paldang, 2004, was calculated as 758.4 ton C $yr^{-1}$ and the annual net nitrogen and phosphorus uptake of macrophyte was 16,921 kg $yr^{-1}$ and 1,841.0 kg P $yr^{-1}$ respectively. Comparing the total budget of organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in Lake Paldang, the amount of primary production and nutrient uptake by macrophytes take a small portion in total budget implying macrophytes do not play an important role in budget of matters in river-type lake, Lake Paldang.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.55-68
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• 2010

The seasonal variation of microbial community, based on the bacteria, heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF), phytoplankton and ciliates, was investigated at three sites in the eutrophic brackish water of Lake Shihwa and its adjacent areas from May 2007 through May 2008. At the upstream-region site St. 1, compared to the other two sites, significantly lower salinities and higher concentrations of nutrients and chlorophyll $\alpha$ (Chl. $\alpha$) were recorded. The annual average abundances of bacteria at St. 1, St. 2 and St. 3 were $6.8{\times}10^6$, $7.4{\times}10^6$ and $4.6{\times}10^6\;cells\;mL^{-1}$, respectively. As for the annual average concentrations of HNF, $19{\times}10^2$, $6.7{\times}10^2$ and $5.9{\times}10^2\;cells\;mL^{-1}$, were recorded in St. 1, St. 2 and St. 3 respectively. The highest ciliate abundance appeared at St. 1 on 29 April, 2008 and in which, 99% were autotrophic ciliate Mesodinium rubrum (Myrionecta rubra). Significant linear correlations between the biomass of bacteria and Chl. $\alpha$ were found, however, no significant relationships between ciliates abudance/biomass and their prey organisms were detected in all three sites, implying relatively low energy transfer efficiencies between them. These results indicated that the trophic relationship between ciliates and their prey organisms in the microbial community might be influenced by indirect route since higher trophic level organisms did not directly correlate to those of lower trophic level, although high primary productions were detected in the eutrophic brackish water of Lake Shihwa and its adjacent areas.