• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.39-43
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• 2011

This study has lowered the specific resistance by coating a thin film layer of Ag, playing the role of the electron donor on the ZnO that is used usefully for the transparent conductive oxides. Presently, this study has examined the transmittance and electric characteristics according to the thickness of the Ag thin film layer. Also, this study has observed the transmittance and electric characteristics according to the uppermost ZnO thin film layer of ZnO/Ag/ZnO symmetric film and has conducted the theoretical investigation. In order to observe the transmittance and electric characteristics according to the thickness of the Ag thin film layer and the uppermost ZnO thin film layer, this study conducted the film deposition at room temperature while making use of the DC magnetron sputtering system. In order to see the changes in the thickness of the Ag thin film layer, this study coated a thin film while increasing by 4nm; and, in order to see the changes in the thickness of uppermost ZnO thin film layer, it performed the thin film coating by increasing by 5nm. From the experimental result, the researchers observed that the best transmittance could be obtained when the thickness of the Ag thin film layer was 8nm, but the resistance and mobility increased as the thickness got larger. On the other hand, when the thickness of the uppermost ZnO thin film layer was 20nm, the experiment yielded the best transmittance with excellent electric characteristics. Also, when compared the ZnO/Ag asymmetric film with the ZnO/Ag/ZnO symmetric film, the ZnO/Ag asymmetric film showed better transmittance and electric characteristics.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.37-46
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• 2004

In order to investigate the effect of floor condition on the fattening performance of cattle, sixteen finishing Hanwoo steers of weighting 570kg were fed for 16 weeks to slaughter on two types of sawdust bedding pen oriented to the south(SP) and the north(NP) then obtained following results. The floor condition of SP roofed by transparent material was dry and flat during overall experimental period, whereas, that of NP roofed by solid slate was muddy and rough even in summer and fall, and then frozen in winter period resulted in interfering with the locomotion and resting behavior of steers. Average daily dry matter intake of steers was not different between tow treatments, however, the average daily gain of steers in NP and SP was 0.64kg and 0.75kg, respectively, meaning that gained 14.3% less for the NP group(p<0.05), accordingly, feed requirement(feed/gain) and TDN/gain increased by 15.9% and 15.5%, respectively. No significant differences were found in slaughter weight, carcass weight, dressing percentage, meat yield index and meat quality traits between two treatments. In conclusion, this study revealed that poor floor condition of feeding pen could decrease weight gain and feed efficiency of cattle by increasing energy consumption for locomotion and conductive energy loss while resting on the floor surface. These results indicates that housing orientation of cattle shed and the selection of roof material are important factors in beef cattle production.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.29-34
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• 2019

Silicon carbide is considered to be a potentially useful material for high-temperature electronic devices, as its large energy band gap and the p-type and/or n-type conduction can be controlled by impurity doping. Particularly, electric conductivity of porous n-type SiC semiconductors fabricated from ${\beta}-SiC$ powder at $2000^{\circ}C$ in $N_2$ atmosphere was comparable to or even larger than the reported values of SiC single crystals in the temperature region of $800^{\circ}C$ to $1000^{\circ}C$, while thermal conductivity was kept as low as 1/10 to 1/30 of that for a dense SiC ceramics. In this work, for the purpose of decreasing sintering temperature, it was attempted to fabricate porous reaction-sintered bodies at low temperatures ($1400-1600^{\circ}C$) by thermal decomposition of polycarbosilane (PCS) impregnated in n-type ${\beta}-SiC$ powder. The repetition of the impregnation and sintering process ($N_2$ atmosphere, $1600^{\circ}C$, 3h) resulted in only a slight increase in the relative density but in a great improvement in the Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity. However the power factor which reflects the thermoelectric conversion efficiency of the present work is 1 to 2 orders of magnitude lower than that of the porous SiC semiconductors fabricated by conventional sintering at high temperature, it can be stated that thermoelectric properties of SiC semiconductors fabricated by the present reaction-sintering process could be further improved by precise control of microstructure and carrier density.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.08a
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• pp.285-286
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• 2012

육각형 구조를 지닌 2차원의 물질인 그래핀은 우수한 전도도와 투과율로 투명전극의 신소재로 각광 받고 있다. 특히, 그래핀은 현재 투명전극으로 가장 많이 사용되고 있는 Indium Tin Oxide(ITO)로는 구현하기 힘든 Flexible display의 어플리케이션으로 사용하기 위한 목적으로 많은 기술 개발이 이루어지고 있다. 이러한 그래핀의 응용은 가장 먼저 그래핀의 생산이 안정적이고 원활히 이루어질 때 실질적으로 가능할 것이다. 하지만, 탄소로 이루어진 그래핀의 성장은 제한된 기판 위에서만 가능하기 때문에 성장이 이루어진 그래핀을 다른 기판에 전사시켜야하는 문제점이 있다. 그래핀 전사방법에는 직접전사, PMMA 전사, TRT 전사, 금속전사, 망전사, PDMS 전사 등 다양한 방법이 있다. 이 중에서 현재 가장 많이 사용되고 있는 전사방법으로는 직접전사, PMMA 전사, TRT 전사 방법이 있다. 직접전사의 경우 니켈위에 성장된 다층의 그래핀을 전사시킬 때 많이 사용되는 방법으로 니켈 에천트에 전사 시킬 그래핀을 띄워 니켈을 녹인 후 원하는 기판을 이용하여 전사하는 간단한 방법이다. 직접전사는 전사가 이루어진 후 그래핀에 남는 결함이 거의 존재 하지 않는 장점이 있지만 문제점은 단일층의 그래핀의 경우 니켈 에천트위에서 잘 보이지 않을 뿐 아니라 에천트에서 기판으로 전사할 때 너무 얇은 막으로 인해 다 찢어져버린다는 것이다. 이를 해결하기 위해 사용되는 전사 방법으로 TRT를 이용하여 구리위에 성장된 그래핀을 상온 시에는 점성을 가진 테이프를 이용해 부치고 구리에 천트에 구리를 녹인 후 원하는 기판위에 놓고 열을 가해 그래핀을 전사하는 방법이 있다. TRT 전사방법은 얇은 막의 그래핀을 찢어지지 않도록 지지해주어 대면적 기판위에도 전사 할 수 있는 장점이 있지만 전사 후 그래핀에 남아 있는 잔여물들이 많고(그림 1. (b)), 테이프를 이용한다는 점에서 그래핀의 얇은 막이 손상될 수 있는 단점이 있다. 그렇기 때문에 본 연구에서는 직접전사와 TRT전사의 문제점들인 전사 후 잔여물와 그래핀 단일층의 손상을 최소화할 수 있는 방법으로 PMMA전사를 가장 적합한 전사방법이라는 것을 라만 분석, 면 저항측정, 그래핀을 이용한 LED제작을 통해서 살펴 보았다. 먼저 라만 분석을 이용해 TRT전사 후 상당히 많은 빈 공간이 생김을 확인할 수 있었으며, 결과적으로 면 저항이 약 $1.5k{\Omega}$~$3M{\Omega}$까지 PMMA의 약 0.9~1.2 $k{\Omega}$와 비교했을 때 큰 차이가 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, 이후 각각의 전사방법으로 얻은 그래핀을 LED의 스프레딩 층으로 제작한 결과에서도 TRT전사방법보다 PMMA전사방법의 결과가 좋음을 알 수 있었다(그림 2).

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.63-74
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• 1994

The ultrathin oxide films less than 100$\AA$ were grown by thermal oxidation in $N_2O$ ambient to improve the controllability of thickness, thickness uniformity, process reproducibility and their electrical properties. Oxidation rate was reduced significantly at very thin region due to the formation of oxynitride layer in $N_2O$ ambient and moreover nitridation of the oxide layer was simultaneously accompanied during growth. The nitrogen incorporation in the grown oxide layer was characterized with the wet chemical etch-rate and ESCA analysis of the grown oxide layer. All the oxides thin films grown in $N_2O$, pure and dilute $O_2$ ambients show Fowler-Nordheim electrical conduction. The electrical characteristics of thin oxide films grown in $N_2O$ such as leakage current, electrical breakdown, interface trap density generation due to the injected electron and reliability were better than those in pure or dilute ambient. These improved properties can be explained by the fact that the weak Si-0 bond is reduced by stress relaxation during oxidation and replacement by strong Si-N bond, and thus the trap sites are reduced.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.540-546
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• 2010

In this manuscript, in order to reduce methanol permeability and, at the same time, to increase proton conductivity THS-PSA containing silica compound, responsible for methanol permeability reduction, and sulfonic acid, responsible for proton conductivity enhancement, was applied onto PVA/PSSA-MA membranes. And in order to improve durability, the resulting membranes, PVA/PSSAMA/THS-PSA, were exposed to 500ppm F2 gas at varying reaction times. The surface-fluorinated membranes were characterized through the measurement of contact angles, thermo-gravimetric analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to observe the physico-chemical changes. For the evaluation of the electro-chemical changes in the resulting membranes, its water contents, ion exchange capacity, proton conductivity, and methanol permeability were measured and then compared with the commercial membrane, Nafion 115. Finally, the membran electrode assembly(MEA) was prepared and the cell voltage against the current density was measured. As fluorination time increased, the contents of F2 increased up to maximum 4.3% and to depth of 50 nm. At 60 min of fluorination, the proton conductivity was 0.036 S/cm, larger than Nafion 115 at 0.024 S/cm, and the methanol permeability was $9.26E-08cm^2/s$, less than Nafion 115 at $1.17E-06cm^2/s$.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 2000

In this study, microstructure and mechanical properties and electrical conductivities of in situ Cu-Fe-Xi(Xi=Ag, Cr or Co) alloy wires obtained by cold drawing combined with intermediate heat treatments have investigated. During cold working the primary and secondary dendrite arms are aligned along the drawing direction and elongated into filaments after deformation processing. The addition of Ag was found to be more effective in reducing the microstructural scale at the given draw ratio than that of Co or Cr throughout the drawing processing. The ultimate tensile strength and the conductivity of the Cu-Fe based composites containing Ag were higher than those of Cu-Fe composites containing Co or Cr. The good mechanical and electrical properties of Cu-Fe-Ag wires may be associated with the more uniform distribution of the finer filaments in the wires containing silver. The strength of Cu-Fe-Xi composites is dependent on the spacing of the Fe filaments in accord with a Hall-Petch relationship. The fracture surfaces of all the specimens showed ductile-type fracture and iron filaments occasionally observed on the fracture surfaces.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 2011

Ni-YSZ (Yttria Stabilized Zirconia) composite powders were fabricated by glycine nitrate process. The prepared powders were sintered at $1300{\sim}1400^{\circ}C$ for 4 h in air and reduced at $1000^{\circ}C$ for 2 h in a nitrogen and hydrogen atmosphere. The microstructure, electrical conductivity, thermal expansion and mechanical properties of the Ni-YSZ cermets have been investigated with respect to the volume contents of Ni. A porous microstructure consisting of homogeneously distributed Ni and YSZ phases together with well-connected grains was observed. It was found that the open porosity, electrical conductivity, thermal expansion and bending strength of the cermets are sensitive to the volume content of Ni. The Ni-YSZ cermet containing 40 vol% Ni was ascertained to be the optimum composition. This composition offers sufficient open porosity of more than 30 %, superior electrical conductivities of 917.4 S/cm at $1000^{\circ}C$ and a moderate average thermal expansion coefficient of $12.6{\times}10^{-6}^{\circ}C^{-1}$ between room temperature and $1000^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.179-184
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• 1982

To describe a mathematical heat transfer model in saturated paddy soils, an analytical solution of the heat flow equation incorporated with the heat transfer by mass flow of water was obtained under the assumptions: 1) the diurnal (or annual) changes in temperature at a depth follow harmonic curves, 2) the temperature at the infinite depth be constant and 3) the temperatures of soil and water at the one depth be identical. The calculation of thermal diffusivities of the soil is possible with the known values of the physical parameters of each component in the soil matrix (heat capacity, density and porosity), percolation rate and the minimum and maximum temperatures at two different depths. The calculated thermal diffusivities using the solution were $9.5cm^2/hr$ for the loam soil with the percolation rate of 0.88cm/day and $13.9cm^2/hr$ for the sandy loam soil with the percolation rate of 2.64 cm/day.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.683-692
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• 2009

The synthesis of a novel series of nickel(II) complexes with new ligands derived from hydrazones of isoniazid have been reported in present work. The complexes have general compositions [$Ni(L)_2X_2$] or $[Ni(L)_3](ClO_4)_2$ {L = N-isonicotinamido-furfuraldimine (INH-FFL), N-isonicotinamido-3',4',5'-trimethoxybenzaldimine (INH-TMB) or N-isonicotinamido-cinnamalidene (INH-CIN) and X = $Cl^-$, ${NO_3}^-$, $ NCS^-$ or $CH_3COO^-$}. The ligands hydrazones behave as neutral bidentates (N and O donor) through the carbonyl oxygen and azomethine nitrogen. The new complexes with octahedral geometry have been characterized by elemental analysis, molecular weight determinations, magnetic susceptibility/moment, thermogravimetric, electrochemical and spectroscopic studies viz. infrared and electronic spectra. On the basis of conductivity measurements in nitrobenzene ($PhNO_2$) solution the [$Ni(L)_2X_2$] and $[Ni(L)_3](ClO_4)_2$ complexes have been found to be non-electrolytes and 1:2 electrolytes, respectively. Thermal properties have also been investigated, which support the geometry of the complexes. Antibacterial and antifungal properties of nickel(II) complexes and few standard drugs have also been examined and it has been observed that the complexes have moderate antibacterial activities.