• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.230-237
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• 2009

The phenolic contents, antioxidant effects, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of hot water extracts prepared from various Korean commercial teas(green tea, puer tea, oolong tea, and black tea) were investigated. Total phenolic contents were in the range 72.03-85.62 mg/g. Flavonol contents of hot water extracts from green tea, puer tea, oolong tea, and black tea were 350.96, 254.17, 334.48, and 240.23 mg/100 g, respectively. Catechin contents were 2,920.35 mg/100 g in green tea, 1,016.23 mg/100 g in puer tea, 2,824.22 mg/100 g in oolong tea, and 1,006.51 mg/100 g in black tea. The highest caffeine content was in the green tea extract. All four extracts scavenged $ABTS^{{\cdot}+}$ radicals in a concentration-dependent manner, and the green tea extract was the most potent in this regard. The highest reducing power was observed in the green tea extract. All four extracts exhibited considerable antioxidative activities in linoleic acid autoxidation, $\beta$-carotene bleaching, and acetylcholinesterase inhibition assays; the effects were concentration-dependent and decreased in the order green tea > oolong tea > puer tea > black tea.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.404-411
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• 2014

This study was carries out to analyzed the antioxidant activities of extracts extrated from soybean and small black bean for the development of functional materials. Yields of hot-water and ethanol extracts were higher in the soybean than small black bea, and yields of hot-water extracts were higher than ethanol extracts. Total phenol contents were 26.22 mg/g in the ethanol extracts from small black bean, and were higher than those in the soybean extracts. Total flavonoid contents were 30.52 mg/g of hot-water extracts from small black bean. The EDA values were increased by the increase of extract concentrations and were high in the hot-water and ethanol extracts from bean and small black bean The EDA values was high in the extracts of small black bean from low concentrations. The SOD-like activity of hot-water and ethanol extracts from small black bean was higher than those of soybean extracts. The SOD-like activity was 73%, 62% of the hot-water and ethanol extracts from small black bean in 10 ml/mL extract concentration, respectably. The nitrite scavenging ability was high extracts from soybean was 47.60% in pH 1.2, Those of hot-water extracts were higher than in ethanol extracts in 10 ml/mL extract concentration. The xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities were increased by the increase of extract concentrations and were high in ethanol extracts from small black bean of low concentration. The xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities was hot-water extracts from soybean were higher than 5 ml/mL extract concentration than those of other extracts. The inhibitory activities of tyrosinase were increased by increase of extract concentrations and were high each other 42.05%, 45.67% of hot-water and ethanol extracts from small black bean in 10 ml/mL extract concentration. Reducing power was increased by increase of extract concentrations in extracts of small black bean, and were high more than double in hot-water and ethanol from small black bean than extracts of soybean.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.333-340
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• 2005

In this study, the radioprotective effects of Grifola umbellata hot water extracts (Gu-extract) on mice were investigated. Single pre-administration of Gu-extract increased the 40-day survival ratio of irradiated mice from 65.5％ to 78.6％. The growth of 3 week old male mice in the irradiated group was slightly retarded as compared to those of the control and Gu-extract treated mice. The average spleen and thymus weights of the irradiated mice were lower than those of the control and Gu-extract treated mice. The weight reduction of testis in the irradiated mice was significant. While it was relatively slight in the Gu-extract treated mice as compared to that of control mice. No significant difference in the weight was observed in heart, kidney or liver among three groups. The leukocytes of the Gu-extract treated mice did not decrease dramatically as in the irradiated group, but recovery patterns were similar in both groups. Reduction of erythrocytes were similar in both groups but its recovery occurred more rapidly in the extract treated group. The glucose level of the Gu-extract treated group did not change during the period examined, while it was still higher in the irradiated group than the level in the control group in two weeks. The cholesterol levels in the irradiated and the Gu-extract treated groups were higher than that of control group on day 7, but decreased to the level of the control group on day 14. No difference was observed in total protein amount of the serum among the three groups. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the soluble proteins extracted from various organs did not reveal differences to any extent in all groups except in the livers of the irradiated and extract treated groups, in which some proteins were missing or less present.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.22-28
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• 2003

Kimchi made with the addition of 2 percent of boiled young antler, raw young antler, young antler treated with lactic acid(acid treated young antler) has been fermented for 15 days at 11$^{\circ}C$. After 15 days of fermentation, the results show that pH of boiled young antler Kimchi was 3.87, that of raw young antler Kimchi was 4.04, acid treated young antler Kimchi was 3.97, control Kimchi was 3.86, and acidity of boiled young antler Kimchi was 7.4, that of raw young antler Kimchi was 10.5, that of acid treated young antler Kimchi was 10.7, control Kimchi was 6.9, respectively. After 15 days, total sugar content was 1.46% in boiled young antler Kimchi, 0.53% in raw young antler Kimchi, 0.92% in acid treated young antler Kimchi, 1.46% in control Kimchi, and reducing sugar was 0.50% in boiled young antler Kimchi, 0.14% in raw young antler Kimchi, 0.39% in acid treated young antler Kimchi and control Kimchi, respectively. Amino acid content was 13.42${\mu}$㏖/$m\ell$ in boiled young antler Kimchi, 17.83${\mu}$㏖/$m\ell$ in raw young antler Kimchi, 14.48${\mu}$㏖/$m\ell$ in acid treated young antler Kimchi, 17.60${\mu}$㏖/$m\ell$ in control Kimchi, and protein was 2.101% in boiled young antler Kimchi, 1.945% in raw young antler Kimchi, 1.722% in acid treated young antler Kimchi and 2.011% in control Kimchi, respectively. Lactic acid content was 2.021% in raw young antler Kimchi, 2.004% in acid treated young antler Kimchi, 1.950% in boiled young antler Kimchi, 1.200% in control Kimchi, and succinic acid was 0.081% in boiled young antler Kimchi, 0.086% in raw young antler Kimchi, 0.078% in acid treated young antler Kimchi and 0.111% in control Kimchi, respectively. Acetic acid was 0.080% in boiled young antler Kimchi, 0.092% in raw young antler Kimchi, 0.114% in acid treated young antler Kimchi, 0.086% in control Kimchi, respectively. The number of microorganism was 1.09${\times}$ 10$\^$8//g in boiled young antler Kimchi, 1.08${\times}$10$\^$8//g in control Kimchi, 9.88${\times}$10$\^$8//g in acid treated young antler Kimchi and 6.6${\times}$ 10$\^$8//g in raw young antler Kimchi. The number of microorganism was highest in acid treated young antler Kimchi, and followed by raw young antler Kimchi, and boiled young antler Kimchi, control Kimchi, respectively. The results of test of the saltness, sour, aroma, color, texture through sensory evaluation reveal that boiled young antler Kimchi has the excellent taste, and followed by raw young antler Kimchi and control Kimchi, acid treated young antler Kimchi, respectively.

• Proceedings of the KSEEG Conference
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• 2007.04a
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• pp.421-424
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• 2007

• Proceedings of the KSEEG Conference
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• 2007.04a
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• pp.486-488
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• 2007

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.167-176
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• 2008

Lau basin of the south Pacific, as an active back arc basin, is promising area bearing seafloor massive hydrothermal deposit that is located in a subduction zone between the Pacific ocean plate and Indo-Australian continental plate. We performed multi-beam bathymetry survey in the Lau basin using EM120, to find out high hydrothermal activity Bone. Fonualei Rift and Spreading Center (FRSC) and Mangatolou Triple Junction (MTJ) area were selected for precise site survey through seafloor morphology investigation. The result of surface and deep-tow magnetometer survey showed that Central Anomaly Magnetization High (CAMH) recorded which is associated with active ridge in FRSC-2 and revealed very low magnetic anomalies that can be connected to past or present high hydrothermal activity in MTJ-1 seamount area. Moreover, the physical and chemical tracers of hydrothermal vent flume, i.e., transmission, hydrogen ion concentration (pH), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), methane (CH4) by use of CTD system, showed significant anomalies in those areas. From positive vent flume results, we could conclude that these areas were or are experiencing very active volcanic activities. The acquired chimney and hydrothermal altered bed rock samples gave us confidence of the existence of massive hydrothermal deposit. Even though not to use visual exploration equipment such as ROV, DTSSS, etc., traditional marine geophysical investigation approach might be a truly cost-effective tool for exploring seafloor hydrothermal massive deposit.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.589-596
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• 2010

We investigated antimicrobial activities of various pine (Pinus densiflora) needle extracts against antibiotic resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Hot water extract showed the highest antimicrobial activity against normal and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), however, it exhibited no antimicrobial activity against penicillin resistant S. aureus (PRSA). Hot water-hexane (HWH), hot water-ethanol (HWE), hexane, and ethanol extracts showed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, PRSA and MRSA. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of HWH, HWE, hexane, and ethanol extracts were 0.05, 0.05, 0.5 and 5 mg/ml, respectively, and HWH and HWE extracts showed the strongest antimicrobial activity among these extracts. Antimicrobial activities of pine needle extracts were stable after heating at $121^{\circ}C$ for 20 min. These results suggested that pine needle extracts can be used as an effective natural antimicrobial agent for food and medical industries.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.999-1004
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• 2008

The effects of Bulnesia sarmienti water extract on lipid metabolism were investigated in type-2 diabetes rats. The rats were fed a basal diet and B. sarmienti water extract for 8 weeks. The rats were randomly assigned to each treatment group : normal, control, two kinds of treatment group (BW1: 0.9 mg/ml, BW2: 1.8 mg/ml). After 8 weeks of experimental diets consumption, the body weights and food efficiency ratio of B. sarmienti water extract fed groups were not different from those in the control group. The concentrations of total-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride in blood plasma were significantly decreased in the B. sarmienti water extract groups comparison to the control group. Although blood glucose control effects were not observed, the B. sarmienti water extract feeds were highly effective in lowering the levels of blood lipid substances such as triglycerides, total-cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.145-156
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• 2012

Seafloor hydrothermal system occurs along the volcanic mid-ocean ridge, back-arc spreading center, and other submarine volcanic regions. The hydrothermal system is one of the fundamental processes controlling the transfer of energy and matter between crust/mantle and ocean; it forms hydrothermal vents where various deepsea biological communities are inhabited and precipitates metal sulfide deposits. Hydrothermal systems at convergence plate boundaries show diverse geochemical properties due to recycle of subducted material compared to simple systems at mid-ocean ridges. Sulfur isotopes can be used to evaluate such diversity in generation and evolution of hydrothermal system. In this paper, we review the sulfur isotope composition and geochemistry of hydrothermal precipitates sampled from several hydrothermal vents in the divergent plate boundaries in the western Pacific region. Both sulfide and sulfate minerals of the hydrothermal vents in the arc and backarc tectonic settings commonly show low sulfur isotope compositions, which can be attributed to input of magmatic $SO_2$ gas. Diversity in geochemistry of hydrothermal system suggests an active role of magma in the formation of seafloor hydrothermal system.