• Spatial Information Research
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.47-56
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• 2011

Typical tree-based spatial index structures are divided into a data-partitioning index structure such as R-Tree and a space-partitioning index structure such as KD-Tree. In recent years, researches on hybrid index structures combining advantages of these index structures have been performed extensively. However, because the split boundary extension of the node to which a new spatial object is inserted may extend split boundaries of other neighbor nodes in existing researches, overlaps between nodes are increased and the query processing cost is raised. In this paper, we propose a hybrid index structure, called SQR-Tree that can support efficient processing of spatial queries to solve these problems. SQR-Tree is a combination of SQ-Tree(Spatial Quad- Tree) which is an extended Quad-Tree to process non-size spatial objects and R-Tree which actually stores spatial objects associated with each leaf node of SQ-Tree. Because each SQR-Tree node has an MBR containing sub-nodes, the split boundary of a node will be extended independently and overlaps between nodes can be reduced. In addition, a spatial object is inserted into R-Tree in each split data space and SQ-Tree is used to identify each split data space. Since only R-Trees of SQR-Tree in the query area are accessed to process a spatial query, query processing cost can be reduced. Finally, we proved superiority of SQR-Tree through experiments.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.64-80
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• 2003

Although obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD) affects children, adolescents, and adults whether its juvenile(dhild and adolescent) and adult forms are different subtype of a disorder remains unknown. But there are increasing findings that suggest that juvenile OCD may be unique subtype of the disorder. One proposed subtype is the childhood OCD associated with high comorbidity of tic disorder and increased familial loading for OCD or tic disorder. The other proposed subtype is the childhood OCD and/or tic disorder occuring in association with streptococcal infection(PANDAS). These two subtypes of OCD are unlikely to respond to SSRI due to possible different pathphysiological mechanism. So this paper reviews the characteristics of OCD and therapeutic approaches for treatment resistant OCD in childhood and adolescence. Considering the likely heterogeneity of OCD, the possibility that juvenild OCD may be a variant of the disorder can have important clinical and scientific implications because it may further our understanding of this disorder, its etiology, and perhaps its treatment.

• Proceedings of the Korea Association of Crystal Growth Conference
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• 1996.06b
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• pp.311-352
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• 1996

Peltier 효과를 이용한 열전소자는 열응담 감도가 좋고 선택적 냉각이 가능하며 무소음, 무진동 및 소형화의 장점으로 각종 전자부품의 국부냉각소자로 응용되고 있다. 또한 최근 냉매의 사용없이 냉각이 가능한 열전재료를 이용한 자동차나 가정용 에어컨 및 냉장고 등의 각종 냉방시스템의 개발도 크게 주목을 받고 있다. 기존의 Bi2Te3계 단결정 열전재료는 성능지수는 우수하나, 기계적 취약성에 기인하여 소자가공시 수율 저하가 가장 큰 문제점으로 지적되고 있다. 이와 같은 문제점을 해결하기 위해 최근 단결정에 비해 기계적 강도가 우수한 다결정 열전재료의 제조공정에 관한 연구가 활발히 이루어지고 있으며, 그 일환으로 기계적 합금화법을 이용한 열전재료의 제조공정이 연구되고 있다. 원료금속이 고 에너지 볼-밀 내에서의 연쇄적인 파괴와 압접에 의해 합금분말로 변화되는 기계적 합금화 공정은 상온공정으로 이를 사용하여 다결정 열전재료를 제조시 기존의 다결정 열전재료의 제조공정인 "용해 및 분쇄법'과 비교하여 제조단가를 낮출 수 있는 장점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 전자냉각소자용 열전재료로서 상온부근에서 성능지수가 가장 우수한 p형 (Bi,Sb)2Te3 및 n형 Bi2(Te,Se)3 합금분말을 기계적 합금화 공정으로 제조하여 분말 특성을 분석하였으며, 가압소결 후 열전특성의 변화거동을 연구하였다. 순도 99.99% 이상인 Bi, Sb, Te, Se granule을 (Bi1-xSbx)2Te3 및 Bi2(Te1-ySey)3 조성에 맞게 칭량하여 불과 분말의 무게비 5:1로 강구와 함께 공구강 vial에 장입 후, Spex mixer/mill을 이용하여 기계적 합금화 하였다. 기계적 합금화 공정으로 제조한 분말에 대한 X-선 회절분석과 시차 열분석으로 합금화 정도를 분석하였다. (Bi1-xSbx)2Te3 및 Bi2(Te1-ySey)3 합금분말을 10-5 torr의 진공중에서 300℃∼550℃의 온도로 30분간 가압소결하였다. 가압소결체의 파단면에서의 미세구조를 주사전자현미경으로 관찰하였으며, 상온에서 가압소결체의 열전특성을 측정하였다. (Bi1-xSbx)2Te3의 기계적 합금화에 요구되는 공정시간은 Sb2Te3 함량에 따라 증가하여 x=0.5 조성에서는 4 시간 45분, x=0.75 조성에서는 5 시간, x=1 조성에서는 6 시간 45분의 vibro 밀링이 요구되었다. n형 Bi2(Te1-ySey)3 합금분말의 제조에 요구되는 밀링시간 역시 Bi2Se3 함량 증가에 따라 증가하였으며 Bi2(Te0.95Se0.05)3 합금분말의 제조에는 2시간, Bi2(Te0.9Se0.1)3 및 Bi2(Te0.85Se0.15)3 합금분말의 형성에는 3시간의 bivro 밀링이 요구되었다. 기계적 합금화로 제조한 p형 (Bi0.2Sb0.8)2Te3 및 n형 Bi2(Te0.9Se0.1)3 가압 소결체는 각기 2.9x10-3/K 및 2.1x10-3/K 의 우수한 성능지수를 나타내었다.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.215-221
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• 2010

Salmonella is an important food-and water-borne pathogen associated with acute gastrointestinal illnesses around the world. The most common serotypes isolated from humans are Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) and S. Enteritidis. Traditional detection methods for Salmonella are based on cultures using selective media and characterization of suspicious colonies by biochemical and serological tests. These methods are generally time-consuming and not so highly sensitive. Recently, the Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification and real-time PCR has been used as a highly sensitive, specific, and rapid test for the presence of pathogenic bacteria. In this study, a LAMP and real-time PCR was used to detect S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis. We selected target genes, which were the in invA and a randomly cloned sequence specific for the genus Salmonella. With LAMP and real-time PCR, random sequence was detected from Salmonella spp, invA were detected from all strain of S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis. This assay indicate that the specificity, sensitivity and rapid of the LAMP and real-time PCR make them potentially valuable tools for detection of S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.695-702
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• 1995

Background: Since polymerase chain reaction(PCR) was devised by Saiki in 1985, it has been used extensively in various fields of molecular biology. Clinically, PCR is especially useful in situation when microbiological or serological diagnosis is limited by scanty amount of causative agents. Thus, PCR can provide rapid and sensitive way of detecting M. tuberculosis in tuberculosis pleurisy which is diagnosed in only about 60 % of cases by conventional method. Method: To evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of PCR in tuberculosis pleurisy, The results of PCR was compared with those of conventional method, including pleural biopsy. The pleural effusion fluid was collected from 7 proven patients, 7 clinically suspected patients and control group(7 patients with malignant effusion). We extracted DNA from pleural fluid by modified method of Eisennach method(1991). The amplification target for PCR was 123 base pair DNA, a part of IS6110. Result: 1) Sensitivity of PCR: We detected upto 50fg DNA. 2) In patients with pleural effusion of proven tuberculosis, the positive rate of PCR was 85.7%(6/7). In patients with pleural effusion of clinically suspected tuberculosis, the positive rate was 71.5%(5/7). In control group, positive rate was 0%(0/7). Conclusion: We concluded that PCR method could be a very rapid, sensitive and specific one for diagnosis of M tuberculosis in pleural effusion. Further studies should be followed for the development of easier method.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.579-586
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• 2004

The objective of the present prospective trial was to compare the efficacy of chlorhexidine(Cervitec), Fluoride (Fluorprotector) and combination of chlorhexdine and fluoride varnishes in decreasing the level of salivary mutans streptococci. Forty healthy students of school of dentistry, Chonbuk national university were investigated to evaluate mutans streptococci(MS) counts and randomized into four groups to treat with the experimental varnishes; A) untreated group(n=10), B) chlorhexidine group(n=10), C) fluoride group(n=10), D) chlorhexidine and fluoride group(n=10). Dentocult $SM^{(R)}$ (Orion Diagnostica) strip method was used for measurement of the level of mutans streptococci in saliva. Stimulated saliva were collected at baseline for mutans streptococci counts evaluation (ms1), 12 weeks later the completion of each varnish treatment, mutans streptococci counts were re-evaluated. In varnish group with chlorhexidine, fluoride and combination of chlorhexidine and fluoride, the level of mutans streptococci was lower after 12 weeks than at baseline, but there were no significant differences in saliva(p>0.05), when compared with baseline. After 12 weeks, a remarkable reduction was still found in the subjects with high level of mutans streptococci at baseline, but not different in the low and moderate level of mutans streptococci(p>0.05).

• Sijohaknonchong
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.179-205
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is about to consider the structure of dualistic recognition between "Gang-Ho"(ideal sanctuary) and real world in the "Songs of Fisherman" written by Lee Hyeon Bo. In order to do this job, I analized the arrangement of the contents and extract the exact in and outward meaning of elements and expressions; usage of them between lines of this Song. Based on these works, I tried to explain the confronted recognitions of the two worlds. At the first, about the arrangement and contents of this poem, It is consisted of 5 independent sub-poems and each of them are describing the value of fisherman's life(at the poem 가), separation from mundane world(나), satisfaction of fisherman's life(다), nature of "Gnag-Ho"(라), domiciliation in the place(마). It looks like that the writer intended to have the arrangement probability and likelihood connecting poems. Secondly, It contrast the nature of the "Gang-Ho" and real world. The sanctuary is a place of 'absence of worldly desire' and 'cordiality' that could afford one's harmonious life. On the other hand, the real world is a troublesome place which always conflicts political confrontations. For those reasons, the writer wants to satisfy with his living in "Gang-Ho" separating himself from the real world. Thirdly, The nature of "Gang-Ho" is 'absence of worldly desire' and 'cordiality' that one could be deserved his diligency becoming a part of the harmonious idealistic living place. Fourthly, on the character of story teller. Originally he is a incomer of "Gang-Ho" from real world. so that reason, he is showing dualism not to deny the loyalty oath to his king, while he intends to satisfy with the life in "Gang- Ho" separating himself from real world. As a gentry, at that time, the loyalty oath is inevitable one and that is found from writer's other works either. Fifthly, Characters of the different world recognition. The main reason of his intention to "Gang-Ho" roots on out of worldly confrontations, his separation from real world is on a joyous peaceful life just like in "Gang-Ho". this study believes the writer imply that 'absence of worldly desire' and 'cordiality' of "Gang-Ho", be a key role to resolve the confrontation of real world. Lee Hyeon Bo himself regards the two elements as a advisable attitude of life. At last, Seeing the writer's other work and literature's educational effect, this study defines that even if the poem outwardly express one's lyricism but inside it warns governors ruling attitude.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1981.05a
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• pp.14.3-15
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• 1981

Midline Granulcma(Malignant midline reticulosis) of upper respiratory tract was known as one of the fatal diseases that involve the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx and larynx, with progressive localized necrotizing inflammation and granuloma formation. The disease was first described in 1897 by McBride and after Stewart many clinical and histological studies have been done in 1933. But its etiology is still unclear and therapeutic methods are still under development. The authors carried out a clinical study of 15 cases which were diagnosed and treated as midline granuloma, including 7 cases which received combination radiation and steroid therapy from January 1964 to December 1980. The results are as follows: 1) Age and Sex distribution: 6 cases fell into the ages from 30 to 39 years: 13 cases (87%) were male and 2 cases (13%) were female. 2) Primary lesion sites were nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses area (8 cases: 53%), palatine tonsil (3 cases: 20%) and pharynx (2 cases: 13%) in order. 3) Common symptoms were nasal stuffiness and sore throat (6 cases: 40%), headache (5 cases: 33%), nasal discharge and facial edema (3 cases: 20%) in order. 4) Microorganisms were identified in 4 cases: staphylococcus in 2 cases, pseudomonas in 1 case and streptococcus in 1 case. 5) All 7 cases who received combination radiation and steroid therapy revealed complete regression and no recurrence. 6) Among the 5 cases, who received steroid and antibiotic therapy, 2 cases died and other 3 cases improved temporarily and then developed aggrevation of symptoms.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.895-903
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• 2016

This study was carried out to discover the response of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) senescence- associated genes (SAGs) to several plant hormones in detached and developing cotyledon. Accordingly, a collection of cucumber SAGs were examined to characterize their gene expression response through semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Cotyledons were excised at day 14 after seed sowing from plantlets, then incubated in 100 μM each of IAA or zeatin solution for up to 4 days in light and darkness. They were collected at 2-day intervals and used for total RNA extraction and subjected to RT-PCR. Gene expression levels of several cucumber SAGs were significantly changed during the incubation period. More than five cucumber SAGs involving SAG 60 responded to the IAA and zeatin treatment. In the ethylene response study, cotyledons were exposed up to 10 days by ethylene gas. Most of the cucumber SAGs did not show immediate response to ethylene in green cotyledon. The exceptions were PCK, SAG 158, and SAG 288 genes, which responded after 1 day of exposure to green cotyledon, while ICL and SAG 281 revealed strong responses after 10 days of being exposed to yellowing cotyledon. These results suggest that several cucumber SAGs react actively in response to starvation or senescence against exogenously applied stimulus. This induced senescence response is able to understand the SAGs role in lipids and amino acids metabolism partly and function in organ senescence during development.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.1003-1010
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• 2017

An open reading frame coding for mannanase predicted from the partial genomic sequence of Paenibacillus woosongensis was cloned into Escherichia coli by polymerase chain reaction amplification, and completely sequenced. This mannanase gene, designated man26AT, consisted of 3,162 nucleotides encoding a polypeptide of 1,053 amino acid residues. Based on the deduced amino acid sequence, Man26AT was identified as a modular enzyme, which included a catalytic domain belonging to the glycosyl hydrolase family 26 and two carbohydrate-binding modules, CBM27 and CBM11. The amino acid sequence of Man26AT was homologous to that of several putative mannanases, with identity of 81% for P. ihumii and identity of less than 57% for other strains of Paenibacillus. A cell-free extract of recombinant E. coli carrying the man26AT gene showed maximal mannanase activity at $55^{\circ}C$ and pH 5.5. The enzyme retained above 80% of maximal activity after preincubation for 1 h at $50^{\circ}C$. Man26AT was comparably active on locust bean gum (LBG), galactomanan, and kojac glucomannan, whereas it did not exhibit activity on carboxymethylcellulose, xylan, or para-nitrophenyl-${\beta}$-mannopyranoside. The common end products liberated from mannooligosaccharides, including mannotriose, mannotetraose, mannopentaose, and mannohexaose, or LBG by Man26AT were mannose, mannobiose, and mannotriose. Mannooligosacchrides larger than mannotriose were found in enzymatic hydrolyzates of LBG and guar gum, respectively. However, Man26AT was unable to hydrolyze mannobiose. Man26AT was intracellularly degraded into at least three active proteins with different molecular masses by zymogram.