• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.329-335
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to examine the application of personality education elements through discussion activities in the Nuri curriculum guidebook. For this, discussion activities were analyzed according to both frequency of age and life theme. Study results were as follows. First, according to the distribution related to the target age of students, the greatest number of personality education elements were for 5 year olds, followed by those for 4 year olds and 3 year olds. Specifically, 'consideration', 'respect', 'cooperation' showed a high distribution, whereas 'filial piety' and 'sharing' showed a very low distribution. Second, according to the distribution based on life theme, it appeared that personality education element converged on particular life theme. These results are intended to provide basic data for the future direction of personality education elements through discussion activities in the Nuri curriculum guidebook.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.256-262
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• 1998

The aim of this study was to evaluate treatment plan and treatment procedure such as bone graft material, timing of bone graft and orthodontic treatment in 31 alveolar cleft bone graft patients treated at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of Chonnam University Hospital from Jan. 1992 to Dec. 1996. Results obtained were as follows : In total 31 patients of alveolar bone grafts, males(64.5%) were more than females(35.5%). The patients' age ranged between 2 - 33 years of age. Secondary bone grafting was the highest incidence(58.1%) when procedures were undertaken in patients between 6 - 16 years of age. In distribution of cleft side, unilateral clefts(93.5%) were the major part with the left side was larger than the right side. The Missing teeth were found most in lateral incisor, the supernumary teeth were found most between lateral incisor and canine. The most common occlusion before operation was class III malocclusion and anterior cross-bite(65.1%), orthodontic treatment was performed similarly between before and after the bone graft. The most common combined operation with alveolar bone graft was secondary cheiloplasty. The complications were 6 cases of bone defect, a case of oronasal fistula, 3 cases of dehiscence. PMCB and DFDB were used bone graft materials. In marginal bone height after operation, PMCB grafts were higher than DFDB grafts and marginal bone level was increased in the PMCB group but not in the DFDB group.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.119-125
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• 1996

From 1995. 3. 20 to 1995. 4. 10 refractive errors were surveyed on the 1,197 middle and high school pupils in Dong-Du-Cuon area. On the basis of the power of the old glasses or newly examined power, we surveyed the distribution of the refractive errors according to their types, ages, heights, weights and differences between both eyes. Among 2,394 eyes examined, 1,125eyes(47%) were emmetropia, 967 eyes(40.4%) were myopic, and 302eyes(12.6%) were hyperopic. As to the distribution of refractive errors, simple myopia(42.9%) was most common, and mixed astigmatism and compound hyperopic astigmatism were below 1%, Among the types of astigmatism, 62% were with the rule, 23% were against the rule and 15% were oblique, Differences between both eyes, the left eye showed more myopic than those of right eye. The distribution of myopia according to their ages, 27.7 at age 11, 38.5% at age 12, 35.5% at age 41.5% at age 14, 37.7% at age 15, 48.3% at age 16 and 46.8% at age 17., there was a significant increase in the prevalence of the myopia but that or hyperopia decreases with increases of age.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.172-179
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• 2010

Purpose: Visceral adipose tissue may be strongly linked to increased metabolic risks in adults. However, because little is known regarding the effect of visceral adipose tissue in children and adolescents, we performed this study to determine the association between abdominal fat distribution and metabolic risk factors in this population. Methods: One hundred one children and adolescents (78 males and 23 females; mean age, 10.8${\pm}$2.4 years) were enrolled. The anthropometric data and metabolic risk factors were evaluated. Theabdominal fat distribution was assessed according to the CT measurement. Age-adjusted, partial correlations were performed among the visceral adipose fat area (VFA), subcutaneous adiposefat area (SFA), metabolic risk factors, and anthropometrics. Results: The SFA increased more rapidly than the VFA with advancing years in both genders. In males, the VFA and SFA were positively correlated with anthropometrics. The VFA was correlated with low HDL-cholesterol and the SFA was correlated with diastolic blood pressure (DBP). However, there was no statistical significance between the VFA, SFA, anthropometrics, and other metabolic risk factors. The VFA and SFA were strongly linked to a number of metabolic risk factors, such as other anthropometrics. Conclusion: This study investigated how a low HDL-C was correlated with VFA and how a high DBP was associated with SFA in Korean male children and adolescents. Our results suggest that the correlation between the VFA, SFA, and metabolic risk factors was relatively weak compared to that reported in previous adult studies.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.87-94
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• 2003

Purpose : Respiratory viruses are one of the most infectious agent in human. Acute lower respiratory tract infection(ALRTIs) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in children. This study is performed to investigate the etiologic organism, age and sex distribution, clinical manifestations and seasonal occurrence of ALRTIs in children. Methods : Viral agent was evaluated with nasopharyngeal aspirates, rhinorrhea and saliva collected from 568 patients. We confirmed viral agents in 54 patients who were younger than 15 year old. They had visited Maryknoll Hospital, Busan in Korea from January, 2002 to December, 2002 for ALRTIs. Results : The viral pathogens identified were Influenza A virus(59.3%), Enterovirus(33.3%), Adenovirus(5.6%), and Influenza B virus(1.9%). Parainfluenza virus and Respiratory syncytial virus were not detected. The occurrence of acute lower respiratory infections was high between 3 & 6 years old. The clinical patterns include pneumonia(51.9%), bronchitis(31.5%), croup(9.3%), bronchiolitis(7.4%). The respiratory viral agents had their characteristic seasonal patterns. Conclusion : Influenza A virus was the most common cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections in Busan area during the 2002. ALRTIs had high occurrence between 3 to 6 years old. And the most common clinical patterns were pneumonia and bronchitis.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.12
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• pp.5518-5524
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to investigate the change of balance ability on aging by measuring balance ability of elderly females whose age is over 65. The subjects are ten elderly women (the mean age: 71.9) able to walk without assistants, the assistant equipments and drug dependence and ten young healthy women (the mean age: 23.2). We measured stability index (ST), Fourier index (F), weight distribution (WD), weight distribution index (WDI), synchronization index (SI) and fall index (FI) by using Tetrax (Tetra-ataxiometric Posturography). In result, STs and Fs at the low frequency region (F1) represented the significant difference between two groups at all postures with PO (pillow with eye open) exception (p<.01). Fs at the other frequency regions (F2~F8) represented the significant difference between two groups (p<.05). WDI of the elderly women represented the higher values than the young women at all postures but there are the significant difference at PO and PC (pillow with eye closed) only. These results may be due to age-related ability decline of somatesthesia, vestibular organ, central nervous system.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.242-248
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• 2006

배경 : 의과학과 사회-경제학의 발전은 인간 수명 연장에 지대한 공헌을 해 왔다. 그러나 결과적으로 피부 질환으로 고생하는 노인 인구도 증가하였다. 본 연구에서는 동국대학교 한방 안이비인후피부과에 피부질환을 주소증으로 내원한 성인 환자들을 대상으로 임상 양상을 조사해 보고 고령사회에서 어떻게 한방 피부과 의료 수요 변화에 대처하고 발전해 나아갈 수 있을지 그 방법을 모색해 볼 수 있는 근거 자료로 활용하기 위해 수행하였다. 연구방법 : 2002년 1월부터 2004년 12월 까지 3년 동안 동국대학교 한방 안이비인후피부과에 피부 질환을 주소증으로 내원한 319명의 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 그들을 내원시기, 연령, 성별로 나누어 질환별 분포를 조사하였다. 통계분석은 $X^2$ test(Window, SPSS 11.0)를 사용하였고 p <.05를 유의수준으로 하였다. 결과 : 2002년부터 2004년 까지 질환별 분포를 살펴보면 습진 21.9%, 소양증 20.4%. 여드름 16.9%,로 나타났다. 2002년에는 습진 17.0%, 소양증 16.0%, 여드름이 14.9%였다. 2003년에는 소양증 34.2%, 두드러기가 23,3%, 습진이 17.1%였다. 2004년에는 습진 61.4%, 여드름 21.1%, 소양증 15.8%였다. 이들 결과는 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다($X^2\;=\;54.135^{***}$, p = .000, df : 20). 남자에서는 습진이 25.0%로 가장 많았고 소양증 19.5%, 두드러기 12.5%, 지루성 피부염 11.7%로 나타났다. 여자에서는 여드름이 22.0%로 가장 많았고 소양증 20.9%, 습진 19.9%였다. 이들 결과는 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다($X^2\;=\;19.839^*$, p = .031, df : 10). 20대 환자에서는 여드름이 24.1%로 가장 많았고 습진과 소양증이 각각 19.5%였다. 30대 환자군에서는 습진이 30.3%였고 소양증이 19.1%였다. 40대에서는 소양증이 28.8%였고 지루성 피부염이 16.0%였다. 50대에서는 습진이 26.7%였고 60세 이상의 그룹에서는 습진이 50.0%, 바이러스 질환과 소양증이 각각 15.0%였다. 이들 결과는 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다($X^2\;=\;74.995^{**}$, p = .001, df : 40). 결론 : 상대적으로 50세 이상 연령충의 대상 환자 수가 많지 않은 원인은 여리 가지 분석이 가능할 것으로 생각된다. 연령에 따라 피부질환이 다른 양상을 보임을 고려할 때 노인층의 신체적, 경제적, 사회적 특성을 이해하고 이에 따른 효과적이고 사회-경제학적 부담을 최소할 수 있는 한방 치료 영역의 확대 및 개발이 필요할 것으로 사려된다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.1
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• pp.153-162
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• 2010

Abies holophylla Maxim. is a shade tolerant species that has potential to be used for continuous cover forestry system. Stand structure and natural regeneration of A. holophylla stands in Yong-In area located in the central part of Korea was investigated to estimate the self sustainability of A. holophylla plantation. Species composition, diameter at breast height (DBH) and height distribution of trees larger than 2 cm DBH were measured in ten stands in three study sites of Jeongsu-ri, Daedae-ri, and Hodong. Species and coverage of shrub layer, and A. holophylla seedlings were also investigated. While A. holophylla in non-managed stands (Jengsuri and Daedae-ri study sites) had the importance value of 40% and showed continuous diameter and age distribution, A. holophylla in Hodong site had narrow bell-shaped DBH distribution mostly concentrating between 25-35 cm DBH classes, and single canopy structure. Abies holophylla stands in Hodong have experienced occasional thinning and selective cutting. The correlation coefficient between age-DBH was significant but low ($R^2$=0.2, P=0.03), and similar aged A. holophylla had diverse DBH values. Continuos DBH distribution and multi-canopy structure of A. holophylla stands in Jeongsu-ri site show that natural regeneration of A. holophylla has been continuously occurred in this area. Seedling density of A. holophylla was between 2000 and 33000/ha, however, the number of trees in 2-5 cm DBH class was only 40-150 trees/ha, implying that the survival rate of seedlings is not high. Continuous natural regeneration and 0.6 cm/year of diameter growth rate of A. holophylla indicate that this area could be an appropriate habitat for this species, and A. holophylla plantation in this region seem to persist suggesting the possibility of managing the stands for continuous cover forestry system as well as selective harvesting practices.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.568-573
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• 2002

The purpose of study was to investigate the caries activity factors of children during orthodontic treatment. Fifty children with fixed or removable intraoral orthodontic appliances were examined for their Cariostat caries activity test scores, gender, age, duration of treatment, appliance type, treatment site, Angle's classification of malocclusion, and the number of teeth with caries experience. The mean age of the high caries activity group was significantly higher than that of the low caries activity group(P<0.01). The duration of treatment of the high caries activity group was longer than that of the low caries activity group, but the difference was not significant(P>0.05). The fixed appliance group showed higher caries activity than the removable appliance group(P<0.01). The caries activity of Angle Class III group was lower than that of Angle Class I group, not significant statistically(P>0.05). The number of teeth with caries experience in the high caries activity group was lower than that in the low caries activity group, not significant statistically(P>0.05).

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.5-9
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• 1999

Background: Ebstein anomaly is a rare congenital disease distinguished by its unique deformity in tricuspid valve and right ventricle & atrium. In its surgical treatment , tricuspid valve reconstruction and valve replacement are well known method, but various surgical methods were suggested. Material and Method : From January 1984 to December 1995, 8 patients with Ebstein anomaly underwent surgical correction. Age and sex distribution, clinical symtoms, radiologic findings, preoperative studies, operative findings, operative methods and its results were analyzed. Result: The sex ratio was 5 to 3(male : female). Patients' ages were averaged 17.6(2-28) years. In all cases, it showed typical deformities of the tricuspid valve. Associated anomalies were permenant foramen ovale, atrial septum defect, pulmonary stenosis. Surgical procedures included tricuspid valve replacement(n=4) and tricuspid valve reconstuction(n=4). Two cases of sinus tachycardia and complete AV block occured postoperatively. There were two hospital death and no late death. All survivors are in NYHA class I or II with median follow up of 64.8 months. 2-D echocardiogram disclosed improvement tricuspid regurgitation during the follow up period. Conclusion: Even though operative method of Ebstein anomaly should be decided according to each anatomical characteristics, we recommended that tricuspid valvuloplasty and plication can be one of the good methods method in the selective cases.