• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.295-304
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• 2005

The smoke propagating distances are measured in case that a fire occurs within the subway railroad tunnel. The tunnel is 800m long and the dimension of the cross-section is. Three vertical shafts exist for smoke ventilation. The experiments are performed using the 1/50 reduced-scale model. The smoke propagating distances are measured by thermocouples and by visualization for the accuracy. In order to understand the effect of a fire size and ventilation capacity of the shafts on the smoke propagating distance, 9 test scenarios are chosen. Based on the results, the smoke propagating distance is shown to be important criteria for the ventilation design of the tunnel.

• 한국터널공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.341-347
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• 2005

본 논문은 터널에서 화재 발생 시, 시간에 따른 연기거동에 대해 실물실험과 3차원 수치해석을 수행하고 각각의 결과를 비교,검토하였다. 실물실험을 위하여 8.8 kW의 열원과 901iter/h의 연기 발생이 가능한 연기발생장치를 자체 제작하였으며, 대상터널은 길이 570m, 단면적 $64.6m^2,$ 그리고 약 $2\%$의 구배를 가지고 있다. 실험은 외풍의 영향을 줄이기 위해 터널 입,출구에 차단막을 설치하였으며 연기발생장치로부터 20m 간격의 위치에서 20초 간격으로 연기전파, 속도 그리고 온도를 측정하였다. 연기는 60초 경과 후, 연기발생장치로부터 20m 떨어진 위치에 도달하였으며 140초, 180초 및 260초 경과 후, 각각 40m, 60m 및 80m 위치에 도달하였다. 3차원 수치해석의 결과는 터널벽면을 매끈한 표면으로 처리하였을 때, $26.3\~49.5\%$정도 과대 예측하였다. 또한 터널벽면을 일정 조도를 갖는 거친 표면으로 처리한 경우는 $-2.7\~17.6\%$ 오차로 실험결과에 보다 근접하는 결과를 보였다. 따라서 터널 내 연기거동에 대한 3차원 수치해석을 수행할 때에는 벽면조도에 대한 고려가 필요하리라 판단된다.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.20 no.4 s.64
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• pp.1-12
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• 2006

In this study, CFD computer simulations by FDS are carried out in order to confirm the performance of the combined operation of both sprinkler system and smoke curtain of 0.54 m depth installed for cooling and blocking the smoke which propagates beneath the sloped ceiling of a stairway corridor of which dimensions are 17.92 m long, 4.00 m wide, and 6.12 m high. It is shown that the response time of sprinklers decreases with fire size and it increases more about 1.1 second in case without smoke curtain than in case with smoke curtain, that the time of smoke transport from the fire source to the stairway outlet decreases considerably with fire size, and that the delay effect of smoke transport is not related to the sprinkler system, whether it is operated or not. This study shows that the combined operation of both sprinkler system and smoke curtain is very effective in smoke cooling, but it is a little for effect on smoke blockage. Although the hazard of skin burn due to radiative heat flux from hot smoke layer is decreased by spray cooling effect, the hazard of smoke suffocation and the weakening of visibility is increased by smoke downdrag and the turbulence of smoke-air mixing due to water spray. These conditions may result in preventing occupants from going out of the stairway during evacuation.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.505-507
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• 2010

In this paper, the comparison on the fire driven smoke flow for platform types was conducted in the Deeply Underground Subway Station. Soongsil-University station (47m depth) as a bank type platform and Mandeok Station as a island type platform were selected for fire numerical simulation. The characteristics of fire driven smoke-flows were analyzed from the simulation results. The proper plan of evacuation against fire for each type was considered through the results.

• 방재와보험
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• s.111
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• pp.20-27
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• 2006

피난길이가 긴 장대터널에서 화재가 발생되면 생성된 연기가 상승하고 천장을 만나 터널의 길이방향으로 전파된다. 연기의 독성가스에 의해 질식하게 되는 인명피해를 줄이기 위해서는 발생한 화재의 크기에 따라 제연유속이 필요하며, 제연 팬의 용량과 신뢰성을 확보해야 한다.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.129-139
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• 2004

The several assumptions and design parameters to determine the ventilation rate in tunnel ventilation system were examined. In longitudinal ventilating tunnel, the ventilation rate has been determined by the critical velocity above which the smoke propagation to the upstream of ventilating air is prevented. Based upon the examination of assumptions and experimental results, we suggested the improved method to determine the critical velocity. In transverse ventilating tunnel, we found that the ventilation rate has been determined in accordance with the custom rather than fire-smoke dynamics such as the critical velocity in the longitudinal ventilating tunnel. It is because the ventilation rate in the transverse ventilation system has been determined by considering only the ventilation of contaminant by vehicle. To improve the ventilation design parameters based upon the fire-smoke dynamics, we conducted model tunnel fire experiments. From the experimental results, smoke propagating distance and smoke filling were suggested as the design parameter to determine the ventilation rate in transverse ventilating tunnel. And tunnels in Europe designed by the custom is found to have the dangerous nature in view of fire safety.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.225-234
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• 2018

Domestic urban areas are experiencing serious traffic congestion problems due to continuous population growth and increased traffic volume. In order to solve the problem of traffic congestion, the study of great depth underground double deck tunnels using underground space is being actively carried out in the urban areas. The characteristics of great depth underground double deck tunnels are low in cross section, so the spread of fire smoke is expected to spread faster than the road tunnel in case of fire. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a fire smoke delay device which delays the spread of fire smoke when a fire occurs in a tunnels. In the previous study, the diffusion effect was analyzed according to the blocking area when the fire smoke spread delay device was operated through the 3D CFD in the study of preventing the smoke spread in the case of the tunnel fire. A study on fire smoke diffusion delay device using spring elasticity which is excellent in applicability to a tunnel and economical value is studied. In this study, fire smoke spread delay system was developed to fire smoke delay was experimentally analyzed. Fire smoke delay effect of fire smoke delay device appeared. Therefore, it is considered that the can minimize the damage of the victims when installed in the great depth underground double deck tunnels.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2009.04a
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• pp.303-308
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• 2009

건축물의 화재시 인간의 피난에 가장 영향을 미치는 요인은 연기이다. 연기의 전파에 따라서 피난행태가 달라지고, 피난경로가 변화한다. 국외에서는 이러한 연구의 일환으로 연기의 하강속도에 관하여 연구가 진행되고 있으며, 연기에 대한 피해를 저감하기 위한 노력이 증대되고 있는 상황이다. 따라서 연기하강에 관한 기존의 문헌적인 고찰을 통하여 향후 국내의 연구방향에 관하여 고찰하였다.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.13-18
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• 2009

The main objective of the present study is to investigate smoke propagation in railway tunnels with rescue stations. In particular, based on measurement of HRR (heat release rate) for pool fires formed at different locations, the influence of fire source location on smoke behavior is examined. The fuel is n-heptane and pool fires are generated with a square length 4cm. With the use of MVHS (Modified Volumetric Heat Source) model for fire source, extensive numerical simulations are performed by using the commercial code FLUENT (Ver.6.3) Predicted smoke temperatures and smoke propagation are discussed. From numerical predictions, it is found that ventilation systems may be necessary in the railway tunnels because the smoke moves along the tunnel, and consequently it enters the non-accident tunnel. It is also confirmed that the cross-passage and fire protection wall systems contribute to control the smoke.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.19 no.1 s.57
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• pp.51-58
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• 2005

In this paper, The experimental materials of painted fire resistant paint on substrate, FRP, PVC, AL and stainless steel that fire resistant paint developed newly were evaluated as the hazard elements : the fire resistibility of the materials, fire spread test of flame, the oxygen index, flammability, the smoke density. the toxicity index from it when it burned. As a result of the experiments, the AL and the stainless steel were passed of fire resistant class 1, the FRP, the AL, and the stainless steel were ignited of fire spread test of flame, all the experimental materials showed about $50\%$ of oxygen index, V-0 of flammability, and 43-338 of maximum smoke density at flaming mode used smoke density chamber. Also, they showed that the toxicity index of combustion products were 0.57-1.12.