• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.82-87
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• 1983

The aging and growth of Spisula sachalinensis from Ingu over the period from December 1981 through November 1982 were studied. The rings on the shell were used as the character for age determination. The ring where the translucent zone shifts to the opaque one was regarded as an annulus. The time of its formation was estimated by monthly variations of marginal growth rate in the shell. It was formed once a year over the period from August through September. The shell length at the formation of the annulus was estimated by taking the mean shell length corresponding to each of the annual ring. From analysis of mean shell length at the formation of the annulus, von Bertalanffy's growth equation was estimated as follows; $l_t=126.38(1-e^{-0.262(t-0.656)})\;W_t=485.85(1-e^{-0.262(t-0.656)})^3$ Back-calculated shell lengths estimated from this equation was quite consistent with actual shell lengths.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.17-21
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• 2011

연구 및 목적 : 이번 연구의 목적은 한국인에서 편도 편평세포암종의 발생에 고위험 인간유두종 바이러스(high risk human pap-illomavirus)의 역할 및 관여 인자에 대해 밝히고자 한다. 재료 및 방법 : 연구는 편도 편평상피세포암종으로 진단받은 54명을 대상으로 하였다. 고위험 인간유두종 바이러스의 감염을 알기위해 in situ hybridization 방법을 이용하였다. 고위험 인간유두종 바이러스의 감염과 나이, 성별, 흡연, 음주, 병기, 병리학적 특징 등과의 관계를 분석하였다. 결 과 : 고위험 인간유두종 바이러스의 양성율은 31.5%(17/54)였다. 고위험 인간유두종 바이러스 감염은 젊은 연령(50세 미만), 비흡연자, 림프절 전이와 유의한 상관관계가 있었다(각각 p=0.008, p=0.042, p=0.027). 하지만 성별, 음주, 원발부위 병기, 종양분화도, 피막외침범, 혈관 및 신경 침범과 고위험 인간유두종 바이러스와의 관계는 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 6개월 이상 추적 관찰이 가능한 환자를 대상으로 조사한 5년 전체 생존율 및 질병 특이 생존율은 각각 60%와 62%였다. 고위험 인간유두종 바이러스의 양성율은 질병 특이 생존율과 유의한 상관관계가 있었다(p=0.019). 결 론 : 한국인의 고위험 인간유두종 바이러스 감염은 젊은 연령 및 비흡연자의 편도 편평세포암종의 발생에 관련이 있고 예후 인자로 중요한 역할을 한다.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.245-255
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to analyzed the coordination of lower limb of elderly women who experienced a fall to present basic information for sports science and to deal with the factors that make elderly women fall more effectively. Twenty elderly women were divided into two groups of 10. The mechanisms of balancing lower limb during walk and differences were compared and analyzed using motion analysis and electromyography. The findings of this study are as follows. The first, walking patterns of these women were unstable as their hip joints did not provide sufficient support because of aging. Second, the left and right knee joints showed different walking patterns. The third, the motions of ankle joints became abnormal with increased age. As for the activation of major lower limb muscles, rectus fermois muscle and biceps fermois muscle contracted more to prevent the bending of knees and moved forward while anterior tibial muscle and inner gastrocnemius muscle were demanded highly during walk and the rate of plantar flexion was reduced.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2021.06a
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• pp.80-80
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• 2021

2020년은 장마와 태풍으로 인해 중부 및 남부지방에 폭우가 발생하여 강남역을 비롯한 지하철 역사와 지하 주차장 등 많은 지하시설이 침수되었고, 부산에서는 침수된 지하차도에 진입한 차량의 운전자가 사망하는 등의 사고가 발생하였다. 지하에 설치된 시설들은 침수가 발생할 경우 대부분 출입구를 통해 유입되는 물을 거슬러 대피해야 하므로 낙상과 그로 인한 익사 등 자칫 큰 인명피해를 초래할 수 있어 특별히 주의할 필요가 있다. 대피 여부를 결정하고 그에 필요한 시간을 계산하기 위해서는 안전하게 대피 가능한 최대수심(한계수심)을 결정하는 것이 필요하다. 현재 한계수심을 제시한 여러 연구가 있지만 대부분 소수의 성인만을 대상으로 한 실험 결과이기 때문에 성별, 연령, 체중 등 다양한 유형의 사람을 고려한 대피방법 제시가 필요하다. 이에 본 연구에서는 실험 참가자의 유형(성별, 연령, 체중, 신장)에 따른 대피시간의 차이를 고려한 한계수심을 제시할 수 있도록 하였다. 총 308명이 실험에 참여하였으며, 이중 남성은 164명, 여성은 144명이었다. 참가자의 연령은 14세부터 75세까지이며, 신장은 최소 145cm에서 최대 187cm, 체중은 35kgf에서 110kgf 범위이다. 대피시간은 물이 흘러 내려오는 5.1m 길이의 계단을, 난간을 잡은 채 거슬러 올라가는 시간으로 설정하였으며, 계단 상층부의 수심이 30cm일 때와 40cm일 때(한계수심 조건), 2회 측정하였다. 또한, 측정이 종료된 후, '안전하게 대피 가능할 것으로 예상되는 수심'을 선택하도록 하여 참가자가 체감한 실험 난이도를 간접적으로 확인하고 향후 연구에 활용할 수 있도록 하였다. 수집된 자료를 분석한 결과 여성의 경우 수심 30cm와 40cm의 평균 대피시간이 4초 정도의 차이가 나타났으나, 남성의 경우 유의미한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 또한 '안전하게 대피 가능할 것으로 예상되는 수심'에 대한 답변으로 다수가 실험의 최대 수심 조건인 40cm 이상을 선택하였다. 이와 같은 결과를 보아, 실험의 난도가 높지 않았다고 예상할 수 있으며, 그 원인은 참가자의 안전을 고려해 실험 조건을 난간을 잡은 채 보행하도록 설정한 것이 한계수심을 증가시키는 결과를 가져왔다고 볼 수 있다. 유형에 따른 대피시간의 차이를 분석하기 위해서는 실험의 한계수심 조건을 높이거나, 난간을 잡지 않고 보행할 수 있도록 안전장치를 추가하는 등, 실험조건의 변화가 필요할 것으로 판단되며, 추가적으로 난간을 잡은 채 보행하는 것이 한계수심을 얼마나 높일 수 있는지에 대한 검토를 통하여 정량적인 대피가능 시간을 제시할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.10
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• pp.1140-1146
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• 2009

Purpose:The pathophysiology of magnesium, the second highest common compound in humans, is still unclear, especially in preterm babies. We accessed the association between total magnesium (tMg), ionized Mg (iMg), and gestational age (GA) and that between serum magnesium (sMg) and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in preterm babies. Methods:In all, 119 inborn preterm infants admitted between July 2006 and February 2008 were divided into the IVH group (19) and the control group (100) and were prospectively analyzed. TMg, iMg, pH, total calcium (tCa), and ionized Ca (iCa) levels were determined immediately after delivery or within 3 hours after birth, and their correlation with GA were investigated. Results:TMg was not correlated with GA, tCa, iCa, and pH. IMg was correlated with tMg (r=0.288, P=0.002) and iCa (r=0.212, P=0.021); however, it was not correlated with GA and pH. Mean GA and birth weight were significantly lower (P=0.002) and smaller (P=0.030) in the IVH group. Mean sMg was higher in the IVH group ($2.5{\pm}0.9mg/dL$) than in the control group ($2.1{\pm}0.6mg/dL$) (P=0.021). SMg was a risk factor even after logistic regression analysis (OR, 2.798; 95% C.I., 1.265-6.192; P=0.011). Conclusion:In less than 37-week-old preterm babies, tMg and iMg were similar, regardless of GA. High sMg may be a risk factor for IVH in premature babies, regardless of their exposure to antenatal magnesium.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.585-590
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• 2003

Purpose : This study is designed to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and its relationship to risk factors in adolescents with diabetes mellitus(DM). Methods : Ninety-two diabetic patients(80 with type 1 DM and 12 with type 2 DM), ranging from eight to 26 years of age, were studied for cardiovascular autonomic function, and the relationship to age, duration of diabetes, glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c), urinary albumin excretion, and the presence of diabetic retinopathy and abnormal nerve conduction velocities(NCV) were analysed. Autonomic function was assessed by measuring heart rate variation during valsalva manoeuvre, deep breathing and standing from a lying position(30 : 15 ratio), and postural hypotension. Results : Among patients with type 1 DM, 22.5% had early, 8.7% had definite, and 1.3% had severe autonomic dysfunction, and among patients with type 2 DM, 16.7% had early, 8.3% had definite, and 8.3% had severe autonomic dysfunction. On logistic regression analysis including both type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients, the age of the patient(OR=1.133(1.003-1.279), P<0.05) and duration of diabetes(OR=1.148(1.009-1.307), P<0.05) significantly predicted cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction while HbA1c, blood pressure, urinary albumin excretion, and presence of diabetic retinopathy and abnormal NCV did not. The valsalva ratio was borderline or abnormal in 31.5% of patients, the heart rate variation on deep breathing in 41.3%, the 30 : 15 ratio in 14.1%, and postural hypotension in 9.8% of patients. The valsalva ratio and the heart rate variation on deep breathing significantly predicted cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction, but the 30 : 15 ratio and postural hypotension did not. Conclusion : Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction was found in 32.6% of diabetic patients and 10.8 % of patients had definite or severe involvement. The risk of cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction increased with the patient's age and the duration of DM. This study suggests that the valsalva ratio and the heart rate variation on deep breathing are the most useful tests in evaluating the cardiovascular autonomic function in children and adolescents with DM.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.783-792
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• 2008

The present study was performed to determine expression of cytochrome P450 aromatase(Cyp19) in the efferent ductules(EDs) and the epididymis of male rat reproductive tract at different postnatal ages. Total RNAs isolated were reverse-transcribed, and cDNAs were utilized for real-time PCR analysis. In the EDs, the Cyp19 transcript was expressed at all prepubertal ages with the highest level at 14 days of age, but not at 90 days of age. Expression of Cyp19 mRNA in the epididymis was found at all age groups, except 7 days of age. Distinct expression patterns of Cyp19 transcript were shown in each segment of the epididymis. These results indicate that expression of Cyp19 gene in the excurrent duct of male reproductive tract is differentially regulated in age-dependent and segment-specific manners.

• The Journal of the Korean life insurance medical association
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• v.19
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• pp.109-117
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• 2000

연구배경 : 3대 특정질병 진단보험금지급의 양상과 경향을 평가하고자 하였다. 방법 : 1997년 7월${\sim}$1999년 3월까지 당사의 한 건강보험가입자 중 1998년 1월${\sim}$1999년 9월 기간동안 당사 약관상의 정의에 의한 악성종양, 급성심근경색증, 뇌졸중으로 진단보험금이 지불된 총 411건에 대해 조사하였다. 결과 : 3대 특정질병 진단보험금 지급건 총 411건의 구성을 보면 악성종양이 290건(70.6%), 급성심근경색이 25건(6.1%) 그리고 뇌졸중이 96건(23.3%)이었다. 남녀비율은 남자 280건(68.1%), 여자 131건(31.9%)이었다. 3대 특정질병 진단급여금 지급건의 평균연령은 $3.88{\pm}5.9$이었다. 3대 특정질병 진단보험금 지불건은 $30{\sim}39$세 연령대에서 187건(45.4%)으로 가장 많았고, 그 다음으로 $40{\sim}49$세 연령대 178건(43.2%)의 순이었다. 계약시점에서 3대 특정질병 진단보험금 지급 시까지 평균진단확정 기간은 325.2일${\pm}$184.9일 이었다. 계약 후 12개월 내에 진단지급보험금 발생건은 총 193건(55.3%)이었고, 12개월 이후에 지급된 건은 156건(44.7%)이었다. 계약 후 12개월 내에 진단지금보험금 발생건 193건을 분석하여 보면 3개월 이상${\sim}$4개월 미만이 40건(20.7%)로 가장 많았다. 악성종양의 신체계통별로 보면 소화기관>유방>여자생식기>호흡기계 순이었다. 악성종양을 장기별로 보면 위암>유방암>간암 및 담도계암>결장암과 직장암, 자궁경부암의 순이었다. 남자의 경우 위암>간암 및 담도계암>결장암과 직장암의 순이었고 여자의 경우 유방암>자궁경부암(상피내암 제외)>결장암, 직장암의 순이었다. 뇌졸중의 종류별 빈도를 보면 뇌경색증(47.9%)>뇌내출혈(34.4%)>거미막하출혈(9.4%)의 순이었다. 결론 : 3대 특정질병 중 악성종양이 다수를 차지하고 있었고, 남자가 여자보다 훨씬 많았고 주로 $30{\sim}39$세 연령대, $40{\sim}49$세 연령대였다. 계약 후 12개월 내에 진단지급보험금 발생건을 분석하여 보면 3개월 이상${\sim}$4개월 미만이 40건(20.7%)으로 가장 많았다는 것은 역선택의 가능성 그리고 제척기간 중 발생한 3대 특정질환이 3개월 이후 특히 3개월 이상${\sim}$4개월 미만 사이에 지급청구되었을 가능성을 시사하는 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.955-962
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to examine the awareness of sexual harassment and investigate on the factors influencing of the sexual harassment among nursing college students. This study used a descriptive research design. The participants of this study were 366 nursing college students at 2 universities in the J area. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS/WIN 22.0 program as follows. The data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression. Average score were 3.45 for awareness of sexual harassment. Awareness of sexual harassment was significantly affected by gender, age. The awareness of sexual harassment of nursing college students showed a significant correlation with self-esteem and gender role stereotypes. The gender and gender role stereotypes and self-esteem was an important predictor for the awareness of sexual harassment among nursing college students with the explanatory power was 13.4%.

• Archives of design research
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• v.20 no.3 s.71
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• pp.107-118
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• 2007

The aim of this paper is to suggest a design guideline for a teaching assistant robot by finding out images that satisfy the role of the teaching assistant robot, and to search for a body features that show such images. Role images of teaching assistant robots were established from literature review and factor analysis. And eight elements of body features were extracted from human's elements of body feature. Robot external form samples varied according to the body feature was modeled three-dimensionally. Children, who are the main users of teaching assistant robots, valuated the 3D robot samples projected onto wall in real size. The valuation basis was role images of teaching assistant robots, adjectives about age and gender, preference, and appropriateness as teaching assistant robots. The result of valuation was analyzed by analysis of variance, and analysis of correlation. The result revealed the fact that four elements of body feature (the ratio of head length, height, the ratio of breast girth, and waist girth) were related to role images. Among these elements, height and waist girth was more important than the rest, particularly, waist girth had strong relation with all the role images. Also, in order to reveal tender and kind image, the ratio of head length was proved to have to be adjusted according to waist girth. On the basis of these result, a design guideline for a teaching assistant robot was suggested.