• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.573-583
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• 2021

Energy requirement is defined as energy expenditure in an energy equilibrium state. The doubly labeled water (DLW) method is considered the gold standard for measuring total energy expenditure (TEE). In 2002, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the National Academies established dietary reference intakes (DRIs) for Americans and Canadians, and the equations for estimated energy requirement (EER) were developed by using pooled data from studies that had applied the DLW method. Since 2005, these equations have been used for establishing EER in the DRI for Koreans. These equations based on age group include the physical activity (PA) coefficient determined by the PA level (PAL; sedentary, low active, active and very active) as well as body weight and height. The PAL values of Koreans calculated using the DLW method and PA diaries were determined to fall in the low active category (1.40~1.59). Therefore, the PA coefficient corresponding to 'low active' was applied to the EER equations. In recent years, with increasing number of people regularly engaging in various physical activities in Korea, EER is now separately presented for people with 'active' and 'very active' PALs. In the future, like the United States and Japan, Korea needs to expand the DLW research for developing EER predictive equations for Koreans. In addition, standardized guidelines should be prepared to accurately evaluate the PAL using the physical activity diary and the new PA classification table for Koreans.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.121-138
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• 2011

This research examined the amounts and methods change of recommended energy intake(REI) from 1962's recommended dietary intakes for Korean to 2010's dietary reference intakes for Koreans. REI is composed of 3 factors, such basal metabolic rate(or Resting Energy Expenditure, REE), activity energy, and thermogenic effect of foods. The first 1962 calculation formula of REI was weight based formula, that of 95's was the weight based REE multiplied by activity coefficient, and the recent one of 2005's(Estimated Energy Requirement: EER) was age, height. weight, and the activity level applying formula derived from the energy expenditure data by doubly labeled water technique(DLW). During the 50 years or so, REIs were reduced in all age groups, according to the activity(labor) strength and hour were reduced. The individual REI calculation method was introduced in 1995, and individual REI calculation was recommended since to prevent obesity. For the better REI estimation for Koreans, REI calculation formula derived from our peoples' DLW energy expenditure data is required.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.1-10
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• 2017

Among the four indicators that made up the evaluation indicators, the indicator on PR content scored the highest at 75.8 (3.79 out of a 5-point scale) followed by 74.4 (3.72) for PR media outlet, 69.6 (3.48) for PR impact, and 65.4 (3.27) for PR agency. The evaluation indicator or weighted average value of these indicators was 71.6 (3.58 out of a 5-point scale).In future research agendas, the development and analysis of quantitative evaluation indices that include changes in electricity consumption or auto fuel consumption is needed.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.461-469
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• 2013

This study was conducted in order to investigate body awareness and dietary life according to gender. Subjects of the study were 120 men and 127 women aged 20 to 30 years, who exercise regularly at a fitness center in Seoul. The subjects were asked to fill out a questionnaire on body awareness, reason for regular exercise, dietary behaviors, and nutrition knowledge. The percentage of overweight and obesity was 69.2% in men, and 25.2% in women. The percentage of subjects who considered themselves as overweight was 38.3% in men and 59.8% in women. Intake of protein in men was higher than the recommended nutrient intake (RNI). Intake of energy in women was lower than the estimated energy requirement (EER). Men who considered themselves as overweight showed lower energy intake than men who considered their body weight as under and normal, whereas no difference in energy intake was observed between women who considered themselves as overweight and women who considered their body weight as under and normal.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.35-53
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• 2023

Purpose: The purpose of the first part of this study was to evaluate the validity of the physical activity classification table for youth (Youth-PACT). The second part of this study was aimed at comparing the estimated energy requirement (EER) with the total energy expenditure (TEE) and evaluating the physical activity patterns of Korean children and adolescents. Methods: The subjects of the first part of the study were 17 children aged 10 to 12 years, and their total energy expenditure (TEE_DLW) was measured using the double labeled water (DLW) method. A total of 166 children and adolescents aged 6-18 years participated in the second part of this study. Their resting energy expenditure (REE) was measured using indirect calorimetry and the TEE_Youth-PACT and physical activity level were calculated by applying the Youth-PACT to the physical activity diary prepared by the subjects. Results: In the first part of this study, there were no significant differences between the TEE_DLW and the TEE_Youth-PACT. The TEE_Youth-PACT accurately predicted TEE_DLW in 37.5% of the subjects. In the second part of the study, the rates at which EER accurately predicted TEE _YouthPACT and overestimated TEE _Youth-PACT were 29.6% and 47.3%, respectively. The time spent based on intensity of physical activity and the physical activity categories which were obtained using Youth-PACT showed different patterns according to sex and age group. Age showed significant positive correlations with REE, TEE, and the time spent in sedentary behavior, but age was significantly negatively correlated with REE/body weight, TEE/body weight, and the time spent in low-intensity and high-intensity activities. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the Youth-PACT can be used to evaluate the TEE and PAL of children and adolescents. However, further studies are needed to validate the TEE_Youth-PACT and to set the EER for children and adolescents.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.46-57
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• 2015

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine an appropriate energy level of breakfast with less risk of chronic disease for Korean adults. Methods: Using data from the 2007~2009 Korean National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey, from a total of 12,238 adults aged 19~64, the final 7,769 subjects were analyzed except subjects who were undergoing treatment for cancer or metabolic disorder. According to the percent of breakfast energy intake versus their estimated energy requirement (EER), the subjects were divided into four groups: < 10% (very low, VL), 10~20% (low, L), 20~30% (moderate, M), ${\geq}30%$ (sufficient, S). All data were analyzed on the metabolic risk and nutritional state after application of weighted value and adjustment of sex, age, residential area, income, education, job or jobless, and energy intake using a general linear model or logistic regression. Results: The subjects of group S were 16.9% of total subjects, group M 39.2%, group L 37.6%, and group VL 6.3%. The VL group included more male subjects, younger-aged (19 to 40 years), urban residents, higher income, higher education, and fewer breakfasts eaters together with family members. Among the 4 groups, the VL group showed the highest waist circumference, while the S group showed the lowest waist circumference, body mass index, and serum total cholesterol. The groups of VL and L with lower intake of breakfast energy showed high percent of energy from protein and fat, and low percent of energy from carbohydrate. With the increase of breakfast energy level, intake of energy, most nutrients and food groups increased, and the percentage of subjects consuming nutrients below EAR decreased. The VL group showed relatively higher intake of snacks, sugar, meat and eggs, oil, and seasonings, and the lowest intake of vegetable. Risk of obesity by waist circumference was highest in the VL group by 1.90 times of the S group and the same trend was shown in obesity by BMI. Risk of dyslipidemia by serum total cholesterol was 1.84 times higher in the VL group compared to the S group. Risk of diabetes by Glu-FBS (fasting blood sugar) was 1.57 times higher in the VL group compared to the S group. Conclusion: The results indicate that higher breakfast energy level is positively related to lower metabolic risk and more desirable nutritional state in Korean adults. Therefore, breakfast energy intake more than 30% of their own EER would be highly recommended for Korean adults.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.652-663
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to assess the physical activity level of Korean farmers to establish estimated energy requirements during the off-season. Subjects were 90 healthy males (n = 25) and females (n = 65). Body weight, height and body fat and muscles of subjects were measured. The prevalence of obesity among farmers was 56.7% according to the BMI. The farmers spent about 18 hours 7 minutes (75.5%) in sleeping and resting. The farmers spent about 19 hours 56 minutes (83.1%) out of 24 hours (one day) in "sedentary activities" and spent about 3 hours 56 minutes (16.4%) in "light activities". Physical activity level (PAL, activity coefficient) of female farmers was 1.42 which was not significantly higher than that (1.37) of male farmers. Estimated energy requirements (EER) for farmers who were different in age groups and gender were calculated. For example, the EERs for male and female farmers were 2190 kcal/day and 1712 kcal/day, respectively. The daily energy intakes of male and female farmers were 1803 kcal/day and 1610 kcal/day, respectively. The EER of male farmers was 2190 kcal/day which was significantly higher than that (1803 kcal/day) of the recommended daily energy intake of male farmers. The results of this study suggest that estimated EER of farmers should be modified according to seasonal workload and energy balance of farmers should be evaluated to prevent obesity.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.195-205
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the time spent, activity coefficient and energy expenditure on 7 different types of activity. Total of 386 5th and 6th grade primary school boys and girls in Seoul participated in this study. The participants spent 8 hrs for rest, 4 hrs for out of school study, 3 hrs for leisure, 1 hr 45 mins. for hygiene, 1 hr for commute, and 15 mins. for house choir activity in the day of 6 class hours. The average activity coefficient of 1 day for boys and girls were 1.69 and 1.64, respectively. The TEEs were 2,382 kcal and 2,050 kcal for boys and girls, respectively. The energy cost for study related activity (in school and study activities) was 40% of the TEE, and for rest 20%, for commute 9%, and for hygiene 10% of the TEE. The energy cost for house choir was only about 2% of TEE. The 91.2% participant's EER was higher than the EER shown in the table of 2010 DRI for Koreans. When the participant's EER was compared with the energy allowance calculated by the method in 2000 RDA for Korean, 81.6% was in the range of ${\pm}5%$, and the correlation coefficients between the 2 values were 0.981 for boys and 0.978 for girls, which means high agreements.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.511-521
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• 2012

The purposes of this study were to assess the physical activity level (PAL) and the total daily energy expenditure (TEE) as well as to evaluate the validity of prediction equation for the estimated energy requirement (EER) in normal weight and overweight or obese children and adolescents. The subjects comprised of 100 healthy Korean students aged between 7-18. The anthropometric data was collected. PAL was calculated from the physical activity diary by the 24-hour recall method, and the resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured by an open-circuit indirect calorimetry using a ventilated hood system. Daily energy expenditure was PAL multiplied by RMR. EER was calculated by using the prediction equation published in KDRIs. There was no significant difference in the means of age and height between the 46 obese subjects and 54 nonobese subjects. The weight and BMI of the obese group (60.2 kg, $25.3kg/m^2$) were significantly higher than those of the nonobese group (42.4 kg, $18.4kg/m^2$). However, PAL was not significantly different between the two groups (nonobese 1.45, obese 1.46). TEE of the obese group (2,212 kcal/day) was significantly higher than that of the nonobese group (1,774 kcal/day). EER (individual PA) and EER (light PA) were significantly higher than TEE (p < 0,001); however, EER (sedentary PA) was not significantly different with TEE in the two groups. These results showed that the levels of physical activity were the same as the sedentary activity both in the nonobese and obese Korean students; moreover, the predictive equation for EER published in KDRI overestimated the TEE of Korean children and adolescents. Therefore, in further research, a new predictive equation for EER should be developed for Korean children and adolescents through the doubly labeled water method.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2000.02a
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• pp.87-87
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• 2000

이온빔 증착에 있어서 전자의 조사가 이온빔 증착기구에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구는 지금까지 보고 되어지지 않았다. 특히 전자의 조사가 증착층의 물성에 영향을 미칠 수 있느지에 대하여 정량적인 결과를 실험을 통하여 제시한 보고는 내가 아는 한 존재하지 않는다. 한편 이와같이 박막 증착에 있어서 전하가 증착되어지는 박막의 물성에 미칠 수 있는 영향에 대해서는 많은 과학자들의 관심사이기도 하다. 본 실험에서는 kaufman ion gun을 이용하여 질소 양이온을, 그리고 Cs+ ion gun을 이용하여 탄소 음이온을 조사하고 이들을 이용하여 CN 박막을 증착하였다. 질소 양이온의 에너지는 100eV, 이온밀도는 70$\mu$A/$\textrm{cm}^2$로 고정하고, 탄소 이온빔(80$\mu$A/$\textrm{cm}^2$)의 에너지를 200cV까지 변화시켜가며 증착하였다. 이때 증착층의 특성에 음 전하의 효과를 유발하기 위하여 350~360$\mu$A/$\textrm{cm}^2$의 전자빔을 이온빔 증착과 동시에 추가로 조사하였고 이의 특성을 전자빔을 조사하지 않고 증착한 CN 박막의 특성과 서로 비교하였다. 또한 증착 표면의 전하 축적에 의한 입사 이온빔의 에너지 감소에 의한 영향을 방지하기 위하여 증착되는 Si 기판에 HF (300kHz, 3.5V) bias를 가하여 주었다. 전자빔의 조사와 동시에 이루어진 CN 박막의 증착은 입사하는 탄소 음 이온빔의 에너지가 80eV에서 180eV 사이일때 원자밀도의 향상과 질소함량의 증가, 그리고 sp2C-N 결합대비 sp3C-N 결합의 향상이 이루어졌음을 확인하였다. 이는 이온빔 충돌에 의하여 피코쵸 정도의 시간대에 이루어지는 박막내의 collision cascade 영역에 이에 의하여 생긴 결함부위에 유입된 음 전하가 위치하면 전하주위의 원자와 polarization을 형성하고 이에 의하여 탄소와 질소의 결합을 형성하는데 필요한 자유에너지의 감소를 수반하는 방향으로 원자의 배열이 이루어지기 때문으로 사료된다. 이와같이 이온빔 에너지가 이온빔 증착 기구의 주요한 인자로 널리 인식되고 있는 kinetic bonding process에 있어서 이온 에너지에 의하여 activation energy barrier를 넘은후, 전자의 조사가 자유에너지를 낮추는 방향으로 최종 결합경로를 조절할 수 있기 때문에 이온빔 증착을 조절할 수 있는 또 하나의 주요한 인자로 받아들여질 수 있으리라 판단된다. 이온빔 프로세스에 의한 DLC 혹은 탄소관련 필름을 형성하는데 있어서 입사 이온빔의 에너지에 의하여 수반되는 thermal spike 혹은 외부 열원에 의한 가열은 박막층의 흑연화를 수반하기 때문에 박막의 sp3 특성을 향상시키기 위하여 회피하여야 할 요소이지만 thermal spike에 의한 국부 영역의 가열과 같은 불가피한 인자가 존재하는 상황에서 전자에 의한 추가 전하의 조사에 의한 최종결합경로의 선택적 조절은 박막의 화학적 결합과 물리적 특성을 향상시킬 수 있는 중요한 방법이 될 수 있다고 판단된다.