• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.78-83
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• 2012

The recommended species in fish acute toxicity test for pesticide registration in korea are common carp (Cyprinus carpio), killifish(Oryzias latipes) and loach(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus). But most of fish toxicity was evaluated using common carp. The common carp has several problems such as difficulty of room breeding, difference of sensitivity to breeding condition, limited experimental period, etc. For that reason, it is necessary to reexamine of test species. The present study investigated the sensitivity and correlation of $LC_{50}$ values that determined using the acute toxicity test with common carp and killifish. And this study is a realistic approach to evaluated appropriate species for fish acute toxicity test of pesticide. As a result, correlation coefficient(R) of the commom carp and killifish was high correlation of 0.8480 and the $LC_{50}$ values was not significant in the interspecies sensitivity. When the $LC_{50}$ values of common carp and killifish was compared with fish toxicity guideline in Korea, fish toxicity class has fluctuated in 18 pesticides with not very special tendency. Therefore, it is necessary to review of killifish has more advantage to standardization of fish culture and in the side of correlation and sensitivity of acute toxicity.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.343-349
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• 2013

Environment-friendly agro-materials tend to be preferred to chemical insecticides recently. For this reason, many studies are conducted to develop environment-friendly insecticides containing natural materials. The purpose of this study was to assess ecotoxicity for pepper extract and cassia oil (11.5+46%, A), pepper extract and cassia oil (23+34%, B), and pepper extract and lavender oil (40+10%, C). They are expected to prevent from pests especially diamondback moth, and can be used for agro-materials. Their formulation was emusifiable concentration (EC). Target species used to assess acute toxicity were aquatic invertebrate (Daphina magna), fish (Cyprinus carpio), honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) and earthworm (Eisenia fetida). The $EC_{50}$ value of A, B, and C to aquatic invertebrate were 0.46, 1.9, 0.25 mg $L^{-1}$ respectively and these values were moderately toxic according to standard of USEPA. In case of acute toxicity test to fish, the $LC_{50}$ of A, B, and C were 1.9, 2.9, 3.8 mg $L^{-1}$ respectively. A was category II in acute toxicity of fish and not acceptable to evaluation criteria of environment-friendly agro-materials. B and C were category III and acceptable. Acute contact and oral toxicity test to honeybee were conducted and the $LD_{50}$ of A, B, and C were > 100 ${\mu}g$ a.i. $bee^{-1}$ in both of tests. It indicated they were low toxic to honeybee. In case of acute toxicity test to earthworm, $LC_{50}$ of A, B, and C were 695, 988, and 564 mg $kg^{-1}$. In conclusion, pepper extract+cassia oil 57% EC and pepper extract+lavender oil 50% EC were expected to be used for environment-friendly insecticide materials with low risk against ecosystem and contribute to developing environment-friendly agro-materials.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.118-125
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• 1985

To establish an evaluation system of aquatic toxicity of chemicals at no-effect level, flow through and early life stage toxicity test were performed on a freshwater fish, the medaka (Oryzias latipes). The characteristics of medaka as a bioassay organism for the chronic toxicity test were discussed. Maximum acceptable toxicant concentration(MATC) of butachlor for the madaka in soft water was estimated using survival, growth, and reproduction as indicators of toxic effects. During a 3-month period, the fry of medaka were exposed to butachor concentrations ranging from 0.16 to 0.0l mg/liter and the DO concentration, temperature, and pH in the exposure chamber were measured to check the test condition. The highest concentration showed slight decrease of growth rate in medaka and reduced hatchability of spawning egg. Survival, growth, and reproductive success of adults in butachlor concentration of 0.04 and 0.01 mg/liter were not different from those of the control. The MATC was estimated to be between 0.04 and 0.16 mg/liter for medaka.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.219-225
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• 2010

The solubility in water of granular pesticides is not equal because the difference of methods of producing a granular pesticide. This study was conducted to investigate fish acute toxicity of butachlor 5% GR, fipronil 0.4% GR by impregnation and carbosulfan 3% GR, diazinon 0.4% GR by coating, using carp (C. carpio), medaka (O. tatipes) and loach (M. anguillicaudatus). The test solution of each pesticide was prepared by direct addition of granular pesticide and add after grinding granular pesticide to powder in test water, We also investigated $LC_{50}$ and residual concentration until 96 hours. Test results were appeared that the treatment of powder was 1.2~4 time higher than granular and toxicity increased clearly according to elapsed time, And the residual amounts by time were detected much at early time in the powder treatment of butachlor GR and diazinon GR. Conclusively, fish acute toxicity and residual concentration in test solution appeared higher in the powder treatment than treat granular form directly in water. Also, 96 hours toxicity values were stable comparatively and the error is less than 48 hours.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.208-211
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• 2016

Essential oils (EOs) extracted from plants possess various biological activities and have been considered as natural insecticides due to their potent insecticidal activities. In regard to develop natural insecticides, EOs are formulated as an emulsifiable concentrate and their acute toxicity against to fishes were determined in a static condition using Cyprinus carpio. Coriander EO was used as an active ingredient mixed with ethanol for solvent and various surface active agents. The tested EOs were obtained from a commercial market, and three different extractions were also undertaken to produce EO using steam distillation, solvent extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction. Among the emulsifiable concentrate including a commercial coriander EO, surface active agents such as Tween 80, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), and mixture of SDBS and Nonidet showed acute toxicity to the fish. With the three different EO extraction, coriander EO obtained from supercritical fluids with Triton X-100 exhibited acute toxicity to C. carpio. Taken together, Tetgitol and Nondet are considered as surface active agents for the emulsifiable formulation of coriander EO.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.361-362
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• 2003

Penicillium sp. PS-113 showed no toxicity against loach(Misgurnus mizolepis) and monnow(Oryzias latipes), a kind of biological indicator, for 96 hours at the concentrations of $1.0\;{\times}\;10^8$ conidia/ml inoculum. Additionally, it showed no toxicity against several plants such as Chinese cabbage(Brassica campestris subsp. napus var. pekinensis), mung bean(Phaseolus radiatus), etc. during their germination at the same concentration of inoculum.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2010.09a
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• pp.1253-1257
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• 2010

그라우팅은 건설공사에서 지반의 갈라진 틈이나 공동, 공극 등에 적절한 충전재를 압력을 이용하여 주입하는 것으로, 굴착공사 시 누수방지와 불안정한 지반의 보강을 위하여 광범위하게 사용되고 있다. 가장 많이 사용되고 있는 그라우팅 주입재의 재료로는 물유리계를 주재료로 사용하는 약액주입공법이 많이 사용되어지고 있다. 기존의 물유리계 재료를 사용할 경우 발생하는 용출현상 및 강도저하를 보완하기 위하여 가소성을 부과한 무기질계 재료ECG(Eco Clean Grouting)를 사용하여, 강도 및 내구성이 우수하고 주입재의 용출 현상이 발생하지 않아 환경오염 문제가 거의 없는 영구적인 차수 및 보강에 적합한지와 친환경적 특성을 확인한다. 본 연구는 가소성 무기질계 재료인 ECG(Eco Clean Grouting)재료를 사용하여 현재 많이 사용되는 재료인 물유리계 재료로 일축압축강도, 체적변화, 내구성 평가, 투수시험, 어독성 시험, 용탈시험등을 수행하여 비교 분석 하였다. 일축압축 시험결과 재령 28일 강도는 ECG가 물유리재료에 비해 크게 발현되었고, 내화학성시험 결과 ECG의 길이변화율이 거의 없는 것으로 내화학성에서 강점을 보였다.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.37-45
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• 2016

This study analyzes the environmental and durability problems of traditional (LW) grouting method. And the proposed method was compared to the others effects by analyzing the in-situ applicability and effect of performance of the method using the silica sol. This study analyzed the eco-friendly, effects of high strength silica sol through laboratory tests. The effects of the construction process were identified through the field tests. The compressive strength was increased by 1.3 times compared to the LW method and the shrinkage is 3~8 times less than that of LW method with water glass. No toxicity, which could affect soil contamination. In particular, it was confirmed that the Toxicity fish also survived with little pH change in the concentration tank. Also it confirmed the construction effects through field test. Field tests are a standard penetration test, permeability test, LLT, BST. Permeability was reduced to $1{\times}10^{-5{\sim}-6}cm/sec$.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.75-85
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• 2010

The focus of this study is to evaluate the field applicability of the newly developed inorganic thixotropic-grout in various ways. In order to do this, the volume stability and the permeability of the inorganic thixotropic-grout have been measured and compared to the existing silica type grouts. In addition, the filling capability of the grout into the tail void has been evaluated through both an experiment with a miniature tail-void filling equipment and a test filling at the shield TBM construction site. The volume loss of the inorganic thixotropic-grout after a 14 day-curing under the atmosphere condition was appeared to be minimal. The excellent waterproofing ability of the inorganic thixotropic-grout was confirmed through a permeability test. The toxicity of the inorganic thixotropic-grout has been evaluated through a toxicity test of aquatic fishes (KS M 0111) and the pH value of the liquid eluviated from inorganic thixotropic-grout was measured as an average of 8.0 and a fatality rate of goldfish after 96 hours was 10% or so. The existence of harmful heavy metals in the liquid eluviated from the inorganic thixotropic-grout has been also examined through an atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) test. Any of harmful heavy metals were not detected and the detected level of $Cr^{6+}$ and Cd was far below the standard. Based on both an experiment with a miniature tail-void filling equipment and a test filling at the shield TBM construction site, the filling ability of inorganic thixotropic-grout into the tail void was proved to be excellent.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.17-24
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• 2011

For the purpose of cut off and ground stabilization, water glass chemical grouting method using sodium silicate has problems of weakening durability and ground water pollution because leaching was conducted when the homogel is exposed to the ground water as time elapses. The purpose of this study is to identify the effect of alkali silica sol ground injection materials, it was compared with the sodium silicate ground injection materials using water glasses. For sodium silicate and alkali silica sol by mixing each case is divided into four different specimens were made and tested. The characteristic of alkali silica sol ground injection material was analyzed by unconfined compression test and environmental impact statement of ordinary portland cement and blast furnace slag cement. Alkali silica sol specimens were made mixing A-solution and B-solution in the proportion of one on one. Through this study, alkali silica sol ground injection mixing blast furnace slag cement has excellent strength and environment-friendly.