• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.130-138
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• 2001

This study was conducted to compare volatile components from the ten kinds of basils cultivated in Korea. The ten kinds of basils were separated flower, leaf, and stem part from whole plants, respectively. All sample separated were extracted by simultaneous steam distillation-extraction method(SDE) and were analyzed by gas chromatography(GC) and mass selective detector(MSD). Total 42 components were identified in essential oils including 11 alcohols, 6 carbonyls, 20 hydrocarbons and 5 esters components. The major components were linalool, methyl chavicol, eugenol, trans-methyl cinnamate, ${\beta}-cubebene$ and 1,8-cineole. The content of linalool was high significantly in the flower$(31.8{\sim}53.0%)$, the leaf and stem showed $21.8{\sim}35.8%$ and $3.5{\sim}22.4%$, respectively. Especially, the content of methyl chavicol was high relatively in the leaf$(0.4{\sim}32.9%)$, the flower and stem showed $0.2{\sim}24.1%$ and $0{\sim}2.2%)$, respectively. Articock, figz, glove, and greek basils were rich in eugenol$(18.8{\sim}48.7%)$ and poor in methyl chavicol$(0{\sim}5.4%)$ when compared with others kinds of basils. The composition of the components identified showed quite difference between kinds of basils, and the number of components identified in stem was much less than that in flower and leaf

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.91-98
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• 2001

Scutellaria baicalensis G. was cultivated in plots of different soil textures which were sand loam(SL), loam(L) and clay loam(CL). Also three fertilizer conditions were used; non application (NA)treatment, rice straw manure(RSM) treatment and N-P-K, chemical fertilization(CF) treatment. The chemical-physical properties, such as organic matter, available phosphate, $K_2O$, CaO, clay contents and porosity ratio in CL plot with RSM application were the most proper in CL plot and RSM application for the culture of S. baicalensis plants. RSM had very high contents of total nitrogen, 2.25% and C/N ratios, 21.4. Thus the growth of shoot and root in loam plot with RSM treatment were greater compared to that of CL plot with NA treatment. Whereas, The highest baicalin, baicalein and wogonin contents in roots were found in CL plot with RSM treatment. There was significantly positive correlation between aerial and underground parts of plant, yield and contents of T-N, $K_2O$ but negatively correlated with the contents of baicalin, baicalein and wogonin in S. baicalensis roots.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.156-165
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• 2001

Exogeneous application of pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP), a ribosomal-inacivating protein in the cell wall of Phytolacca americana (pokeweed) protects heterologous plants from viral and fungal infection. A cDNA clone of PAP introduced into Scrophularia buergeriana Miquel by thransformation with Agrobacterium tumefaciences. For plant transformation, explants were precultured on shoot induction medium without kanamycin for 2-5 day, and then they were cocultured with Agrobacterium for 10 minutes. The explants were placed on co culture medium in dark condition, $28^{\circ}C$ for 2days. After explants were washed in MS liquid medium, they were transferred into selection medium including kanamycin 50mg/L (MS salts+1mg/ l BAP+2mg/ l TDZ+0,2mg/ l NAA+MS vitamin+3% sucrose+0.8% agar, pH5.8). From PCR analysis, NPT II band was confirmed in transgenic plant genome and showed resistance against fungi in antifungal activity test. Micro assay to which protein extracted from transgenic line were added, revealed hyphae growth inhibition and no spore germination at high concentration. The characteristics of inhibited hyphae was represented transparent and thin. Expression of PAP in transgenic plants offers the possibility of developing resistance to viral and fungal infection.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.99-107
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• 2001

Germination of Codonopsis pilosula seeds and afterward their seedling emergence have been occasionally very poor due to their dormancy and structural defects. The study was done to determine the treatment effects of priming, $GA_3$, agitation and washing during and after priming, drying and water imbibition after drying on germination of its seeds and then of the successive three combined treatment after priming on the its seedling emergence to model its presown seed treatment. While agitation at the speed of 10 rpm was made or not, priming using $Ca(NO_3)_2$ and $GA_3$ under their different concentrations and light quality illuminated for 12 hours a day were done separately. Then their two best results were compared to determine the better one. Using the above determined best result, washing was done 3 minutes in the tap water or not, and drying of washed seeds was made under 4 different lights, and water imbibition of the dried seeds with differed period were successively done to deduce its presown seed treatment. In the comparison of the best germination rate of priming and $GA_3$, the former showed considerably higher rate than the latter; the priming treatment was done at agitated $Ca(NO_3)_2$ 150 mM solution under darkness or 12 hour red light illumination a day for 2 days. Washing after priming enhanced the rate compared to no-washing. Drying was the best way at which seeds washed were desiccated under $35^{\circ}C$ and 4 hour red light illumination. Water imbibition immediately before sowing must be made for 2 days. Seedling emergence rate was the highest at the seeds from successive 4 treatments, priming, washing, drying and water imbibition before sowing of two others, the priming and washing, or the priming, washing and water imbibition, meaning that its presown seed treatment must follow the procedure of the above 4 successive ones.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.116-123
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate antioxidative, antimicrobial activity and the effect on hepatotoxicity in various extracts of Artemisia iwayomogi. The herb has been used widely for jaundice, hepatitis and liver cirrhosis in chinese medicine. Solid yield by various extraction solvents, 18.1%, was the highest in water extract. To find antioxidative activity in Artemisia iwayomogi was estimated radical scavenging effect by DPPH method in various extracts and change of the POV(peroxide value) of various extracts added in soybean oil during 20 days at $60^{\circ}C$. Radical scavenging effect by DPPH method was the most effective in methanol extract. Added 1,000ppm water extract and methanol extract in soybean oil, the POV of them, 46.8(meq/kg) and 50.8(meq/kg) were lower than that of control, 79.1(meq/kg), during 20 days storage. After antimicrobial activity of various extracts of Artemisia iwayomogi on bacteria was carried out by paper disc method, it found that the ethanol extract was the strongest activity on Vibrio parahaemolyticus. In vivo experiment was to investigate the effect of Artemisia iwayomogi water extract(AIWE) on hepatotoxicity by carbon tetrachloride$(CCl_4)$ in rats. The experiment groups were divided into five groups for recovery(for 3 days) and three groups for protection(for 10 days) in rat liver. The weights and morphological changes of liver and the body weight were examined in each groups. Compared with $CCl_4$ treatment groups$(CCl_4\;only)$, liver and liver/body(%) weights of AIWE pretreatment groups for 3 days and AIWE posttreatment groups for 10 days were declined. In macrography, fibrious exudates and swelling of liver were decreased in AIWE treatment groups. Accumulation of lipid droplets and necrosis of hepatocytes were also decreased in AIWE treatment groups in microscopically. In these results, AIWE seems to enhance hepato-protective and recoverable effect on $CCl_4$ induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.310-317
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• 2001

The regenerated-bulblets placed in liquid free media resulted in good formation of roots and bulblets. On 1/4 MS free medium, roots and bulblets were predominantly induced. The 1/4 MS liquid medium supplemented with plant growth regulators was the best suitable condition for elongation of leaves and roots. Somatic embryos were frequently developed from embryogenic callus in liquid media with 2,4-D 1mg/ l . On free liquid media, the viability of callus reduced. As the salt strength of MS media reduces, the viability of callus reduced significantly. However, Leaves were induced from several callus clumps. When leaves, roots and bulb-scale segments were placed on MS media containing NAA 1mg/ l or 2,4-D 1mg/ l and various sucrose concentration, the best result about the differentiation, growth of leaf and the differentiation of leaf was obtained on MS media added 1.5% sucrose and 2,4-D 1mg/ l, 3% sucrose and NAA 1mg/ l, and 1.5% sucrose and NAA 1mg/ l, respectively. Also the better result differentiation, growth of root and differentiation of bulb was obtained on MS media with 6% sucrose and NAA 1mg/ l. Spermidine promoted the growth of leaf and the differentiation of bulb. However, spermine promoted the differentiation of leaf, the differentiation and the growth of root in MS solid media. On the MS liquid media, both spermine and spermidine stimulated organogenesis from bulb-scale segments. Regenerated plantlets were acclimatizated and grown in greenhouse in vermiculite + perlite (1 : 1 by volume) well. The optimal soil condition of rooting for plantlets regenerated was in peat moss.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.132-138
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• 2002

This study was performed to determine the antimutagenic and cytotoxic effect of ,Kalopanacis cortex endothelium. Methanol extract was used on Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100 and three cancer cell lines. In the Ames test, methanol extract of Kalopanacis cortex endothelium alone did not exhibit any mutagenicity but showed substantial inhibitory effects against mutation induced by 4-nitroquinoline-l-oxide(4NQO), N'-methyl- N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine(MNNG) and benzo(a)pyrene(B(a)P). The methanol extract of Kalopanacis cortex endothelium showed approximately 79.29% and 75.38% inhibitory effect on the mutagenesis induced by 4NQO and B(a)P, respectively, against TA98 strain. Whereas 79.49%, 89.3% and 68.85% inhibitions were observed on the mutagenesis induced by 4NQO, MNNG and B(a)P against TA100 strain. Methanol extracts from Kalopanacis cortex endothelium showed high antimutagenic effects against 4NQO, MNNG and B(a)P. The anticancer effects of methanol extract from Kalopanacis cortex endothelium against human lung carcinoma(A549), human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) and human hepatocellular carcinoma(Hep3B) were investigated. The treatment of 0.5mg/ml Kalopanacis cortex endothelium methanol extracts had the highest cytotoxicity against A549(81.54%), followed by MCF-7(81.92%) and Hep3B (78.57%). In contrast 0.5mg/ml treatment of methanol extracts from Kalopanacis cortex endothelium had only $4{\sim}25%$ cytotoxicity on normal human liver cell(293).

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.276-283
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• 1997

This experiment was conducted to investigate the optimum temperature and the effects of sulfuric acid, flowing water and $GA_3$ on the germination of Bupleurum falcatum. At the same time, the effect of germination-related compounds in Bupleurum falcatum seed was tested. Among the tested temperatures $(15,\;20,\;25\;and\;30^{\circ}C)$ the highest germination rate was obtained at $15^{\circ}C$. The optimum soaking time of sulfuric acid was 5 minutes at the concentration of both 0.1 and 1.0%. At the same time, the germination rate was highest when Bupleurum falcatum seed was washed for 2 days in the flowing water before germination test. The effect of $GA_3$ on the germination was highest at 100 ppm out of 10, 50 and 100 ppm. Regardless of treatments, the germination rate of Jeongseon species was higher than that of Mishima species. SEM photographs revealed that most of germination-inhibiting substances in the seed coat were washed away by rinsing in the flowing water for 2 days thus the seed coat became more smooth. The 4, 000 ppm alcohol extract of Bupleurum falcatum seeds inhibited the germination of lettuce seeds as much as 41.7% in Jeongseon species and 58.3% in Mishima species. The higher extract concentration from seed of Bupleurum falcatum, the lower the germination of lettuce seeds was obtained. Out of phenolic acids, the contents of orchinol, pyrogallol, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid were highest in both varieties. Compared with Mishima species, Jeongseon species showed much higher content of salicylic and vanillic acid.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.301-307
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• 1996

The experiment was conducted to clarify the effect of water stress treatment on growth character of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. The water stress treatment was imposed artificially on seedling, flowering and rhizome enlargement stage of the plant. The decrease ratio of leaf area compare with control decreased to 24.4% by water stress treatment at seedling stage and to 41.6% at rhizome enlargement stage. The reduction rate of chlorophyll content at the end of water stress treatment was 41.2% at the see­dling stage and no difference at the flowering stage. The chlorophyll content of water stress treatment on seedling and flowering stage was recovered to 95% at harvest time. The ratio of rootlet distribution from top soil to l0cm depth showed maximum to 90% at the seedling stage and to 20cm depth showed max­imum to 6.4% at the rhizome enlargement stage. The dry weight of rootlet was decreased to $19.3{\sim}40.3%$ by water stress treatment. Dry weight of aerial part and underground part of the plant decreased in the order of seedling, flowering, rhizome enlargement and control and the dry weight of aerial part decrease more severely than underground part.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.294-300
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• 1996

We performed an experiment to confirm the possibility of wasabi culture using the wat­er of the Soyang River Dam in Chunchon and the ground water in Suwon. Water mineral content of Soyang River except for P was less than that of ground water of Suwon. Dis­solved oxgen and E C of Chunchon was proper to culture wasabi but E C and dissolved oxgen of Suwon was not suitable for that. Water temp. of Soyang river was very changable by month while that of the ground water in Suwon was kept constantly. In Soyang river of Chunchon the month that water temp. show $8{\sim}18^{\circ}C$, optimal growth temp., was May to Nov. and the month that water temp. show less than $6^{\circ}C$, growth limit temp., was $Jan.\;{\sim}\;Feb.$ of Chunchon. Rhizome weight of main stem in Chunchon and Suwon was 63g and 22g per plant and rate of maketable rhizome was each 80%, 0% by culture of 32 months to include raising see­dling period of 13 months. Dry matter partitioning ratio of petiole in Soyang river of Chunchon was the highest of all others but it was lowest of all others in ground water of Suwon. Rhizome weight of main stem in Chunchon was showed possitive correlation with plant height and fresh top weight and in Suwon it was showed possitive correlation with root weight and high possitive correlation with No. of total leaves and No. of tillers.