• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.381-384
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• 1998

Intersectional differences in anthocyanin composition were observed in a survey of floral anthocyanins of 27 species in genus Hibiscus (Malvaceae). The most common suits of floral anthocyanins were 3-xylosylglucosides and 3-glucosides of delphinidin and cyanidin in species of section Trichospermum, Fucaria, Trionum, Abelmoschus, and Ketmia. Cyanidin 3-sophoroside was the predominant anthocyanin in species of section Lilibiscus. Six common anthocyanidin 3-glucosides and corresponding malonates were detected only in the species of section Bombycella. These intersectional variation coincided generally with proposed sectional boundaries based on morphological characteristics. Anthocyanin composition was more complicated in self-incompatible species than in self-compatible species. The systematic significance of diverse anthocyanin profile was discussed in the aspect of pollination ecology.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.249-251
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• 2005

SA와 온도가 애기장대의 안토시아닌 생성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 여러 농도의 SA와 다양한 온도를 처리하여 시간적 경과에 따른 안토시아닌 함량변화와 PAL 환성을 조사하였다. 10 ${\mu}$M 이하의 SA 처리구에서는 안토시아닌 함량에 있어서 큰 변화가 없었으나 100 ${\mu}$M 이상의 처리구에서는 크게 증가하였다. 25 ${\mu}$M SA처리구에서 안토시아닌 함량이 가장 높았으며 5일째에는 약 3.3배 증가하였다. 그러나 100 ${\mu}$M의 고농도 SA 처리구에서는 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. PAL 활성은 25 ${\mu}$M SA 처리시 점차 증가하여 3일째에 가장 높은 활성을 보였다가 이후 서서히 감소하였다. 그러나 100 ${\mu}$M 이상의 SA 처리구에서는 PAL활성이 점차 감소하는 경향을 보여 주었다. 온도조건에 따라 안토시아닌 축적은 다소 차이를 보여 주었는데, 10$^{\circ}C$ 및 15$^{\circ}C$ 에서 안토시아닌 생성이 촉진되었으나, 온도가 상승함에 따라 점차 감소되어 30$^{\circ}C$의 고온에서는 현저하게 저하되었다. 따라서 본 연구결과로부터 애기장대의 안토시아닌 축적현상은 SA의 외적 처리와 온도요인에 의해 형성된 스트레스에 반응하여 유도된 것으로 추측되며 일종의 보호기능과 관련이 있음을 시사해 준다.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.19-23
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• 2010

This study was performed in order to determine the relationship between anthocyanin generation and seed coat pigmentation in black soybean. Soybean genotypes were analyzed the individual anthocyanin contents by UPLC, which were sampled at 5-day intervals from the 35th day after flowering. Ilpumgeomjeongkong had begun to accumulate anthocyanin on the seed coat previous 35 days after flowering, and in case Heugcheongkong was 30 days. The seed coat coloration in Ilpumgeomjeongkong run on till the 45th day after flowering, and that of Heugcheongkong was between 55 and 60days after flowering. Cyanidin-3-Glucoside (C3G) was formed the earliest and accumulated the greatest among three anthocyanin pigments existed in black soybean. So we could be concluded that C3G affected on seed coat pigmentation greatly than other pigments. The anthocyanin contents at maturity in Ilpumgeomjeongkong was 4.4 times higher than at beginning stage of anthocyanin formation, while those of Heugcheongkong was 2.5 times.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.10
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• pp.1543-1549
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• 2015

Black rice bran, a by-product from rice milling process, is a good natural source of anthocyanin pigment. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum conditions for anthocyanin extraction from black rice bran as well as the stability of anthocyanin extract according to different storage temperatures. The main anthocyanin in 'Heugkwang' rice bran was identified as cyanidine-3-glucoside (C3G) by HPLC and LC-MS/MS. The yield and C3G content of black rice bran extract were investigated with various extraction solvents, temperatures, and times. The results indicate that the optimum extraction solvent, temperature, and time were 50% ethanol, $70^{\circ}C$, and 2 h, respectively. The stability of anthocyanin extract was studied during a storage period of 168 days at various temperatures ($-20^{\circ}C$, $4^{\circ}C$, and room temperature). Hunter's values (L, a, and b) of anthocyanin extract increased, whereas C3G content continuously decreased up to 168 days. Variations in Hunter's values and C3G content become larger as storage temperature increased. Anthocyanin extract from black rice bran was very stable, as C3G content after storage at all temperatures was maintained at more than 90% of initial content. These results suggest that anthocyanin extract from black rice bran may be useful as a natural food colorant.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.847-852
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• 2010

The anthocyanin pigment composition and color of several grape cultivars including Campbell Early, Muscat Bailey A, Kyoho (black berries), and North Red (red berries), were investigated. Twelve types of anthocyanins were identified in these cultivars by LC-MS. Black-colored cultivars, especially Muscat Bailey A, contained the widest range of anthocyanins, whereas the anthocyanin composition of North Red, the red-colored cultivar, was relatively simple. Anthocyanins extracted from the skin of berries were red in color at low pH, regardless of the origin of the extract. At higher pH, however, various colors, including blue, violet, brown, and black, were evident, depending on the cultivar. Differences in color expression among cultivars may be related to variations in the types and amounts of anthocyanidins synthesized, from which anthocyanin pigments are derived. The colors expressed by anthocyanin pigments were strong and diverse even at low concentrations. Therefore, anthocyanins extracted from grapes may be useful as natural food colorants.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.477-482
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• 2014

Variation of anthocyanin contents were analyzed by different growing environments, three locations over three years with 3 black colored soybeans. Anthocyanin contents were different according to growing location, genotypes and planting time, so it can be concluded that anthocyanin content was effected by environmental and genetic variation. Planting date seemed to have a much greater influence on anthocyanin content than cultivar and location. Among different planting dates, anthocyanin contents increased in the seeds planted on June 15 rather than did May 30 and May 15. Compared with 3 cultivars and 3 locations, Ilpumgeomjungkong and Yeonchun had higher contents such as 11.58 mg/ and 9.85 mg/g, respectively. The correlations between color index and anthocyanin content were analyzed by Hunter'value. L (lightness) and b (yellowness) values were correlated negatively with D3G, C3G, Pt3G and total anthocyanin content while a (redness) value was correlated positively. The correlations between meteorological factors and anthocyanin content were analyzed. Anthocyanin content was correlated negatively with mean temperature and accumulated temperature whereas mean daily temperature difference showed positive correlation. We could conclude that the area in which mean temperature was low and daily temperature difference was high is good for attempts to improve black soybean seed quality by the increase of anthocyanin contents.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.359-368
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• 2008

Black soybean has been widely utilized as foods and oriental medicinal materials. The pigmentation in the seed coat of black soybean is due to accumulate anthocyanins in the epidermis palisade layer. The anthocyanins of black soybean seed coat are considered as a parameter of quality evaluation of black soybean. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the most suitable HPLC condition for simultaneous determination of anthocyanins in black soybean seed coats extracts. The efficient HPLC analytical condition of D3G, C3G, and Pt3G contained extracts of black soybean seed coats was developed. The gradient elution employed a $250\;mm\;{\times}\;4.6\;mm$ i.d. YMC-pak ODS-AM 303 column. The gradient system was used two mobile phases. A gradient elution was performed with mobile phase A, consisting of 5% aqueous formic acid, and mobile phase B, comprising 5% formic acid - acetonitrile, and delivered at a flow rate of 0.7 mL/min as follows: $0{\sim}35\;min$, $90%\;A{\sim}60%\;A$; 36 min, 90% A; 46 min, 90% A. The UV-VIS. detection wavelength was set at 520 nm. The limit of detection (LOD) for D3G, C3G, and Pt3G were under 10 ng/mL.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.237-244
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• 1994

Callus tissues derived from protoplast of Alnus hirsuta were shown to produce red pigments under the continuous light. The R4 cell line with high yield of the pigments was selected. One of the red pigments was identified as anthocyanin; glucose and galactose as sugar moiety and cyandin as aglycone, by spectroscopic analysis, cellulose TLC and GLC. Both callus growth and anthocyanin accumulation were remarkably stimulated by 2,4-D. The highest anthocyanin yield was observed when $1\;\mu\textrm{M}$ 2,4-D in combination with $0.1\;\mu\textrm{M}$ BAP was supplemented to the culture medium. In case of inorganic salts, anthocyanin yield was enhenced by reducing concentration of phosphate from 5.0 mM to 2.5 mM and by increasing the ratio of ${NO_3}^{-}$ type to 80% for total nitrogen source.source.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.307-311
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• 2005

The anthocyanin biosynthesis in callus culture of purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L. cv. Borami) was investigated under growth in different light intensity and light emitting diodes (LED) treatment. Pigmented calli were induced from leaf explants cultured on MS agar medium supplemented with $0.5\;{\mu}M$ 2,4-D under light condition. The color value of these calli extracted after $2{\sim}4$ weeks of cultures was $0.4{\sim}0.5\;mg/mL$. Irradiation intensity is an important factor for anthocyanin biosynthesis. The optimal anthocyanin accumulation occurred on light intensity of 3000 lux. Light irradiation of 3000 lux and blue light treatment for 2 h resulted in a significant enhancement of anthocyanin accumulation. This value was 1.4 fold that the control.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.343-348
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• 2018

Anthocyanin derivatives are an important of natural compounds responsible for the red, purple and blue colors in a large number of plants. This molecules are polymethoxy-derivatives of 2-phenylbenzopyrylium salts. Despite the beneficial properties of anthocyanins, the effectiveness of preventing or treating various diseases depends on bioavailability. Therefore, In this study, in order to investigate the electrical characteristics of anthocyanin derivatives, we investigated the electrochemical properties of derivatives by calculating the total energy, bandgap, net charge of anthocyanin derivatives using HyperChem8.0's PM3 method.