• Journal of Science Education
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.53-65
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• 2022

In the application and composition of learning content, the field trip learning of scientific inquiry could provide a positive effect. Also, it can arouse an experience of various inquiry activities through open thinking. In addition, it could take a positive effect by providing the diversity and specificity of wildlife experience for the living organism. The biology inquiry program of the field trip is a necessary process to acquire ecological experiences in the learning context. However, there is some problem to solve before the performance of field trip learning as professional knowledge of the outdoors inquiry. Therefore, this study developed a field trip inquiry program for the plant in a coastal dune using artificial intelligence to assist professional knowledge. The researcher carried out literature reviews and analysis related to studies and programs to investigate learning steps, content, and strategy. Also, this study investigated the effects of the program on the affective domain of gifted elementary science students. According to the results of this study, the program can provide a positive effect on motivation, task commitment, and attitude level. Consequently, the field trip learning program for plant in the coastal dune using artificial intelligence developed in this study can arouse a positive effect on the affective domain. Therefore, additional study is necessary related to inquiry programs of the field trip for various students and sites.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.30 no.5B
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• pp.459-469
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• 2010

This study is to develop a grid-based daily runoff model considering seasonal vegetation canopy condition. The model simulates the temporal and spatial variation of runoff components (surface, interflow, and baseflow), evapotranspiration (ET) and soil moisture contents of each grid element. The model is composed of three main modules of runoff, ET, and soil moisture. The total runoff was simulated by using soil water storage capacity of the day, and was allocated by introducing recession curves of each runoff component. The ET was calculated by Penman-Monteith method considering MODIS leaf area index (LAI). The daily soil moisture was routed by soil water balance equation. The model was evaluated for 930 $km^2$ Yongdam watershed. The model uses 1 km spatial data on landuse, soil, boundary, MODIS LAI. The daily weather data was built using IDW method (2000-2008). Model calibration was carried out to compare with the observed streamflow at the watershed outlet. The Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency was 0.78~0.93. The watershed soil moisture was sensitive to precipitation and soil texture, consequently affected the streamflow, and the evapotranspiration responded to landuse type.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 1982

The large devastated land in Young-il district, Gyeongsangbusdo, had been existed for a long time, and the Korean government had invested 3.8 billion won to control soil erosion of the area for 5 years from 1973 to 1977. This research was to investigate the changes of the soil profile and vegetation structure in the 3rd, 6th and 9th years since soil erosion control had implemented. The results obtained in this study are as follows: 1) The thickness of the litter layer (L), the fermentation layer(F), the humified layer(H) and the surface soil layer(S) increased with increasing years after implements soil erosion control project had started. 2) The H layer was not showed for the three years since the project had implemented but was in the sixty year. 3) The soil chemical elements including the organic matter and total nitrogen increased with increasing years after the project had started, the amounts of organic matter and total nitrogen were three and seven times higher respectively in the nineth year after project had started. The amounts of organic matter and total nitrogen were three and seven times higher, respectively in the nineth year after project started than those before. 4) Among the grasses and trees which had been sowed or planted during project period, the summed domination ratios for arundinella hirta var ciliare. Themeda japonica, Cymbopogen goeringi and Lespedeza bicolor decreased rapidly, while those for Robinia pesudoacacia and Pinus densiflora increased with increasing years after the project started. 5) The appearance of Quercus seedlings suited to this area and Pinus densiflora seedling which is a subclimax species increased with increasing years after the project started.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 1971

Ecological studies on the effect of an accidental fire on the composition of the post-fire vegetation in relation to the productivity system were made at the burned site on Mt. Samak located at Duckduwon-Ri, Sumyun, Chun Sung-Kun, Kangwon-Do, the same plots used in the previous study carried out in 1967. The result are summarized as follows. 1. In the productivity system, the standing crop measured was as follows; Carex Lanceolata var. Nana, Miscanthus purpurscens etc. were contained in the herbs and their individual number was larger than that of the woody plants. (Table 1). In the woody plants, Quercus Acutissima was the most abundant, showing larger number of tree than Quercus dentata. The S.D.R. value of the family Poaceae was the highest among the herbs and in the test plots, it was 4 times larger in number than in the controlled plots. (Table 3, Fig. 4, 5). 2. In the unburned sities, 5 dominant species were selected and by calculating their S.D.R., it was shown that woody plants, S.D.R. is 4.43 while it is 11.52 with herbs. (Table 4, Fig. 6). 3. When making comparisons with the standing crop on the higher around, it was found that the test plots had 522.45 gm more than the controlled and 1470. 53gm more than those on lower ground. These results were considered to indicate that high temperature caused by fire resulted in the increase of germination rate of seeds as it was seen in the previous study and it further stimulate the growth of the perennial plants. (Table 6, 7) 4. In the number of species, the standing crop was increased in the order of Genus Miscanthus and Genus Carex. and in the woody plants Genus Lespedeza was increased in the standing crop. 5. It was found that in the rest plots, total summed height was greater by about 6000cm than that in the controlled plots. 6. In conclusion, the forest fire gave a great loss to tall trees and woody plants burning them together with unmatured seeds. In the succession of the 2nd year it was considered that the growth of the perennial plants had been stimulated on the barned sites.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.4
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• pp.367-375
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• 1990

In order to determine the effects of bedrock, organic matter, calcium and iron oxide on the soil aggregation, this research has performed with soils from bedrock regions of Limestone, Granite and Granite gneiss. This research was also to estimate how organic matter, calcium and iron oxide influence on soil aggregation under different forest conditions in various bedrock regions. And it also had a purpose to rate physical factors relevant to soil aggregation, their characteristics and aggregate diameter which closely relates to stabilities in the process of soil erosion. The following conclusions have been drawn in response to the overall research objectives. The rates of the soil aggregation on different bedrock regions were 21% in Limestone bedrock, 19.8% in Granite bedrock and 9.9% in Granite gneiss bedrock. A main factor in soil aggregation was the orgainc matter content in soils and the rate of soil aggregation increased in the constant proportion with the organic matter content. The relation could be formulated into Y=4.31X-4.37(Y : aggregation ratio X : organic matter content). The soil aggregation ratio under the deciduous forests eras higher than that under the coniferous forests. It was considered that this resulted from differences in organic matter content. Soil aggregates with larger diameter than 0.5mm were found more in Limestone bedrock than other smaller size soil aggregates of 0.25mm diameter were more distributed in Granite gneiss bedrock. Granite bedrock region had normal distribution in soil aggregate sizes with the highest frequency of 0.5mm diameter. Calcium and iron oxides had only partial influences on the soil aggregation in some specific conditions. But in Limestone bedrock region calcium influenced on the soil aggregation with the organic matter content.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.2
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• pp.175-190
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• 1994

In order to get fundamental information for prediction of landslide hazard, both forest and site factors affecting slope stability were investigated in many areas of active landslides. Twelve descriptors were identified and quantified to develop the prediction model by multivariate statistical analysis. The main results obtained could be summarized as follows : The main factors influencing a large scale of landslide were shown in order of precipitation, age group of forest trees, altitude, soil texture, slope gradient, position of slope, vegetation, stream order, vertical slope, bed rock, soil depth and aspect. According to partial correlation coefficient, it was shown in order of age group of forest trees, precipitation, soil texture, bed rock, slope gradient, position of slope, altitude, vertical slope, stream order, vegetation, soil depth and aspect. The main factors influencing a landslide occurrence were shown in order of age group of forest trees, altitude, soil texture, slope gradient, precipitation, vertical slope, stream order, bed rock and soil depth. Two prediction models were developed by magnitude and frequency of landslide. Particularly, a prediction method by magnitude of landslide was changed the score for the convenience of use. If the total store of the various factors mark over 9.1636, it is evaluated as a very dangerous area. The mean score of landslide and non-landslide group was 0.1977 and -0.1977, and variance was 0.1100 and 0.1250, respectively. The boundary value between the two groups related to slope stability was -0.02, and its predicted rate of discrimination was 73%. In the score range of the degree of landslide hazard based on the boundary value of discrimination, class A was 0.3132 over, class B was 0.3132 to -0.1050, class C was -0.1050 to -0.4196, class D was -0.4195 below. The rank of landslide hazard could be divided into classes A, B, C and D by the boundary value. In the number of slope, class A was 68, class B was 115, class C was 65, and class D was 52. The rate of landslide occurrence in class A and class B was shown at the hige prediction of 83%. Therefore, dangerous areas selected by the prediction method of landslide could be mapped for land-use planning and criterion of disaster district. And also, it could be applied to an administration index for disaster prevention.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.1-24
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• 1980

One of the most important basic problems for developing the new techniques in the field of road landscape planting practices in Korea, is to clarify, analyse, and evaluate the existing technical level through actual field survey on the various kinds of planting techniques. This study is, therefore, aimed at the good grasp of detail essences of the existing level of road landscape planting techniques through field investigations of the executed sites. In this study, emphasized efforts are made to the detail analysis and systematic rearrangements of such main subjects as; 1) principles and functions of the road landscape planting techniques; 2) essential elements in planning of it; 3) advanced practices in execution of planting of it; 4) and improved methods in maintenance of plants and lands as an entire system of road landscape planting techniques. The road landscape planting techniques could be explained as the planting and landscaping practices to improve the road function through introduction of plants (green-environment) on and around the roads. The importances of these techniques have been recognized by the landscape architects and road engineers, and they also emphasize not on]y the establishment of road landscape features but also conservation of human's life environment by planting of suitable trees, shrubs, and other vegetations around the roads. It is essentially required to improve the present p]anting practices for establishment of the beautiful road landscape features, specially in planning, design, execution, establishment, and maintenance of plantings of the environmental conservation belts, roadside trees, footpathes, median strips, traffic islands, interchanges, rest areas, and including the adjoining route roads.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.679-690
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• 2008

The objectives of this study are to investigate and analyze the vegetation structure and population dynamics of Berchemia racemosa habitats in the Weolmyung park in Gunsan city, and base on that to seek the ecological habitat conservation plan for the Berchemia racemosa. In results, the Berchemia racemosa habitats are located at $81{\sim}93$ meters above the sea level, in steep seaside slope of a mountain. The soil texture are silt loam mainly and soil pH were $4.1{\sim}5$. The vascular plants in the Berchemia racemosa habitats has been analyzed as 61 taxa; 33 families, 51 genera, 54 species, 6 varieties, and 1 forms. Berchemia racemosa as a Specific plant species by floral region was the class V. Berchemia racemosa habitats were classified into 7 vegetation communities of Quercus serrata community(A1), Alnus firm a community(A2), Platycarya strobilacea community(A3), Robinia pseudoacacia community(A4) and 3 Pinus densiflora communities(B1, B2, B3). The importance value of Berchemia racemosa were 30%(A1), 15%(A2), 27%(A3), 65%(A4), 18%(B1), 45%(B2) and 35%(B3) on shrubs layer and 12, 27, 20, 18, 11, 18, 21 % on herb layer. The constant companion species with Berchemia racemosa were Stephanandra incisa and Ligustrum obtusifolium. Total 103 populations appear in the 7 Berchemia racemosa habitats. Their spatial distribution pattern were clumped for the most part. The average height was 133cm, the root color diameter was 4.4cm and the ramification branch number was 9.4. From the results of this study, it is suggested the continued monitoring and the active protection measures for the Berchemia racemosa habitats.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.119-126
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• 2005

Soil erosion at Jawoon-Ri in Hongcheon highland is one of serious problems since saprolite piling on farmland has been typically practiced at 2-3 year's intervals. The objective of the case study was to survey management practices such as tillage, application of saprolite, and cultivating crops and to propose best management practices (BMP) to reduce soil loss in Jawoon-Ri, Hongcheon-Gun. Jawoon-Ri is located in the upper stream of Naerinchun. Upland areas of Jawoon 2 and 4Ri were 206.9 and 142.3 hectare, respectively. Estimation of soil loss in this study was based on USLE (Universal soil loss equation). Annual averaged soil losses were 15.6 MT per hectare in Jawoon-2Ri and 9.0 MT per hectare in Jawoon-4Ri, respectively. This case study tried to find methods to reduce soil erosion below tolerant soil loss level which is $11MT\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$. Estimated soil losses in more than 40% of uplands in Jawoon-2Ri and 4Ri were higher than tolerant soil loss level. Especially, edge of uplands undergone excessive soil erosion by concentrated runoff water. Therefore consolidation of upland edge was included as one of the proposed Best management practices BMP). The proposed BMP in this area were buffer strips, contour and mulching, diversion drain channel, grassed water-way, detour watet-way and cover crops and so on. Amounts for BMP requirements were 7,680 m for buffer strips, 123 ha (35%) for contour and mulching, 201 ha (57%) for diversion drain channel, 13,880 m for grassed water-way, 3,860 m for detour drainage, 8,365 m for sloping side consolidation and 3,492 ha for cover crops, respectively. Application of BMP are urgently needed in uplands which is direct conjunction with stream.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.99-109
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• 2015

The Ecosystem and Nature Map (ENM) is basic map for current status of natural resources. The map has been offered information to ecological conservation and restoration, as well as to land use planning and policy making. The map composed of 794 sheets in 1:25,000 scale classifies total areas into three grade zones (1st, 2nd and 3rd grade zones) and separately managed zone. In 2005, the first draft Ecosystem and Nature Map was prepared by the second National Ecosystem Survey. It was opened for the people to search and appeal. So 1,419 cases of public appeals on the first draft Ecosystem and Nature Map were submitted in 2005. After partial revision, the first Ecosystem and Nature Map was announced in 2007. The second draft Ecosystem and Nature Map was prepared by the third National Ecosystem Survey and opened to public in 2012. As a result, 1,263 cases of public appeals were submitted in 2012. Since the first announcement of the Ecosystem and Nature Map in April 2007, 182 cases of public appeals on the Map were submitted until December 2013. Among them, 159 cases were announced with revision. According to the first Ecosystem and Nature Map announced in 2007, graded areas covered 7.5% in the 1st grade zone, 39.2% in the 2nd grade zone and 44.7% in the 3rd grade zone of the national land area, respectively. In the second draft Ecosystem and Nature Map in 2012, areas of the 1st grade zone and the 2nd grade zone were 9.2% increased 1.7 percentage points and 45.5% increased 6.3 percentage points, and areas of the 3rd grade zone were 36.6% decreased 8.1 percentage points. Among areas of the 1st grade zone, Gangwondo occupies 54.3% in 2007 and 47.6% in 2012. Gangwondo consists of the highest percentage of the 1st grade zone and the smallest of the 3rd grade zone. Seoul has the highest percentage of the 3rd grade zone. There were the highest increase of the 1st grade zone in Gyeongsangbukdo and the highest decrease in Jeollabukdo and Seoul. Vegetation is the most important evaluation factor to determine the grade of the Ecosystem and Nature Map.