• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.223-227
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• 2007

Lichen is a symbiotic association which lichen-forming fungi associate with green algae or cyanobacteria capable of producing food by photosynthesis. Lichen is one of the most widely distributed eukaryotic organisms on every kind of surface of soils, rocks and trees. Lichen-forming fungi commonly colonize on the surface of barks of dead or dying trees, which they use merely as a means of support without parasitizing. Lichen consortium of Parmotrema autrosinense and several crustose lichens heavily colonized on the surface of P. mume in Suncheon, Jeonnam province in Korea. The lichen consortium on the surface of P. mume gave the affected trees a dull gray appearance and suppressed their normal growths. Severely affected twigs or branches resulted in the death when the lichen thalli were not rubbed off the barks of P. mume. Twigs or branches of P. mume were recovered from blight syndrome when the lichen thalli were rubbed off, The recovered twigs or branches became healthy and clean when $Tween^{(R)}$ 20 or thiophanate-methyl paste were treated on the barks of P. mume. This is the first report of lichen diseases on P. mume caused by colonization of consortium of several crustose lichens including P. autrosinense.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.239-246
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• 2014

To cope with the potential risks associated with invasive alien species, the Korean Government implemented the Biodiversity Act in 2014. Among the alien species not yet introduced into that country, 24 have been designated as alert species. These include mammals, birds, fish, mollusks, insects, and plants that may invade and cause serious harm to the ecosystem. Approval from the Ministry of Environment is required to import or carry any of them. Although these measures are more advanced than those from the previous legal framework, several terms still need to be improved. First, the category of alert species should cover not only those not yet introduced but also those that are being raised or cultivated at aquariums, botanical gardens, and zoos. Second, for applicants who intend to import or carry alert species, the government must provide them with detailed standards for the ecological risk assessment of alert species as well as guidelines for their safe use in Korea to prevent their unregulated release from confinement facilities into natural environments. Third, tools and protocols should be developed for early detection and rapid responses to those escapes.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.6
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• pp.633-638
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• 2007

The Elaeagnus macrophylla is a stenoecious evergreen plant with nitrogen-fixing symbionts and its timing of fruit-ripening coincides with spring migration of many birds in southwestern Korea. To recognize bird species which eat fleshy fruits of the Elaeagnus macrophylla and to evaluate the effects of bird ingestion on seed germination and dispersal, we monitored birds and carried out germination experiments using its fruits and seeds from March to April 2007 at Hongdo Island, Jeonnam Province, Korea. As a result, eight species of birds including the Gray Starling (Sturnus cineraceus), the Brown-eared Bulbul (Hypsipetes amaurotis) and the Dusky Thrush (Turdus naumanni) ingested the fruits. Germination rate was enhanced but length of seed dormancy was instead shortened in ingested (collected from the feces of birds) and manually extracted seeds (obtained directly from the fruits) than in intact fruits collected directly from the plant. Moreover, the possible scale of seed dispersal by the frugivorous birds ranged up to 6.9 ha based on home ranges of starlings. Consequently, the Elaeagnus macrophylla supplies food resources for migratory birds, and the birds give the plant opportunities of new colonization. We suggest that this kind of interaction between the nitrogen-fixing plant and avian seed dispersers is applicable as a process of natural restoration in degraded coastal evergreen forests.

• Proceedings of the Korean Quaternary Association Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.23-25
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• 2006

제4기 만빙기에서 후빙기 사이의 기후변화는 인류문명에 있어 정착생활 및 농경활동과 더불어 잉여생산물 저장을 위한 토기제작 등과 같은 생활상의 변화를 가져 온 계기가 되었다(F.M. Chambers, 1993; Guoyu Ren, 1998; Mori Y, 2002; Martin Bell et al., 2004). 식물화석, 화분, 식물규소체 등의 대리자료(proxy data)를 이용하여 이시기의 식생환경을 밝히는 것은 고생태복원분야 뿐 아니라 당시의 환경변수들 을 추정하여 인간활동에 어떠한 영향을 미쳤는지에 대한 중요한 정보를 제공해준다. 그러나 홀로세 초기 환경은 인간에게 지대한 영향을 미쳤으나 후기로 올수록 인간 스스로가 환경을 변화시키는 주체가 되었다(Martin Bell et al., 2004). Meyer&Turner(1994)는 인간활동이 자연적인 영향보다 생물구에 시계열적인 변화를 가져왔다고 하였으며, R.B Singh(1995)는 현재뿐 아니라 과거까지 다양한 인위 적인 간섭이 전지구적인 환경변화를 야기 시키는 주된 원인이라고 하였다. 따라서 환경을 복원한다는 것은 바로 그 지역을 생활 터전으로 삼았던 당시 선사인들의 생활상을 간접적으로 들여다 볼 수 있는 기회를 제공해준다. 현재까지 국내 고고학 유적지에서 이루어진 대부분의 발굴조사는 유물과 유구를 토대로 당시 선사인의 생활상을 밝히는데 중점을 두었으나 최근 인간과 영향을 주고 받았을 환경에 관심을 갖고 이를 통해 역으로 인간활동을 추적하려는 다수의 연구들이 제4기학, 고고학, 지리학, 인류학, 생물학, 농학, 기후학 등 다양한 분야에서 학제간 연구로 진행되고 있다(황상일 등, 1999; 조현종, 2000; 김주용 등, 2002; 최정민, 2004; 윤순옥 등, 2005). 그러나 이러한 연구에 있어서 어떠한 대리자료(proxy data)를 어떻게 고고학 유적지에 적절하게 적용시킬 것인지 대리자료의 조성변화나 값의 해석에 있어서 기후인자와 인간영향을 어떻게 분리해 낼 것인지에 대한 문제점이 남는다. 예를 들어 화분분석의 경우 1차적인 환경변화에 따른 식생조성변화를 반영한다. 인간이 활발한 농경활동을 하게 되면서 주변식생을 제거하게 되고, 제거된 나대지에는 재배작물과 잡초들이 자라게 된다. 그리고 이들 화분은 주변 소택지에 퇴적물과 함께 퇴적되어 화분분석 결과 벼과(科)(Gramineae)와 문화지표수종이라 부르는 여뀌속(屬)(Persicaria), 국화과(科)(Composite), 쑥속(屬)(Artemisia), 쐐기풀속(屬)(Urtica) 등의 화분에 있어 확연한 조성변화를 보여준다. 그러나 화분을 이용한 분석은 토탄층이나 유기질 퇴적물이라는 한정된 토양에서만 분석이 가능하며, 조성변화에 있어서 역시 기후와 인간활동의 영향 모두를 반영하기 때문에 이를 구분해 주는 명확한 기준이 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 이러한 다양한 대리자료 중 고고학 유적지에 적용 가능한 동식물 화석 및 미화석, 지리, 지질학적 자료에 어떠한 것들을 적용할 수 있는지를 살피고, 몇 가지 대리자료를 중심으로 선사인의 농경활동에 대해 살펴보고자 한다.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 2019

In the process of adapting climate change, the government needs to provide policy and technical support necessary for growing promising crops imported from abroad. Therefore, this study was conducted to survey and analyze the conditions of growth of imported foreign crops and to derive response tasks. As a result, tropical and subtropical vegetables were cultivated 18 crops in 920 farms in 321 ha area (in 2015 year). The cultivation scale decreased in the order of Curcuma aromatica, Momordica charantia, Asparagus aethiopicus, Allium hookeri and Herbs. Tropical and subtropical fruits were cultivated 9 crops in 264 farms in 106.5 ha area (in 2015 year). Special and medicinal crops introduced abroad cultivated 10 crops in 753 farms in 276.3 ha area (in 2015 year). The cultivation scale decreased in the order of Curcuma longa, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Lepidium meyenii and Moringa oleifera. For the stable settlement of domestic growth of tropical and subtropical crops introduced abroad, there should be safety and economic feasibility in terms of the cultivation environment according to the domestic culture adaptation test. Consideration needs to be given to the use of locally grown products in Korea, the securing of distribution and sales markets, and the competitiveness of imported products.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.223-233
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• 2011

The aims of this study is about distribution characteristics of tidal coastal landforms, and that changing process in the Hampyeung Bay, which has a semi-enclosed bay like basin shape without inflow of stream, the mouth of open sea is narrow and forms with wide ends toward inland sea. The source of deposits are moved materials by tidal currents and from coastal slopes. Main landform elements of study area consist of tidal flat, tidal channels, intertidal sand bar, sea cliffs, and sea terrace. Tidal flats is classified with mud flat and mixed flat by grain size composition. Mud flats have developed at the shoreline area that tidal flat is closed to the continuity of gentle slope, and mixed flat developed at the foot of the sea cliffs and sea terraces. Quaternary deposits were identified in the coastal materials sedimented by the sea-level change. According to the analysis of grain size composition during last ten years, sands and silt has increased 2% and 6% respectively, clay has been decreased by 9%. The concaved tidal flats are colonized by salt plants. Areal changes of salt plants expanded near four times from 2.4km² at the year 2001 to 9.3km² at the year 2009. During the same periods, mean grain size became coarser from 6.5φ to 4.5φ at the salt plants area.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.450-462
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• 2023

This study suggested methodology of Citizen Science as a tool of ecosystem conservation and management to achieve Wetland Protected Area (WPA) Conservation Plan and examined whose applicability in 3 WPAs (Jangrok of Gwangju metropolitan city, Madongho of Goseong in South Gyeongsang Province, and Incheongang estuary of Gochang in North Jeolla Province). It consists of a) figuring out main interests and stakeholder or beneficiaries of WPA and their information demand based on conservation, utilization, and management target in the WPA Conservation Plan, b) conducting research activities to gain outcome to address stakeholder's demand, and c) returning the research outcome to citizen scientists and making diffusion to the society. Based on the suggested method and process, citizen scientists conducted ecosystem monitoring (plants including Invasive Alien Plants, terrestrial insects, traces of mammals, discovering unknown wetland). As a result, citizen scientists contributed to collecting species information of 16 plans, 43 species of terrestrial insects, 5 mammals including Lutra lutra (Endangered Species I) and Prionailurus bengalensis (Endangered Species II). The authors constructed and provided distribution map of Invasive Alien Plants, which included information of location and density which citizen scientists registered, for Environment Agencies and local governments who manage 3 WPAs to aid data-based ecosystem policy, In further studies, not only accumulating research data and outcomes acquired from citizen science to suffice the policy demands but also deliberate reviewing policy applicability and social·economic ripple effect should be processed for the suggested Citizen Science in WPA to be settled down as a tool of ecosystem conservation and management.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.15 no.1 s.26
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• pp.7-16
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• 1976

In order to increase utility efficiency of red wood ants, Formica rufa truncicola var. yessonesis Forel as a resource of natural enemy of pine caterpillar, Dendrolimus spectabilis Butler, by finding out ecological and environmental factors in the habitat of red wood ants, the nest distribution and its density in habitat, plant distribution and density, stand-density of red pine, nest building and fixing plants, relative humidity of surface soil, physical and chemical natures of soil, and breeding rate were examined. The obtained results are summarized as follows: 1. The nest of red wood ants was densely distributed, in the lower-and middle top of mountain but no nest was found in the top. 2. The economical distribution of nest of habitat was estimated as $2.85/m^2$ and the lowest density as $1.93/m^2$ and these estimation lead us to confirm that pine caterpillar could be controlled. 3. The ecological characteristics of habitat seemed to be represented as higher stand-density of red pine of 10-20 years of age with large areas of eroded land under trees. The major grasses prevailing in this area were Andropogon brevifolius. Arundinella hirta, Miscanthus purpurasens, Eulia speciosa, Themeda japonica, Cymbopogon goeringii, and Eccoilpus cotulifer 4. Red wood ants seemed to build the nest by using red pine, Arundinella hirta, Miscanthus purpurascens, Themeda japonica or Cymbopogon goeringii as a fixing plant. 5. The limited point of humidity percent in habitat of red wood ants was estimated as $76\%$ during the acting period of May to September and as $72\%$ during pre-period of hibernation of October to November. 6. Soil analysis in habitating region showed higher concentration of organic matters and lower concentration of calcium and magnesium, and habitat was largely composed of silt and fine sand rather than coarse sand. 7. When the separated colony was transplanted to non-habitating red pine forest that seemed to have the similiar conditions as those of habitat, propagation and establishment of nest was possible.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.264-273
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• 1992

Availability of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) has been limited due to its poor introduction to swards and lack of persistence under improper grazing management. This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of initial defoliation stage and defoliation interval on the growth of white clover varieties. Individual plants of Regal (large leaf), Louisiana S.1 (medium-large leaf), Grasslands Huia (medium-small leaf) and S184 (small leaf) were grown in containers (4.5 $\times$ 13.5 cm) containing a 1:2:1 soil:sand:Promix until reaching to the stage of 1, 4, or 8 trifoliolates, and then clipped to remove all fully expanded leaves every 7 or 28 days (d). For analysis of morphological parameters, plants were sampled on the final harvest date (0 d), and 7, 14, 21, and 28 d after the final harvest date. Harvested dry weight (dw) of all varieties declined as defoliation interval declined or initial defoliation was made earlier. That of Regal was the highest as initial defoliation was delayed. On the 7 d regrowth shoot and root dw were increased as initial defoliation was delayed or interval lengthened, whereas on the 28 d regrowth the trend was alleviated. Root dw and biomass of Regal were higher than the other varieties during the whole regrowing period, when the increase of biomass resulted from that of shoot dw. Leaf areas and petiole lengths of all varieties declined under 7 d defoliation interval. The area and the length declined with earlier initial defoliation on the 7 d regrowth but not on the 28 d regrowth. Stolon length and growing tips of S184 were the highest and increased more steeply during regrowth, while those of Regal were the lowest and did slightly. It is concluded that the continuous defoliation and the first defoliation at earlier growth stage have detrimental effects on growth of white clover, although larger leaf types are more productive but less persistent in a sward than smaller leaf types.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.54-64
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• 2010

Effects of thirteen essential oils (anise oil, clove oil, marigold, mustard oil, neem oil, quassia, quilaja, rosemary oil, rotenone, tea tree extract, thyme oil, wintergreen oil, and yucca) and caffeine on typical industrial insect, silkworm (Bombyx mori) and two entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema carpocapsae GSN-1 strain (Sc) and Heterorhabditis sp. Gyeongsan strain (Hg) were investigated in the laboratory. When 1,000 ppm of each essential oils was treated, neem oil showed the highest insecticidal activity against silkworm. Mortality of silkworm fed on neem oil treated mulberry leaf was 55.3 and 100% 5 and 10 days after treatment, respectively. The silkworm fed on neem oil treated mulberry leaf did not make cocoon and pupa. Weight of cocoon and pupa was low in rotenone treatment showing 0.27 g and 1.01 g, respectively. Mustard oil had the highest nematicidal activity against entomopathogenic nematodes. 20 ppm of mustard oil resulted in 69.0% and 100% mortality of Sc and Hg 3 days after treatment, but 4% and 36% at 5 ppm in X-plate, respectively. Mortality of baited Galleria mellonella larva by Sc was not different from control at the concentration of 100 ppm of mustard oil while 30% lower in Hg in sand barrier. Mean numbers of established infective juveniles of Hg in Galleria larva were lower than Sc in sand barrier. Survival rate of Sc was similar to control at the concentration of <200 ppm of mustard oil in sand barrier.