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Effects of Bird Ingestion on Seed Dispersal and Germination of the Elaeagnus macrophylla  

Choi, Chang-Yong (Migratory Birds Center, National Research Institute)
Chae, Hee-Young (Migratory Birds Center, National Research Institute)
Publication Information
Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science / v.96, no.6, 2007 , pp. 633-638 More about this Journal
Abstract
The Elaeagnus macrophylla is a stenoecious evergreen plant with nitrogen-fixing symbionts and its timing of fruit-ripening coincides with spring migration of many birds in southwestern Korea. To recognize bird species which eat fleshy fruits of the Elaeagnus macrophylla and to evaluate the effects of bird ingestion on seed germination and dispersal, we monitored birds and carried out germination experiments using its fruits and seeds from March to April 2007 at Hongdo Island, Jeonnam Province, Korea. As a result, eight species of birds including the Gray Starling (Sturnus cineraceus), the Brown-eared Bulbul (Hypsipetes amaurotis) and the Dusky Thrush (Turdus naumanni) ingested the fruits. Germination rate was enhanced but length of seed dormancy was instead shortened in ingested (collected from the feces of birds) and manually extracted seeds (obtained directly from the fruits) than in intact fruits collected directly from the plant. Moreover, the possible scale of seed dispersal by the frugivorous birds ranged up to 6.9 ha based on home ranges of starlings. Consequently, the Elaeagnus macrophylla supplies food resources for migratory birds, and the birds give the plant opportunities of new colonization. We suggest that this kind of interaction between the nitrogen-fixing plant and avian seed dispersers is applicable as a process of natural restoration in degraded coastal evergreen forests.
Keywords
Elaeagnus macrophylla; evergreen forests; frugivorous birds; germination rate; natural restoration; nitrogen-fixing plant; seed dispersal; seed dormancy; seed ingestion;
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