• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.1062-1070
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• 2019

A components of garlic (Allium sativum) have anti-proliferative effects against various types of cancer. We aimed to investigate the capacity of garlic compounds to anti-tumor on a various cancer cell lines. Fractionation of garlic extract, guided by antiproliferative activity against human gastric cancer (AGS) cells, has resulted in the isolation of N-benzyl-N-methyldecan-1-amine (NBNMA). We investigated the effect of newly isolated NBNMA from garlic cloves on the inhibition of the growth of CT-26, AGS, HepG2, HCT-116, MCF7, B16F10, and Sarcoma-180 cells for in vitro and CT-26 colon carcinoma cells in vivo. NBNMA exhibited an antiproliferative effect in CT-26 cells by apoptotic cell death. NBNMA exhibited down-regulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins and up-regulation of apoptotic Bad protein expression in western blot analyses. In addition, NBNMA meagre activated caspase 3 and caspase 9, initiator caspases of the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis. NBNMA treatment at a dose of 10 mg/kg for 21 days in experimental mice implanted with tumors resulted in significant reduction of the tumor weight (43%). NBNMA exhibited both in vitro and in vivo anticancer activity. These results indicate that NBNMA has promising potential to become a novel anticancer agent from garlic cloves for the treatment of colon carcinoma cancer.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.82-91
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• 2021

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between antibiotic use and the antimicrobial resistance of gram-negative bacteria isolated from blood cultures in a pediatric population. Methods: From January 2014 to June 2018, the antibiotic resistance pattern of Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa obtained from bacteremic patients aged ≤18 years hospitalized at Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital was analyzed and the parenteral antibiotic consumption data were retrieved. Results: During the study period, the blood culture was positive for K. pneumoniae (6.4%; 105/1,628), E. coli (5.6%; 91/1,628), P. aeruginosa (3.3%; 54/1,628), and A. baumannii (2.5%; 41/1,628), and the extended-spectrum antibiotic resistance rate of gram-negative bacteria was consistently high. The overall resistance rate of E. coli and K. pneumoniae to extendedspectrum cephalosporin was 49.3% and 54.4%, respectively. Carbapenem-resistant E. coli was first detected in 2014; its overall resistance rate to carbapenem was 5.3%. There was a linear correlation between the usage of 3rd generation cephalosporin and the resistance of A. baumannii (r²=0.96, P=0.004) and carbapenem usage and the resistance of K. pneumoniae (r²=0.79, P=0.045). Conclusions: A positive linear correlation was observed between antibiotic resistance and the corresponding antibiotic usage in 3rd generation cephalosporin resistant A. baumannii and carbapenem resistant K. pneumoniae. The judicious use of antibiotics in healthcare settings is important to minimize selection for extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenem resistance in gram-negative bacteria.

• Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.253-260
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• 2020

Purpose: Soft tissue defects of the distal lower extremity are commonly accompanied by a fracture of the lower extremities. Theses defects are caused by the injury itself or by complications associated with surgical treatment of the fracture, which poses challenging problem. The reverse superficial sural artery flap (RSSAF) is a popular option for these difficult wounds. This paper reviews these cases and reports the clinical results. Materials and Methods: Between August 2003 and April 2018, patients who were treated with RSSAF for soft tissue defects of the lower third of the leg and ankle related to a fracture were reviewed. A total of 16 patients were involved and the mean follow-up period was 18 months. Eight cases (50.0%) of the defects were due to an open fracture, whereas the other eight cases (50.0%) were postoperative complication after closed fracture. The largest flap measured 10×15 cm² and the mean size of the donor sites was 51.9 cm². The flap survival and postoperative complications were evaluated. Results: All flaps survived without complete necrosis or failure. One case with partial necrosis of the flap was encountered, but the wound healed after debridement and repair. One case had a hematoma with a pseudoaneurysmal rupture of the distal tibial artery. On the other hand, the flap was intact and the wound healed after arterial ligation and flap advancement. A debulking operation was performed on three cases for cosmetic reasons and implant removal through the flap was performed in three cases. No flap necrosis was encountered after these additional operations. Conclusion: RSSAF is a relatively simple and safe procedure for reconstructing soft tissue defects following a fracture of the lower extremity that does not require microsurgical anastomosis. This can be a useful treatment option for soft tissue defects on the distal leg, ankle, and foot.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.305-319
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• 2020

A The purpose of this study was to determine the present state of the exercise rehabilitation field, promote elderly sport for all, and present a revitalization program for higher quality of life for the elderly in the coming era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and aged society. Literature review was performed to analyze the actual conditions of the activities for elderly sport for all and the relevant field of exercise rehabilitation, analyze the elderly health and welfare and elderly sport for all programs, and present a plan for revitalizing the field of exercise rehabilitation to promote elderly sport for all. First, it is necessary to reinforce the awareness and promotion of the need and importance of exercise rehabilitation in inducing seniors to participate in sport for all. Second, it is necessary to make it compulsory to place sport leaders for seniors at such places as elderly leisure and welfare centers and promote expertise in managing elderly health guidance efficiently through cooperation with welfare workers. Third, it is necessary to make it compulsory to take exercise rehabilitation and similar subjects in the curriculums of sport for all, elderly sport welfare, and silver welfare sport as well as the subject of volunteering activities at such places as elderly leisure and welfare centers with the aim of giving opportunities for career choice. Fourth, it is necessary to develop characterized exercise rehabilitation programs at senior welfare centers, community centers for the elderly, and elderly classes and employ experts equipped with exercise event and exercise rehabilitation capabilities as itinerant lecturers to contribute to the government's job creation policies through cooperation between the Ministry of Culture, Sports, and Tourism (MOCST) and the Ministry of Health and Welfare (MOHW). Fifth, it is necessary to make a greater investment in research and development required for elderly sport for all. Sixth, it is necessary to develop and distribute various exercise rehabilitation treatment videos and guidelines that seniors can use for themselves. This is associated with the fifth one; in particular, it is urgent to devise measures against Coronavirus 19. Seventh, it is necessary to reduce inefficiency and budget waste caused by overlapped tasks by establishing a new elderly sports promotion organization through adjustment by MOCST and MOHW; it is also necessary to increase the functions of organization establishment with the aim of reinforcing the education area, which involves post-retirement health care, exercise rehabilitation, safety accident prevention, and virus.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.184-190
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• 2021

Objectives : Dementia is one of the most distressing mental health problems in the older population. Caregivers also experienced physical, psychological, and emotional stress from taking care of dementia patients. So, we developed program for supporting dementia caregiver and evaluated its efficacy on reducing caregiver burden. Methods : We provided 5 sessions of dementia caregiver supporting program to 30 caregivers who were taking care of dementia patient in their home. Program was held in Cheonan Center for Alzheimer's disease and other dementia that was established by Cheonan city government for supporting dementia patients and their caregivers. We evaluated caregiver burden using short Zarit burden inventory consisted of 12 items scoring 0 (no burden) to 4 (everyday burden) before and after program. We evaluated satisfaction of caregiver about program using satisfaction survey consisted of 10 items scoring 0 (very dissatisfy) to 4 (very satisfy) after program. Results : Mean age of caregiver was 61.9. 40.0% (n=12) of caregivers were spouse. 53.3% (n=16) of caregivers were son or daughter. Caregiver burden that was estimated by short Zarit burden inventory were significantly decreased after program (p<0.001). When each item was compared, 4 items (7, 10, 11 and 12) were significantly decreased after program (p=0.036, p=0.018, p=0.01, p=0.024). All mean scores of 10 items about satisfaction were over 3 meaning that participants generally satisfied to program. Conclusions : Our study suggested that dementia caregiver supporting program could reduce caregiver burden and provide satisfaction. Therefore, programs for supporting dementia caregivers might be important as well as treating dementia patients. So, we should be interested in developing and providing efficiently this kind of program to reduce caregiver burden.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.189-197
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• 2022

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by recurring symptoms, airflow obstruction, and bronchial hyper-responsiveness. The onset of asthma for most patients begins early in life, and current asthma treatment with anti-inflammatory agents can have adverse effects, eventually leading to impaired quality of life. In the pathogenesis of asthma, macrophages and basophils play a vital role during progression. Macrophages not only induce inflammation by secreting inflammatory cytokines but also promote DNA damage and mucus production through nitric oxide (NO) production. Basophils enhance eosinophil recruitment and aggravate asthma through the FcεRIα receptor with high affinity for histamine and IgE. Therefore, in this study, we investigated whether the activation of macrophages and basophils is suppressed by the individual extracts of 28 natural products. RAW 264.7 cells (mouse macrophages) were treated with the natural products in LPS, and 4 natural product extracts resulted in decreased NO production. In β-hexosaminidase assay using RBL-2H3 cells (rat basophils), 19 natural product extracts decreased β-hexosaminidase production. In NO production and β-hexosaminidase assay using macrophages and basophils, 3 natural product extracts (Plantago asiatica, Centella asiatica, and Perilla frutescens var. japonica) significantly inhibited NO production and β-hexosaminidase release. Overall, we examined the inhibitory effects of 28 natural product extracts on macrophage and basophil activity, and the findings demonstrated the potential of natural product extracts for treating asthma and macrophage- and basophil-related diseases.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.325-330
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• 2022

While swimming is a very popular competitive sports activity, swimming injuries are unique due to the repetitive nature of the swimming stroke and demanding training programs that can result in upper limb overuse. Therefore, the primary objective of this review was to analyze swimmers' injury areas, injury types by stroke type, and swimming rehabilitation, as well as to discuss safety management for improving swimming performance. In this study, the injuries incurred in swimming events were discussed in the order of upper limb injuries (neck, shoulder, arm, and wrist), lower limb injuries (knee and ankle), and waist injuries. An analysis by stroke type found that shoulder injuries occurred most often with freestyle, backstroke, and butterfly strokes, followed by rotator cuff injury, impingement syndrome, and SLAP (superior labral tear from anterior to posterior) lesions. Knee injuries were associated with the breaststroke, whereas spinal cord injuries occurred with the breaststroke and butterfly stroke. Finally, back injuries were associated with the butterfly stroke. During the freestyle stroke, the shoulder undergoes repetitive overhead movement; hence, shoulder and musculoskeletal pain are the most common and well-documented complaints of swimmers. For safety management, coaches and instructors must ensure that athletes do sufficient warm-up and cool-down exercises to avoid injuries. In case of an injury, they should be familiar with first aid measures so that secondary damage can be prevented with its quick application. In addition, coaches and instructors need to be trained in injury prevention and treatment so that they can provide appropriate rehabilitation treatment for athletes. Although swimming-related injuries cannot be completely eliminated, to reduce them to a minimum, leaders need the knowledge to apply scientific and systematic training principles and methods individualized for each athlete.

• Korean Journal of School Psychology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.401-419
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to validate the Korean Implementation Fidelity Checklist of Tier 1 School-Wide Positive Behavior Support (KIFC-T1) for use in the Korean educational system. Tier 1 support, which is universal supports, within a multi-tiered, school-wide positive behavior support (SWPBS) model, aims to provide support to and prevent problem behaviors among all students in a school. The initial KIFC-T1 consisted of 48 items and 11 factors and was developed based on a literature review. Its content was validated by experts. The validated KIFC-T1 was introduced to 185 special school teachers who had experience implementing SWPBS and who used the instrument to assess the degree to which their schools had implemented Tier 1 support. Based on their responses, the construct validity of the KIFC-T1 was examined using factor, item, and internal consistency reliability analyses. The concurrent validity of the tool was examined using the PBS Evaluation Tool, School Climate Questionnaire, School Discipline Practice Scale, and PBS Effectiveness Scale. The analyses revealed that KIFC-T1 had a stable five-factor structure with 35 items, had good reliability (Cronbach's α=.956, each factor's Cronbach's α=.834-.951), and its results were statistically significantly correlated with those of the PBS Evaluation Tool, School Discipline Practice Scale, and the PBS Effectiveness Scale. However the KIFC-T1's results were not statistically significantly correlated with the results of the School Climate Questionnaire. These results suggest that KIFC-T1 is a reliable and valid tool for assessing the fidelity of universal support implementations.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.108-118
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• 2022

The subventricular zone (SVZ) in the brain contains neural stem cells (NSCs) that generate new neurons throughout one's lifetime. Many extracellular and intracellular factors that affect cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation of NSCs are already well-known. Recently, L-type calcium channels have been reported to regulate neural development and are present in NSCs, differentiating neuroblasts, and mature neurons in the SVZ. Nifedipine, a blocker of L-type calcium channels, has been long used as a therapeutic drug for hypertension. However, studies on the use of nifedipine to inhibit L-type calcium channels of NSCs are lacking. Herein, we treated NSCs cultured from mouse postnatal SVZ with nifedipine during neuronal differentiation. Nifedipine increased the number of Tuj1-positive neurons but did not significantly change the number of Olig2-positive oligodendrocytes. Nifedipine increased cell division during early differentiation, which was detected using the 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation assay and immunocytochemistry assessment by staining the cells with phosphorylated histone H3, a mitosis marker. Nifedipine increased the transcription of Dlx2, a neurogenic transcription factor, and the level of Mash1, a marker for early neurogenesis. In addition to nifedipine, verapamil, which is also an L-type calcium channel blocker, showed a slight increase in neurogenesis, but its statistical significance was very low. In contrast, pimozide, a T-type calcium channel blocker, did not affect neurogenesis, although T-type calcium channel genes Cav3.1, Cav3.2, and Cav3.3 were expressed. In summary, nifedipine might promote the neuronal fate of NSCs during early differentiation and calcium signaling through L-type calcium channels might be involved in neuronal differentiation, especially during the early stages of differentiation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.462-475
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• 2022

Purpose: Allomyrina dichotoma larvae are one of the approved edible insects with nutritional value and various functional and medicinal properties. Previously we have demonstrated that the Allomyrina dichotoma larval extract (ADLE) ameliorates hepatic insulin resistance in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced diabetic mice through the activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). This study investigated the effects of ADLE on insulin resistance in the skeletal muscle and explored mechanisms for enhancing the glucose uptake in palmitate (PAL)-treated C2C12 myotubes. Methods: To induce insulin resistance, the differentiated C2C12 myotubes were treated with PAL (0.5 mM) for 24 hours, and then treated with a 0.5 mg/ml concentration of ADLE, and the resultant effects were measured. The expression levels of glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4), AMPK, and the mitochondrial metabolism-related proteins were analyzed by western blotting. The mRNA expression levels of lipogenesis- related genes were determined by quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR. Results: The exposure of C2C12 myotubes to 0.5 mg/ml of ADLE increased cell viability significantly compared to PAL-treated cells. ADLE upregulated the protein expression of GLUT4 and enhanced glucose uptake in the PAL-treated cells. ADLE increased the phosphorylated AMPK in both the PAL-treated C2C12 myotubes and HFD-treated skeletal muscle. The reduced expression levels of peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator-1 alpha (PGC1α) and uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) due to the PAL and HFD treatment were reversed by the ADLE treatment. The citrate synthase activity was also significantly increased with the PAL and ADLE co-treatment. Moreover, the mRNA and protein expressions of fatty acid synthesis-related factors were reduced in the PAL and HFD-treated muscle cells, and this effect was significantly attenuated by the ADLE treatment. Conclusion: ADLE activates AMPK, which in turn induces mitochondrial metabolism and reduces fatty acid synthesis in C2C12 myotubes. Therefore, ADLE could be useful for preventing or treating insulin resistance of skeletal muscles in diabetes.