• Applied Microscopy
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.271-280
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• 2007

Tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein(TonEBP) is a transcriptional factor essential in the function and development of the renal medulla. TonEBP plays a critical role in protecting renal medullary cells from the deleterious effect of hypertonicity. TonEBP is a key regulator of urinary concentration via stimulation of transcription of urea transporter(UT) in a manner independent of vasopressin. UT in the renal inner medulla is important for the conservation of body water due to its role in the urine concentrating mechanism. Mongolian gerbil(Meriones unguiculatus) has been as an model animal for studying the neurological disease such as stroke and epilepsy because of the congenital incomplete in Willis circle, as well as the investigation of water metabolism because of the long time-survival in the condition of water-deprived desert condition, compared with other species animal. In this study, we divide 3 groups of which each group include the 5 animals. In the study of 7 or 14 days water restricted condition, we investigated the TonEBP and UT-A by using a immunohistochemistry in the kidney. In the normal kidney, the distribution of TonEBP is generally localized on nuclei of inner medullary cells. Nuclear distribution of TonEBP is generally increased throughout the medulla in 7 and 14 days dehydrated group compared with control group. Increased nuclear localization was particularly dramatic in thin limbs. In control groups, UT-A was expressed in inner stripe of outer medulla(ISOM) and inner medulla(IM). UT-A was present in the terminal part of the short-loop of descending thin limbs (DTL) in ISOM and also present in the inner medullary collecting duct(IMCD), where the intensity of it gradually increased toward the papillary tip. In the dehydrated kidney, UT-A immunoreactivity was increased in the short-loop of DTL in ISOM and in the long-loop of DTL in the initial part of IM, where was expressed moderate positive reaction in the normal kidney. Also it was up regulated in the IMCD in initial & middle part of IM. However UT-A down regulated in the IMCD, where the intensity of it gradually decreased toward the papillary tip. These findings suggest that increased levels of TonEBP in medulla and UT-A in shot-loop of DTL and IMCD play a important role for maintain fluid balance in the water-deprived mongolian gerbil kidney.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.280-288
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• 2008

Purpose: To identify the inter-fractional shift pattern and to assess an adequate treatment margin in the radiotherapy of a liver tumor using mega-voltage computed tomography (MVCT) of a tomotherapy unit. Materials and Methods: Twenty-six patients were treated for liver tumors by tomotherapy from April 2006 to August 2007. The MVCT images of each patient were analyzed from the $1^{st}$ to the $10^{th}$ fraction for the assessment of the daily liver shift by four groups based on Couinard's proposal. Daily setup errors were corrected by bony landmarks as a prerequisite. Subsequently, the anterior-, posterior-, right-, and left shifts of the liver edges were measured by maximum linear discrepancies between the kilo-voltage computed tomography (KVCT) image and MVCT image. All data were set in the 2-dimensional right angle coordinate system of the transverse section of each patient's body. Results: The liver boundary shift had different patterns for each group. In group II (segment 2, 3, and 4), the anterior mean shift was $2.80{\pm}1.73\;mm$ outwards, while the left mean shift was $2.23{\pm}1.37\;mm$ inwards. In group IV (segment 7 and 8), the anterior-, posterior-, right-, and left mean shifts were $0.15{\pm}3.93\;mm$ inwards, $3.15{\pm}6.58\;mm$ inwards, $0.60{\pm}3.58\;mm$ inwards, and $4.50{\pm}5.35\;mm$ inwards, respectively. The reduced volume in group II after MVCT reassessment might be a consequence of stomach toxicity. Conclusion: Inter-fractional liver shifts of each group based on Couinard's proposal were somewhat systematic despite certain variations observed in each patient. The geometrical deformation of the liver by respiratory movement can cause shrinkage in the left margins of liver. We recommend a more sophisticated approach in free-breathing mode when irradiating the left lobe of liver in order to avoid stomach toxicity.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.642-649
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• 2016

This study examined the meaning of instructional materials by observing the daily work of an infant class in a daycare center to make some suggestions on the accreditation and evaluation of instructional materials for early childhood education and educare. Ethnography was chosen to determine in detail what the instructional materials meant for the selected preschoolers. The activities that belonged to each area of free optional activities and made use of instructional materials were observed, and the eating time, nap time, and outdoor play were all observed. The data were gathered by visiting the selected daycare center. A participant observation and teacher interviews were conducted, and notes were taken on the spot. When their verbal expressions and nonverbal expressions needed to be observed owing to their unique characteristics, a camcorder was used to record their words to have a more profound understanding of them. All the collected data that included this researcher's observation note, the teacher interview data, the standard childcare curriculum manual, the daycare center's yearly, and the daily childcare plans and curriculum evaluation data were classified and categorized by performing an inductive analysis. As a result, the instructional materials had three meanings for the infants. The first was "friends who welcomed them and whom they could play with.' The second was "a cozy nest," and the third was "another teacher." Given the findings of the study, the preparation of standards for instructional materials for infants in childcare facilities is required, and even equipment that is used as instructional materials should be taken into consideration when instructional materials for infants are accredited.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.767-772
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• 2006

In this study, we sought to produce a double layer microcapsule containing Lactobacillus sp. as the core material. The conditions for this microencapsulation process were optimized for the formation of a microcapsule with high storage stability. The effects of the ratio of[core material] to [wall material], the type and concentration of emulsifier used, the stirring rate(dispersibility) and the temperature of the dispersion fluid on the microencapsulation yield were studied. The optimal concentration and type of emulsifier required in order to allow for the stable formation of a W/O type emulsion (a primary process in double layer microencapsulation) were 1.00% (w/w) and polyglycerol polyricinileate (PGPR, HLB 0.6). However, the optimal concentration and type of emulsifier required to construct a W/O/W type emulsion (a secondary process in double layer microencapsulation), were 0.65% (w/w) and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (PSML, HLB 16.7). Finally, we obtained a maximum yield of microencapsulation with a dispersion fluid stirring rate of 270rpm and a dispersion fluid temperature of 10$^{\circ}C$ after spraying a W/O/W type emulsion into the dispersion fluid.

• 한국지구과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.09a
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• pp.3-8
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• 2005

지구는 현재 태양계에서 액체 상태의 물이 표면에 존재하는 유일한 천체이다. 하지만, 고체 또는 기체 상태의 물은 태양계의 다른 행성이나, 위성, 소행성, 혜성 등에도 풍부하게 존재하고 있다. 풍부한 액체 상태의 물은 지구 표면에서 일어나고 있는 기후의 변화, 해류의 이동, 퇴적 및 침식 작용, 화산활동과 같은 여러 지구과학적 현상에 밀접하게 관여하고 있을 뿐 아니라 생명의 탄생과 진화에도 매우 중요한 역할을 하였다. 현재 지구 표면에 액체 상태의 물이 존재할 수 있는 이유는 태양으로부터의 거리, 지구의 조성 및 크기 등과 관련된 지구 표면의 물리-화학적 조건이 액체 상태의 물이 존재할 수 있는 조건과 일치하고 있기 때문이다. 이와는 달리 지구보다 태양에 더 가깝게 위치하고 있고, 두터운 이산화탄소 대기를 갖고 있어 표면의 온도가 매우 높은 금성의 경우 H2O는 기체 상태로 존재하며, 지구보다 더 멀리 떨어져 있고 희박한 대기를 갖고 있는 화성의 경우에는 현재 H2O가 고체 즉 얼음의 형태로 존재한다. 태양계를 탄생시킨 태양계 성운에서는 압력이 너무 낮아 액체 상태의 물이 존재할 수 없으며, 고온에서는 기체 상태로 매우 낮은 저온에서는 얼음의 형태, 또는 함수 광물 내에 포함되어 존재할 수 있다. 지구와 같은 규모의 행성은 비교적 중력이 작아 태양계 성운의 기체를 거의 끌어들이지 못했다. 따라서 현재 지구에 존재하는 물은 대부분은 고체 상태로 지구에 집적되었을 것이다. 하지만 지구가 탄생한 위치에서 초기 태양계의 온도는 얼음이 형성되기에는 너무 높았기 때문에 좀 더 먼 곳에서(현재의 목성 위치보다 바깥쪽)에서 생성된 얼음 즉, 혜성이 태양계 안쪽으로 들어와 지구에 물을 공급했거나 함수광물을 포함하고 있는 소행성(예를 들어 CI chondrites와 같은 조성의)이 물을 가져왔을 것으로 생각되고 있다.서의 활성화는 어미 변환과 관련된 영역이라기보다는 산출시 관련되는 articulation, motor coordinate관련 영역으로 추정되고, 측두엽의 활성화는 형태소, 의미 관련 지식의 data base로 추정된다. 또한 우반구 전두엽 부분에서 관찰된 활성화는 억제관련 영역으로 짐작된다.러한 동물실험이 그 기초를 제공해 줄 수 있을 것이다. 또한 행동성향 및 기억의 종류에 따른 약물효과의 차이는 기억과 관련된 질병인 알츠하이머 환자에 있어 개개인에게 맞는 적절한 특징적인 치료약물이 존재할 것이라는 가능성을 제공해줄 뿐만 아니라 학습과 기억력 증진 효과를 기대해 볼 수 있을 것이라고 생각된다. 및 지역산업발전의 기획${\sim}$조정기구로서, 선진국의 지역발전기구(Regional Development Agency : RDA)인 지역전략산업기획단이 2002년도부터 산업자원부와 9개 시도에 의해 설립되어 지역네트워크의 활성화와 클러스터의 형성 촉진을 하게 되었고 2004년도에는 13개시도로 확대${\sim}$운영되고 있고, 지역특화사업(H/W)과 지역산업기술개발과제(S/W)와 함께 패케지 형태로 지원되며, 주요역할은 크게 지역산업의 정책기획 분야와 평가관리, 지역혁신역량 조사 및 DB구축 등으로 구분된다. 그중에서도 권역별, 지역별, 지역산업진흥사업 육성과 중장기 산업발전계획을 수립하기 위하여 지역혁신역량을 바탕으로 한 지역 Technology Road Map(TRM)작성사업은 전국공통의 1단계 사업으로 실시 ?榮쨉?, 2005년 3월 기준으로 9개 지역(강원, 대전, 충남, 충북, 경북, 울산, 전남, 전북, 제주) 26개 산업분야를 대상으로 23개가 완료된 상황이다. 이를 근거로 한 지역정책과 R&D 과제 및 필요 인프라의 도출이 체계적으로 구축되어 지역산업 발전을 위한

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.330-335
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate residue levels of chlorantraniliprole and ethaboxam in inner part and outer leaves of a head-type Korean cabbage. Further, reduction of residues was measured after water washing, blanching and heat-cooking of the outer leaves. For chlorantraniliprole, residues in inner part and outer leaves were <0.01 mg/kg and 0.0757 mg/kg, respectively, in case of three-time spraying 30 days before harvest and <0.01 mg/kg and 1.19 mg/kg, respectively, in case of four-time spraying 10 days before harvest; for ethaboxam, <0.05 mg/kg and 0.216 mg/kg, respectively and <0.05 mg/kg and 1.18 mg/kg, respectively. Chlorantraniliprole and ethaboxam were not detected in inner part of the head-type Korean cabbage. Residue levels in outer leaves were very high as 10-100 fold as those in inner part of the cabbage. Therefore, there is no concern for safety of pesticide residues on kimchi prepared with the inner part of a head-type Korean cabbage. In addition, it needs to be noted that outer leaves should be carefully removed at harvest of the cabbage. Outer leaves water washed and blanched are called as Woogeogi, which is consumed after heat-cooking. In Woogeogi, residue concentrations of two compounds reduced to less than 10%, and further less than 5% by heat-cooking. This indicates that considerable amount of the test pesticide residues in outer leaves of a head-type Korean cabbage removed through water washing, blanching and heat-cooking.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.105-108
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• 2011

Extra-skeletal chondroma, characterized by its lack of connection with the adjacent bone, includes synovial chondromatosis, intra-articular and para-articular chondroma, and soft tissue chondroma. Among them, the last two lesions are extremely rare. This is the case about 20-year-old soldier, who had complained of tenderness of the knee, pain and fullness during knee flexion and limitation of motion after a hard military training. We found a mass in the x-ray and MRI and resect the mass surgically, which was a $5.5{\times}4{\times}3$ cm size hard solitary mass. On microscopic finding, it was consisted of lobulated hyaline cartilage and outer fibrous capsule, and we ascertained it as para-articular chondroma. We experienced a case of para-articular chondroma in the infrapatellar fat pad of the knee joint and present its clinical, radiologic and pathologic findings with literature review.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.51-61
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• 2008

This simulation study examined the effect of data acquisition error including the data type of TEM image, and incident beam intensity of the tilt series on 3D tomograms. Simulation was performed with the 3D head phantom model of Kak and Slaney, and the slightly modified 3D head phantom model with enhanced difference in absorption coefficients. Reconstructed tomogram for the original head phantom model using 8-bit gray-scale image was distorted with extremely high level of noise, while an acceptable result was obtained for the modified model. The results for the original model using wrong formulation for the transmitted beam intensity was proved to be incorrect. The high level of noise along the z direction was found in case of the modified model. On the other hand, the wrong value of incident beam intensity in both models gave distorted results. In order to reconstruct an artifacts-free 3D structure from the projections with invisible features in electron tomography, the 16-bit projection images should be used with the correct incident beam intensity which is applied to Beer's law.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.227-235
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• 1993

This study was carried out to evaluate the possibility of composting for organic solid waste from restaurants and domestics. Small three vessels were prepared which were conditioned to semianaerobic, convectional and air-blowed type. During the experiment period for 4 months, the values of volatile solid(VS) %, moisture % and carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio of the wastes in the vessels were stabilized, 80 % to 40-50 %, 80 % to 48-55 % and 18 to 8-10, respectively. On the basis of VS % and C/N ratio, the reactions were more adaptable to 2nd order formula than to 1st order one, Reaction rate constant of the 3 vessels were estimated, $4.96{\times}10^{-5}(day^{-1})$ in the semianaerobic type, $5.82{\times}10^{-5}(day^{-1})$ in the convectional type and $8.42{\times}10^{-5}(day^{-1})$ in the air-blowed type on VS. Compared reaction rate constants(k), it can be said that composting period shorten if air is supplied artificially and that vessels simular to those of this study are useful for household organic waste at the backyards.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.173-178
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• 2002

Fresh Shiitake mushrooms were irradiated by UV-B or dried by using hot air to increase the vitamin D$_2$content. Vitamin D$_2$content was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography Irradiating the inside of the mushroom cap was more effective in increasing vitamin D$_2$content than irradiating the outside of the mushroom cap. Irradiation of UV-B at 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 J/㎠ increased the content of vitamin D$_2$in the mushroom to 21.51, 120.78, 144.38, 168.08, and 187.69 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g, respectively. Vitamin D$_2$content of Shiitake mushrooms with irradiation of 10 J/㎠ decreased from 187.69 to 98.78 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g by 6 hours of hot-air drying. When three kinds of drying method (UV-B irradiation followed by hot-air drying, hot-air drying, and sunlight drying) were compared, the combination of UV-B irradiation and hot-air drying was the most effective in terms of increasine the vitamin D$_2$content in the mushroom.