• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.23 no.5 s.83
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• pp.147-155
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• 2005

The purpose of this paper is to develop a method for estimation of reliable path-travel time using data obtained from the toll collection system on freeways. The toll collection system records departure and arrival time stamps as well as the identification numbers of arrival and destination tollgates for all the individual vehicles traveling between tollgates on freeways. Two major issues reduce accuracy when estimating path-travel time between an origin and destination tollgate using transaction data collected by the toll collection system. First, travel time calculated by subtracting departure time from arrival time does not explain path-travel time from origin tollgate to destination tollgate when a variety of available paths exist between tollgates. Second, travel time may include extra time spent in service and/or rest areas. Moreover. ramp driving time is included because tollgates are installed before on-ramps and after off-ramps. This paper describes an algorithm that searches for arrival time when departure time is given between tollgates by a Progressive Iterative Forward and Backward (PIFAB) search method. The algorithm eventually produces actual path-travel times that exclude any time spent in service and/or rest areas as well as ramp driving time based on a link-based procedure.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.369-375
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• 2015

Purpose: The current study was performed to estimate the changes in reading speed and blinking rate according to different background colors when reading paper book and further investigate their correlation. Methods: Twenty-nine adults (10 males, 19 females) who consented to the present study and had no ocular disease, ocular surgery history showing normal binocular vision were participated into the study. The subjects were asked to read the novels with black letter printed on white, red, green and blue background for 15 min, respectively. Then, the reading speed per page and blinking rate per page were measured during reading and analyzed according to background colors. Results: Reading speed per page according to the background color showed a tendency to accelerate in the white and green background as the reading time increased however, it was almost unchanged in the blue background and rather decelerated in the red background. On the other hand, the blinking rate per page tended to decrease in all background as the reading time was increased however, the smallest reduction was shown in the red background. There was a correlation that the reading speed increased as the blinking rate decreased in all backgrounds and the best correlation was shown in the green background. Conclusions: From the results, a correlation between the increasing reading speed and the reducing blinking rate while reading paper book with same demand on accommodation and convergence was confirmed however, the change in blinking rate and reading speed was varied depending on the main wavelength of light. It might mean that the working speed and visual fatigue can be varied depending on the difference of main wavelength when doing near work. Thus, it can be suggested that the adjustment of working environment and conditions should be made according to the kind of required perception.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.161-172
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• 2005

This study is to develop Bus Transit Route Analysis and Evaluation Model that can product the quantitative performance measures for Bus Transit Route Network Design. So far, in Korea, there are no so many models that evaluate a variety of other performance measures or service quality that are of concern to both the transit users and operator because of lower-level bus database system and transit route network analysis algorithm's limit. The BTRAEM in this research differ from the previous approach in that the BTRAEM employs a multiple path transit trip assignment model that explicitly considers the transfer and different travel time after boarding. And we develop input-output data structure and quantitative performance measure for the BTRAEM. In the numerical experimental applying BTRAEM to Mandl transit network, We got the meaningful results on performance measure of bus transit route network. In the future, we expect BTRAEM to give a good solution in real transit network.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.575-586
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• 2019

In order to find out perception of group home for the people with disabilities worker on sexual behavior of adults with developmental disabilities in a holistic way, This study conducted in-depth interviews with six research participants using Giorgi's phenomenological study method to understand the meaning of perception of sexual behavior of adults with developmental disabilities. According to data analysis, these experiences appeared as two thematic themes: 'sexual trouble behavior' and 'perception of sexuality'. Two sub-themes of 'Excessive expression of sexual desire', 'Improper sexual behavior that can lead to sexual offenses' were derived from the essence theme of 'sexually problematic behavior' and 'perception of sexuality' were derived from the essence theme of 'lack of suitable solution', 'conditions that are not enough to have sex appeal', 'frustrated sexuality', 'some dilemma problem', 'sexuality that is not different from non-disabled', and 'love and sex are ok, pregnancy and marriage are no'. Based on this, group home caregivers contribute to their role as the main agents who reinforce and reproduce the sexual norms of adults with intellectual disabilities, while at the same time they experience confusion in their values about sexual norms of people with intellectual disabilities. Based on the results, We discusses the major intervention plan for education programs to enhance the competences of group home caregivers in order to form a holistic perspective of group home caregivers in sexuality of people with intellectual disabilities, and provide rational solutions.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.444-462
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• 2003

There has been emerging general agreement on the relative importance of producer services in a economy. This research describes the spatial patterns and trends in producer services at different spatial scales. The other research aim is to explain the impacts of producer services on spatial changes at the national level and at the intra-metropolitan level in Seoul. Producer services have highly concentrated in metropolises, especially Seoul. Between 1986 to 2001, an important spatial change in the producer services at the national level has been their growth in the Capital Region, reinforcing the role and function of Seoul. This reinforced role of Seoul is closely related to its competitive advantages arising from economies of urban. There have been some dramatic changes in the location of producer services within Seoul. The most important change was the growth of the Youngdong area, previously a sub-center for businesses, as the most important location for producer services, exceeding the previous dominant role of the CBD area. The changing urban form of Seoul is partly related to the onset of some diseconomies of urbanization in the CBD, while at the same time Youngdong has reached a stage at which it is benefiting from the agglomeration of a variety of firms, in addition to a favourable social and physical infrastructure.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.33
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• pp.99-126
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• 2013

This study is meant to be seeing how fun of animation works by reviewing it theoretically and coordinating it to suggest the structure which integrates fun of animation and validates the proposed fun model. After reviewing fun theoretically, the fun of animation could be able to coordinate that fun of animation is consist of perceptive fun, cognitive fun, and psychological fun. Perceptive fun is induced by visual, auditory and other sensory information and it is directly affected the image, sound, and movement. Cognitive fun can be obtained by reasoning and interpretation to mobilize their knowledge with sensuously perceived stimulation and it is directly affected the story. Psychological fun occurs when the audience see the animation. The psychological fun is the psychological emotional state when the audience watches animation by relieving psychological congestion. It consists of fun of unfamiliarity or identification. By suggesting research model and validating it how the perceptive fun, cognitive fun, and psychological fun affects each other, perceptive fun enhances cognitive fun and psychological fun. Although cognitive fun enhances psychological fun, cognitive fun enhances psychological fun twice than perceptive fun. Also when perceptive fun affects psychological fun, cognitive fun shows the indirect effect as a parameter. In conclusion, perceptive fun affects psychological fun directly and be enhanced through cognitive fun. Fun of animation can be experienced when perceptive fun caused by accepting sensory information of animation instantly, cognitive fun caused by interpretation and understanding sensory information of animation, and psychological fun caused by relieving psychological identity through recognition fuses and acts as one. An animation emphasized a certain element is difficult to be loved by the audience. In this reason, an harmonical combination among the elements of story, image, sound and movement are important to combinate harmoniously for a successful animation to make the audiences fun by arising funny emotions.

• 한국노년학
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.143-168
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• 2018

While there were posed arguments that social treatment to older persons should be based on the perspective of human rights turning into the 21st century, policy efforts to protect and promote the rights of older persons in international community have slowly proceeded. In this situation existing studies on the rights of older persons in the international perspective have been fragmented in their contents, lacking systematic overview of policy efforts to strengthen the rights of older persons in international community. This study aims to be the one that could be such a systematic study to overview international policy efforts to strengthen the rights of older persons through analyzing the background of posing the problem of the rights of older persons, problems in existing international norms for human rights applicable to older persons, and measures to strengthen the rights of older persons and controversial issues. Existing international norms on human rights that are Universal Declaration of Human Rights, international conventions on the rights in terms of area of rights and target population, and policy recommendations, are narrow in the scope of rights to be protected, and also lack legal force in their implementation. The international community has generally reached a consensus on strengthening the rights of older persons. However, there have been two different positions: strengthening existing norms on human rights versus creating a new convention on the rights of older persons. And also there have appeared many controversial points in both positions. Conclusively this study, arguing the creation of a new convention, suggests implications for Korean society and research studies.

• Journal of the Korean School Mathematics Society
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.445-464
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• 2017

This study targeting 10 high school 3rd grade students who have studied space figures in natural sciences track analyzes the process of analogical discovery from the construction of inscribed and circumscribed circles of a triangle to that of inscribed and circumscribed spheres of a tetrahedron through the analytical method using Geogebra. The subjects are divided into two groups of five, the experimental group consisting of those who have experienced analytical method and the comparative group consisting of those who haven't. This research analyzing the process of constructing inscribed and circumscribed spheres of a tetrahedron. Although students of both groups all have an accurate preliminary knowledge of inscribed and circumscribed circles of a triangle, they have difficulty in constructing inscribed and circumscribed spheres of a tetrahedron. However, the students of experimental group who have studied the constructing process of inscribed and circumscribed circles of a triangle in reverse using analytical method and Geogebra can perform analogical discovery finding out the way to construct inscribed and circumscribed spheres of a tetrahedron using analogy by themselves. They can control and explore space figures by visualization. Also, they can immediately examine and provide feedback on the analogizing process of their own. In addition, the process affects the attitude of students toward mathematics positively as well as gives validity to the result of analogy.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.8
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• pp.2780-2792
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• 2010

In this study, we examine what components of e-learning environment affect e-learners' satisfaction. We focus on the task based approach to perceived website complexity(PWC). We study about the role of e-tutor using the internet, telephone, text message and e-mail etc. To test our model, we collected 235 data from online learners of Korea Culture & Content Agency using survey method. The research was conducted by SPSS15.0. Our results show that the relationship between PWC and e-learner satisfaction was negative. The rules of e-tutor are supporting e-learning service and facilitating recommendation intention. This study provides implications to design future e-learning service, understand user's herd behavior and evaluate learning process developed.

• Journal of the HCI Society of Korea
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.17-33
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• 2018

Humans process aesthetic functions of objects such as form, size, color, and texture through vision, while at the same time observe them with a symbolic function by a new psychological interpretation based on their past experience. Therefore, it is more important to study and understand the thoughts and psychological influences of how humans perceive with their eyes than what humans simply look with them. With this research purpose in the background, this study will demonstrate in detail the cognitive characteristics of analog and digital images as a symbolic function with a "formative" point of view. Five hypotheses were established, which were proven through the following tests: smartphone, most frequently used in our daily lives, is simplified to a two-dimensional line drawing form, which is set to instances where the R(radius) is applied to the horizontal line of the two-dimensional form of smartphone, where Run-in-R(radius) is applied, and R(radius) rounding is applied to the edges of those shapes. The shapes were combined to form 12 pairs, which was used in a test to the test subjects. As a result, some human characteristics were observed; in specific, some helped prove objectively how humans perceived analog and digital images as psychologically stronger as a symbolic function. If people's thoughts and feelings gained through such study could be stored in database as one value and be provided to product designers, I believe it could be developed into design form as a basic emotional design that consumers desire.