• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.201-210
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• 2007

Many diseases occur by stress or effect of stress. The basis for using hormones in research of stress is the observation that most systems in the body show changes during stress and that hormonal markers in these changes are related with stress. Conceptually, the central role of sympathetic nervous system(SNS) and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal(HPA) axis activity in stress provides copious justification for measuring hormonal changes. Catecholamines like epinephrine and norepinephrine, cortisol, testosterone and growth hormone and so on show sensitive reaction to stress. The major advantage of salivary sample to stress research is that its sampling technique can be performed in non-stressful conditions and without physical restraint and ethical problems. Because hormone levels in saliva is a good reflection of hormone levels in plasma, application of stress hormones in saliva is very useful for research of orofacial pain related with stress.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.281-287
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• 2017

Stress in skin plays a significant role in both the direct/indirect regulation of cellular processes occurring in hair, which in turn affect the hair cycle. However, experimental data regarding the effects of stress-related corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) released by stress on the apoptotic process involved in hair is limited. Therefore, we investigated the acceleration of early-stage apoptosis induced by atopy-related stress using a 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene NC/Nga mice model. Expression of CRF, its related proteins, annexin V, and mitochondrial dysfunction were measured by immunohistochemical analyses. Atopic stress strongly stimulated stress hormones response, such as CRF and adrenocorticotropic hormone, in outer epithelial sheath of the hair. Moreover, its stress induced mitochondrial damage and early-stage apoptosis of cells in hair root. These findings suggest that hair damage due to apoptosis in atopy model is accelerated in a high CRF environment. Importantly, the effect of stress-related CRF on apoptosis processes involved in atopy dermatitis-related hair loss, suggests that the CRF-regulating development or maintenance materials may provide effective therapeutic strategies for hair health.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.394-402
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of chronic unpredictable stress on the reproductive function and ovarian luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) expression. 9-week-old C57BL/6 female mice were randomly divided into two groups: control group and stressed group. Mice have been stressed twice a day for 35 days with 12 different stressors which were randomly selected. The results demonstrate that there is significant increase in the anxiety-related behaviors (P < 0.05), decrease body weight gain rate (P < 0.01) and decrease in the average of litter size in stressed mice compared with control group (P < 0.01). Furthermore, the rate of primary, secondary and early antral follicles in stressed mice significantly decreased (P < 0.05), whereas that of atretic follicles significantly increased compared with control mice (P < 0.01). The immunohistochemical analysis revealed that reduced LHR expression in granulosa cells of follicle and luteal cells of corpus luteum in response to chronic unpredictable stress. The western blot analysis revealed significantly decrease in LHR expression in the stressed mice ovaries compared with the control (P < 0.05). These results suggest that ovarian LHR expression affected by chronic unpredictable stress and the modulated ovarian LHR is responsible for ovarian follicular maldevelopment and reproductive dysfunction.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.3833-3838
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• 2010

Brainwave can be the most effective means of detecting the state of the brain that changes moment by moment. Since brain has closed relations with hormones which are a foundation of metabolism, it needs to examine closely the mutual relationship between brainwave and hormone. We examined the possibility to find out such information about metabolism by comparing brainwave with cortisol hormone. The major variables are anti-stress quotient of brainwave and cortisol density which give stress information of the working women, to measure from March 3 to May 28, 2007. To find out the relationship between them, we performed such statistical analysis about the before and after of brainwave training as t-test, correlational analysis and regression analysis. We obtained following results: First, considerable changes of variables is shown by brain-wave training. Second, there exist a correlation between variables. Third, according to regression analysis, influence between variables is verified. Thus, we found that stress information of hormone analytical level can be obtined only through brainwave analysis.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.81-92
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• 2001

Stress has been linked to the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of various psychiatric illnesses. Over the past few years, our understanding of the brain and neuroendocrine systems that are linked to stress responses has increased enormously. This article reviews a series of animal and human studies to understand what are the central pathways by which stress is perceived, processed, and transduced into a neuroendocrine response. We focus on the limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal(LHPA) axis and several neurotransmitter systems such as norepinephrine, CRF, serotonin, acetylcholine, and dopamine. LHPA stress circuit is a complex system with multiple control mechanisms which are altered in pathological states. CRF and related peptides in the central nervous system appear to enhance behavioral responses to stressors. Norepinephrine systems are also activated by stressors and cause the release of catecholamines from the autonomic nervous system. CRF-norepinephrine interaction makes a feed-forward system which may be important for an organism to mobilize not only the pituitary system but also the central nervous system, in response to environmental challenges. The interactions among several neurotransmitters and endocrine systems appear to play key roles in mediating various behavioral and psychological stress responses involving abnormal responses to stressors such as anxiety and affective disorders.

• Journal of Marine Life Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.56-62
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• 2016

In the present study, to clarify a possible relevance of blind-side hypermelanosis to chronic stress in cultured flounders, P. olivaceus, a serial experiment was tried with comparison of biochemical stress factors between wild type and hypermelanic type in cultured olive flounders. The mean size of experimental animal was total length 21.5±0.42 cm and body weight 87.5±6.1 g. The initial malpigmented area rate on the blind side skin was 0.63±0.12% and 16.7±4.7%, respectively, in the wild type and the hypermelanic type. The stress factors surveyed in the experiment were glucose (GLU), total protein (TP), cortisol, free type-thyroid hormones (FT₃ and FT₄) in plasma, and also moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, and crude ash in body muscle. As a result, GLU and TP were higher in hypermelanic type than in wild type. Plasma cortisol was also higher in hypermelanic type than in wild type. In FT₃ and FT₄, any difference between two groups was not observed. In body nutrient factors, the moisture and the crude ash in body composition were not different between two groups, but the crude protein was low and the crude lipid was high in the hypermelanic type. Therefore, it is concluded that the blind-side hypermelanosis of cultured flounders could be related with a chronic stress.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.413-421
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• 2014

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is involved in the stress response and there is increasing evidence that stress influences skin disease such as hair loss. In cultured human hair follicles, CRF inhibits hair shaft elongation, induces premature regression and promotes the apoptosis of hair matrix keratinocytes. We investigated whether CRF influences the dermal papilla cells (DPC) that play pivotal roles in hair growth and cycling. Human DPCs were treated with CRF, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol, key stress hormones along the hypothalamic-pituitary -adrenal (HPA) axis for 1-24 h. Interestingly, CRF modulated the expression of cytokines related to hair growth (KGF, Wnt5a, $TGF{\beta}-2$, Nexin) and increased cAMP production in cultured DPCs. CRF receptors were down-regulated by negative feedback systems. Pretreatment of CRF receptor antagonists or protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor prevented the CRF-induced modulation. Since the CRF induces proopiomelanocortin (POMC) expression through the cAMP/PKA pathway, we analyzed POMC mRNA. CRF stimulated POMC expression in cultured human DPCs, yet we were unable to detect ACTH levels by western blot. These results indicate that CRF operates within DPCs through CRF receptors along the classical CRF signaling pathway and CRF receptor antagonists could serve as potential therapeutic and cosmetic agents for stress-induced hair loss.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.1188-1197
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• 2019

Exposure to stress can lead to sympathetic hyperactivity, which include a systemic disease with lesions in a broad spectrum of organs and a psychiatric condition. The purpose aimed to evaluate the effect of the korea ginger essential oil on stress hormone and brain tissue response in chronic mild stress-induced rats model of sympathetic hyperactivity. Evaluation method carried out cytotoxicity assessment and component analysis, what observe the effects based on serum biomarker and histopathological analysis of brain tissue. As this time, the korea ginger essential oil was treatment at doses of 100 nl/㎖ for 2 weeks after make a chronic mild stress-induced rats model of sympathetic hyperactivity. As a result, the korea ginger essential oil was not toxic at less than 100 nl/㎖, contents of 6-gingerol was 345 ppm. Compared to the control rats, the korea ginger essential oil treatments significantly reduced the serum concentrations of stress hormone (i.e., ACTH, corticosterone, melatonin). Furthermore, The korea ginger essential oil treatments effectively preserved the TH-immune response was occasionally interrupted in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). The results indicate that the korea ginger essential oil improved sympathetic hyperactivity. Thus, the korea ginger may be a novel material of aroma oils for the management of sympathetic hyperactivity.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.10
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• pp.1127-1131
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• 2018

Cortisol, a steroid hormone, functions within metabolism, immune response, and stress. Intense or prolonged physical exercise increases cortisol levels to enhance the gluconeogenesis pathway and stabilize blood glucose level. However, cortisol also exerts a negative impact on muscle function and creates a stressful environment in skeletal muscle cells. The present study investigated the function of cortisol as a stress hormone. To examine the effect of the exercise-induced hormone cortisol on skeletal muscles, C2C12 cells were cultured and treated with cortisol at different concentrations. As a result, we found that the morphology of C2C12 changed remarkably with 5 ug/ml cortisol treatment. Western blot analysis was conducted to learn whether ER-stress and autophagy were induced. We found that the expression ratio of LC3I/LC3II decreased and BiP expression increased after cortisol treatment. In addition, immunocytochemistry analysis with IER3 antibody clearly showed that apoptosis is induced after 12-hour cortisol treatment. These results indicate that cortisol treatment could induce apoptosis, ER-stress, and autophagy in muscle cells. This study would provide valuable information in the study of the effects of exercise on skeletal muscle cells and the development of additives to reduce cortisol stress.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.551-563
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics of health-related indicators according to the participation of swimming program by adults with intellectual disabilities(ID). To this end, 20 adults with IDs, aged 20-39 living in Busna, were selected. Participants divided into two groups: swimming program participation(n=10) and non-participation(n=10). Data were collected by measuring the subjects health-related physical fitness, stress hormones, and immune function and data analysis was conducted using SPSS 18.0, paired t-test, independent t-test and two-way ANOVA. As a result, muscle strength(p<.001), muscular endurance(p<.001), flexibility(p<.001), cardiovascular endurance(p<.01) improvement of exercise group significantly but there was no significant difference in the control group. The stress hormone cortisol(p<.01) was significantly decreased in the exercise group and there was no significant difference in the control group. The immunoglobulins, IgA(p<.05), IgG(p<.001), IgM(p<.05) were significantly increased in the exercise group, but not significantly different in the control group. Therefore, regular swimming program can be said to be a very effective exercise program for improving the physical fitness of adults with IDs, and it is thought that it can reduce stress and help improve immune function. This suggests the need for active physical activity program development and intervention to maintain the health of adults with IDs and prevent chronic diseases.