• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.95-116
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• 1996

As considering a comparison study of the structure of mind and psychologic type of C.G Jung to Ji-In-Lon and Sa-Sang constituition of Lee Je Ma, I've got the following conclusion. 1. The study of the structure of mind of Jung and Ji-In-Lon of Lee Je ma have a important meaning to each theory of type of men. They developed their own peculiar theory of type men by the analysis of the mind of men. 2. Jung explained the organization of recognition by four phase theorical structure; consciousness, personal unconsciousness, collective unconsciousness, self. Lee Je Ma explained the organization of recognition by four phase theorical structure;Sa, Sim, Sin, Mul. And theory of type of men, Jung established four type; Tae-Yang-In, Tae-Um-In, So-Yang-In, So-Um-In, They all established the four phase structure, which have things in common. 3. Jung studied the consciousness and unconsciousness and Lee Je Ma studied the Sung-In, Eui, Ye, Ji, and Sim-Yock-Bi, Bak, Tam, Na. I think they have a close relationship. And I think there is relationship between consciousness, unconsciousness to Gun-Ja-Ji-Sim, So-In-Ji-Sim. 4. I think there is thought of relationship between Lee Je Ma's Dae-Dong, Gak-lip, Hang-gi-ji, Hang-gi-hang and Ho-sun, Oh-ak, Sa-sim, Tae-hang and relationship of internal organ's size to Jung's the first function, second function, third function, fourth function. 5. I think the relationship between the type of Jung;thinking type, feeling, type, sensation type, intuition type to the type of Lee Je Ma; Tae-Yang-In, Tae-Um-In, So-Yang-In, So-Yang-In, So-Um-In needs more study.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.357-384
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• 2001

In this paper, we described practical teaching-learning plans based on three different theoretical approaches to Integrated Science Education (ISE): a knowledge centered ISE, a social problem centered ISE, and an individual interest centered ISE. We believe that science teachers can understand integrated science education through this paper and they are able to apply simultaneously our integrated science teaching materials to their real instruction in classroom. For this we developed integrated science teaching-learning plans for the topic of energy which has a integrated feature strongly among integrated science subject contents. These modules were based upon the teaching strategies of 'Energy' following each integrated directions organized in the previous paper (Three Strategies for Integrated Science Teaching of "Energy" Applying Knowledge, Social Problem, and Individual Interest Centered Approaches) and we applied instruction models fitting each features of integrated directions to the teaching strategies of 'Energy'. There is a concrete describing on the above three integrated science teaching-learning plans as follows. 1. For the knowledge centered integration, we selected the topic, 'Journey of Energy' and we tried to integrate the knowledge of physics, chemistry, biology, and earth science applying the instruction model of 'Free Discovery Learning' which is emphasized on concepts and inquiry. 2. For the social problem centered integration, we selected the topic, 'Future of Energy' to resolve the science-related social problems and we applied the instruction model of 'Project Learning' which is emphasized on learner's cognitive process to the topic. 3. For the individual interest centered integration, we selected the topic, 'Transformation of Energy' for the integration of science and individual interest and we applied the instruction model of 'Project Learning' centering learner's interest and concern. Based upon the above direction, we developed the integrated science teaching-learning plans as following steps. First, we organized 'Integrated Teaching-Learning Contents' according to the topics. Second, based upon the above organization, we designed 'Instructional procedures' to integrate within the topics. Third, in accordance with the above 'Instructional Procedures', we created 'Instructional Coaching Plan' that can be applied in the practical world of real classrooms. These plans can be used as models for the further development of integrated science instruction for teacher preparation, textbook development, and classroom learning.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.57-70
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• 2021

As COVID-19 spreads, people's interest in smart learning that can do non-face-to-face learning is increasing nowadays. In this study, we aim to empirically analyze how users' thoughts on COVID-19 and the information quality and system quality of smart learning systems affect users' acceptance of smart learning and examine the effect of perceived sensitivity and severity of COVID-19 on the satisfaction and use of smart learning through concerns about the risk of transmission. In addition, we examined the influence of information quality composed of content quality and interaction quality and system quality composed of system accessibility and functionality on the use of smart learning through user satisfaction. To verify the validity of the proposed model, we conducted a survey on 334 users with experience in using smart learning, and performed the analysis using Smart PLS 3.0. According to the analysis results, among information quality and system quality, only functionality has a positive (+) effect on the satisfaction of smart learning, and satisfaction has a positive (+) effect on the usage behavior. However, it is found that accessibility among system quality do not affect satisfaction, and concern about the risk of transmission has a negative effect on satisfaction. This study can provide meaningful guidelines to researchers when researching smart learning to support students' learning in a pandemic situation of a new infectious disease, such as COVID-19. It will also be able to provide useful implications for educational institutions and companies related to smart learning.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.75-83
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• 2012

Marking the first anniversary of the Fukushima nuclear accident, which took place on March 11th, 2011, the level of adolescent awareness and understanding of radiation was surveyed, and the results were then compared with those for adults with the same questionnaires conducted at similar times. A qualitative survey and frequency analysis were made for the design of the study methodology. Those surveyed were limited to 3rd grade middle school students, 15 years of age, who are the future generation. The questionnaire, which is a survey tool, was directly distributed to the students and 2,217 answers were analysed. The questionnaires were composed of 40 questions, and it was found that Cronbach's coefficient was high with 'self awareness of radiation' at 0.494, 'risk of radiation' at 0.843, 'benefit of radiation' at 0.748, 'radiological safety control' at 0.692, 'information sources of radiation' at 0.819, and 'impacts of Fukushima accident'. The results of the survey analysis showed that the students' knowledge of radiation was not very high with 67.4 points (69.5 points for adults) calculated on a maximum scale of 100 points (converted points). The impacts of the Fukushima nuclear accident were found to be less significant to adolescents than adults, and the rate of answer of "so" or " very so" in the following questions demonstrates this well. It was also shown that the impacts of the Fukushima accident to adolescents were comparatively low with 27.0% (38.9% for adults) on the question of "attitude changed against nuclear power due to the Fukushima accident," 65.7%(86.6% for adults) on the question of "the damages from the Fukushima accident was immeasurably huge," and 65.0% (86.3% for adults) on "the Fukushima accident contributed to raising awareness on the safety of nuclear power plants". The adolescents had a high rate of "average" answers on most of the questions compared with adults, and it can be construed that this resulted from adolescent awareness of radiation not being firmly rooted on themselves. This study was the first of its kind for surveying adolescents regarding the level of awareness of radiation after the Fukushima accident, and the results were compared with the survey results of adults, and they are expected to greatly contribute toward establishing a radiation policy by the government in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.14-26
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• 2011

Imdaejeong Wonlim is located on the verge of Sangsa Village in Sapyeong-ri, Daepyeong-myeon, Hwasun-gun Gyeongsangnam-do toward Northwest. It was planned by Sa-ae, Minjuhyeon in 1862 on the basis of Gobanwon built by Nam Eongi in 16th century against the backdrop of Mt. Bongjeong and facing Sapyeong Stream. As water flows from west to east in the shape of crane, this area is a propitious site standing for prosperity and happiness. This area shows a distinct feature of Wonlim surrounding the Imdaejeong with multi layers as consisting of 5 districts - front yard where landmark stone with engraved letters of 'Janggujiso of Master Sa-ea' and junipers are harmoniously arranged, internal garden of upper pavilion ranging from a pavilion to square pond with a little island in the middle, Sugyeongwon of under pavilionu consisting of 2 ponds with a painting of three taoist hermits, forest of Mt. Bonggeong and external garden including Sapyeong Stream and farmland. According to documentation and the results of on-site investigation, it is certainly proved that Imdaejeong Wonlim was motivated by Byeoseo Wonlim which realized the idea of 'going back to hometown after resignation' following the motives of Janggujiso, a hideout aimed to accomplish the ideology, 'training mind and fostering innate nature,' on the peaceful site surrounded by water and mountain, as well as motives of Sesimcheo(洗心處) to be unified with morality of Mother Nature, etc. In addition, it implies various imaginary landscapes such as Pihangji, Eupcheongdang, square pond with an island and painting of three Taoist hermits based on a notion that 'the further scent flies away, the fresher it becomes,' which is originated from Aelyeonseol(愛蓮說). In terms of technique of natural landscape treatment, divers techniques are found in Imdaejeong Wonlim such as distant view of Mt. Bongjeong, pulling view with an intention of transparent beauty of moonlight, circle view of natural and cultural sceneries on every side, borrowed scenary of pastoral rural life adopted as an opposite view, looked view of Sulyundaero, over looked view of pond, static view in pavilion and paths, close view of water space such as stream and pond, mushroom-and-umbrella like view of Imdaejeong, vista of pond surrounded by willows, imaginary view of engraved letters meaning 'widen knowledge by studying objectives' and selected view to comprise sunrise and sunset at the same time. In the beginning of construction, various plants seemed to be planted, albeit different from now, such as Ginkgo biloba, Phyllostachys spp., Salix spp., Pinus densiflora, Abies holophylla, Morus bombycis, Juglans mandschurica, Paulownia coreana, Prunus mume, Nelumbo nucifera, etc. Generally, it reflected dignity of Confucianism or beared aspect of semantic landscape implying Taoist taste and idea of Phoenix wishing a prosperity in the future. Furthermore, a diversity of planting methods were pursued for such as liner planting for the periphery of pond, bosquet planting and circle planting adopted around the pavilion, spot planting using green trees, solitary planting of monumentally planted Paulownia coreana and opposite planting presenting the Abies holophylla into yin and yang.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.86-92
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was conducted to develop a measuring tool for spiritual care performance of hospice team members. The tool may be utilized for providing hospice patients with more systematic and standardized spiritual tares. Methods: The concept and questions of the tool were developed, and then its validity and reliability were tested. For the validity and reliability tests, a self-reported questionnaire comprising 33 questions with 4 point scale ($1{\sim}4$), was developed, and the data were collected from 192 hospice team members from December 2005 to February 2006. Results: Thirty three questions, drafted through literature review and professional consultation, were reviewed by 20 professionals for their validity, were revised and supplemented resulted in the final 33 questions. The questions with a correlation coefficient grater than .30 were selected: all the 33 questions were selected based on this criterion. The reliability coefficient, Cronbarh's ${\alpha}$, was 0.95. The 33 questions were analyzed for factors, and six factors were extracted: relationship formation and communication, encouragement and promotion of spiritual growth, linking with spiritual resources, preparation of death, evaluation and quality control for spiritual intervention, Intervention, and spiritual assessment for intervention. Conclusion: The tool developed in this study includes six factors and has high level of reliability. This tool Will greatly contribute to assess and improve hospice care services, providing systematic and standardized spiritual cares for terminally ill patients and their families.

• Journal of KIISE:Databases
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.345-361
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• 2005

A transform-space index indexes objects represented as points in the transform space An advantage of a transform-space index is that optimization of join algorithms using these indexes becomes relatively simple. However, the disadvantage is that these algorithms cannot be applied to original-space indexes such as the R-tree. As a way of overcoming this disadvantages, the authors earlier proposed the transform-space view join algorithm that joins two original- space indexes in the transform space through the notion of the transform-space view. A transform-space view is a virtual transform-space index that allows us to perform join in the transform space using original-space indexes. In a transform-space view join algorithm, the order of accessing disk pages -for which various space filling curves could be used -makes a significant impact on the performance of joins. In this paper, we Propose a new space filling curve called the adaptive row major order (ARM order). The ARM order adaptively controls the order of accessing pages and significantly reduces the one-pass buffer size (the minimum buffer size required for guaranteeing one disk access per page) and the number of disk accesses for a given buffer size. Through analysis and experiments, we verify the excellence of the ARM order when used with the transform-space view join. The transform-space view join with the ARM order always outperforms existing ones in terms of both measures used: the one-pass buffer size and the number of disk accesses for a given buffer size. Compared to other conventional space filling curves used with the transform-space view join, it reduces the one-pass buffer size by up to 21.3 times and the number of disk accesses by up to $74.6\%$. In addition, compared to existing spatial join algorithms that use R-trees in the original space, it reduces the one-pass buffer size by up to 15.7 times and the number of disk accesses by up to $65.3\%$.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.347-359
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• 2016

People are destined to live according to the time and fate after they are born. Man is connected with the idea that is called the Chinese zodiac sign related to one out of 12 animals, regardless of one's thought. This paper was written with the expectation that it will be a new turning point understanding the mutual influence and its changing process by catching the ethnic belief and emotion as well as its cultural background in the Asian Zone by investigating the meaning of the 12 Chinese zodiac shown in the folk painting from the viewpoint of folk lore including "Chinese zodiac sign" culture rooted in our daily lives. The animal 'Rat' has been lived well human beings accompanied by the fable or the nature, while the animal 'Ox' has been living together with human history. The 'Tiger' has been considered the 'Power retreating disease or a devil' to humans, which is the most frightening but near at hand. The 'Rabbit' in the fable is inculcating hope and ideals to humans. The imaginary 'Dragon' is rooted in the deep national belief, which is seated as 'Guardian god' of farming culture and mankind, while the 'Snake' is playing a role in protecting humans as the 'Sea God' in Tsushima and Jeju Island, and has been believed and followed in the deep mind of humans. The 'Horse' in the nomad culture has been adorned as the basic creature of nomadic society in the character of a psychic medium between the human and god or their 'Guardian god'. The ancient Japanese regarded 'Monkey' as holy, being connected with treasure. It infers a human's desire to borrow wisdom from 'Monkey'. 'Chicken' includes the meaning of a lucky sign connecting the sky and the human world by arranging together with humans. The 'Dog' is believed and followed as performing the function of a messenger connecting this world with the afterlife in the next world tale of shamanism. The 'Pig' also lives well with humans, being interpreted as fecundity. Although the meaning of the 12 Chinese Zodiac animals has ethnic differences, all of them have been shared with humans, rooted in the human mind, being believed, and followed in human lives.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.103-114
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• 2015

UNESCO and IUCN established the term of 'Sacred Natural Sites' (areas of land or water having special spiritual significance to peoples and communities) for conservation of biological and cultural diversity. Dangsan forest, a traditional village forests of rural Korea is a representative 'Sacred Natural Site' with a history of more than several hundred years of Dangsan ritual. The Chungmak village, Gyeokpo-ri, Buan-gun is a small seashore village. It is an important place that has the largest ancient maritime ritual sites in Korea. Buan-gun have been tried to register the 'Chungmak-dong Ritual Site' for the World Heritage List. However, the fact that this 'Chungmak-dong Ritual Site'(5~6 century, Baekje of the Three-kingdom period) was located in the Dangsan forest, surrounding the shrine, is not much understood. In this study, the landscape characteristics and culture of the sacred Dangsan forest at Gyeokpo-ri, including Gyeokpo-ri, Dae-ri, Naesosa temple Seokpo-ri, Buan-gun and Dongho-ri, Gochang-gun were investigated. And, the potential of registering for World Heritage, 'Protected Area of Sacred Natural Sites' by linking the four site's Dangsan forests has been investigated. The sacred Dangsan forests in the neighborhood of Gyeokpo-ri have kept their landscape characteristics and retained Dangsan ritual. As a result of SWOT analysis for sacred natural sites, WT(weakness-threat) strategy has chosen as priority strategy. The reason is that there is few management scheme. The Dangsan forests at the neighborhood of Gyeokpo-ri need to be recognized by people in Korea, for their valuable landscape characteristics. The places should be managed and protected to remain as a sacred natural sites in order to be prepared for a World Heritage.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.421-436
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• 2014

The purposes of this study were to develop the customized instructional programs by the causes of science underachievement and to identify the effectiveness of these programs. For these, we analyzed the characteristics of underachievers and causes of science underachievement and classified 22 7th grade science underachievers into three different types such as lack of science process skill, lack of science learning motivation, and lack of science learning strategy. They then were divided into the experimental and comparative groups. Instructional programs treated for both groups covered the same topics and were conducted once a week for 60 minutes each time for 15 weeks. Eleven students in the comparative group were treated with an activity-centered science program that dealt with basic science concepts. Unlike science underachievers in the comparative group, those in the experimental group were given customized instructional program. After the treatment, students were administered several tests including a test on awareness of the program, science process skill test, science learning motivation and strategy test, and academic science achievement test. In addition to the results of those tests, worksheets, daily activity reports, and interviews were used to evaluate a customized instructional program that was applied to the experimental group. Results of the study showed that these programs relieved science underachievers from the cause of poor achievement and accordingly help them achieve better performance in academics. In addition, both lack of learning motivation and lack of learning strategy types tended to relieve the other causes of science underachievement. Also, the experimental group showed a high level of satisfaction with the customized instructional programs.