• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.29-54
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• 1992

Recent studies on the economic effects of trade liberalization and economic integration have emphasized the significant gains associated with product differentiation and scale economies. Securing access to markets in other countries will make it possible to increase product variety and capture scale economies, thus, expanding the gains from trade. Liberalization is also expected to introduce foreign competition into the previously closed market. Concurrently, the liberalization will improve the competitive market environment for firms selling in the domestic market. Firms will be pressed to either exit or reduce cost. The output per firm, then, will increase due to the exit of rival firms, and the average total cost will decline due to the economies of scale. 'Rationalization' of the production process will eventually follow. This paper addresses the economic effects of (counterfactual) bilateral tariff elimination between Korea and Japan. It computationally assesses the gains from liberalization as well as the resource allocations and welfare effects associated with the tariff reduction. The endogenous determination of the key parameters distinguishes this paper from others. The firm's perceived elasticity of demand and elasticity of substitution in the present model are calibrated to be consistent with the base year data. Korea, Japan, and the rest of the world are modeled explicitly. The sectoral coverage of the model includes twenty-three tradable product categories based on three-digit SITC industries and seven nontradable categories based on one-digit SITC industries. Product categories are also classified into perfectly competitive and imperfectly competitive ones. In the imperfectly competitive industries, product differentiation exists at the firm level, while the perfectly competitive industries are characterized by national product differentiation. The simulation results of bilateral tariff reduction are reported. Tariff elimination tends to increase intra-industry trade flows so that the total amount of exports and imports of both countries expand. Yet, Japan is expected to increase the bilateral trade surplus in the wake of the mutual tariff reduction. Terms-of-trade for Korea will not change, while for Japan it will deteriorate. Equivalent variations reflecting the change in consumer surplus (welfare) will favor Korean consumers. Total output, however, will not change substantially, recording 0.5 and 0.6% for Japan and Korea, respectively. An interesting finding in the analysis is that the gains from increased competition and scale efficiency are not as prevailing as expected in theory.

• Journal of Korean Port Research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.65-92
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• 1992

The Korean central government has not appreciate the full extent of the impact of seaports on the national economy. As a consequence port investment has not been given sufficient priority and capacity has failed to keep pace with demand. The principal reason for this failure is the fact that the linkages (or relationships) of the port transport industry with other sectors have not been quantified and fully appreciated. To overcome this dificiency this paper developed a port input-output model to determine the economic impact of the port industry on the national economy. This impact study was conducted by analysing the impact of the Korean port industry upon the national economy from the macroeconomic viewpoint, and identifying the spreading effects of port investments upon the nation's economy. The analysis of the economic impact of the port industry suggests that its contribution to the Korean economy is substantial. What the model shows is, in quantifiable terms, there are the strong economic linkages between the port industry and the other sectors of the national economy. The contribution of the port industry to the Korean economy was summarised in the Conclusion section.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.418-424
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• 2010

Although the wine industry continues to grow, little empirical research on consumer preferences has been conducted. Thus, our objective was to analyze consumer views on wine attributes. A choice experiment (CE) was designed to detect a marginal willingness to pay for particular characteristics of wine (balance, flavor, color, clarity, and value-for-money). A questionnaire was administered and 286 responses were received. A multinomial logit model was estimated using the maximum likelihood method. The results indicated that balance, flavor, color, clarity, and price were all important to consumers. The CE data revealed that estimates of marginal willingness to pay were 31,899 won/bottle for balance, 23,088 won/bottle for flavor, 3,230 won/bottle for color, and 25,936 won/bottle for clarity. The balance of a wine was most important, and the flavor, clarity, and color were also significant. The results of this work will be of assistance in promoting the domestic wine industry.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.247-251
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• 2012

To suggest the basic data for exporting enlargement of sweet pepper (Capsicim annuum L.), this study compared plant growth and fruit setting characteristics among 8 cultivars of red line. At 23 weeks after planting, plant height was long in 'Debla', 'Cupra', 'Thialf', 'Viper' and 'Spider', and was shot in 'Scirocco', 'Ferrari', 'Special'. 'Debla' had a few nodes number and long internode length. For 23 weeks after planting, weekly increment of plant hight and number of developed node were many in 'Debla' and 'Cupra', were few in 'Special' and 'Ferrari'. Average fruits of over 200 g was harvested in 'Viper', 'Spider' and 'Debla', average fruits of range of 180~200 g was harvested in 'Special' and 'Thialf', and average fruits of range of 160~180 g was harvested in 'Scirocco' and 'Cupra'. Cultivars harvested heavy fruits except in 'Debla' was high in percentage of irregular fruit size. Number of fruit setting on plant was many in 'Cupra' and 'Ferarri', ripening first was many in 'Ferarri', 'Scirocco' and 'Viper'.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.5163-5168
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• 2012

The aim of this study is to develop the supply-demand model(dynamic recursive simulation model) on the Hallabong tangor. In order to analyze the effects of alternative policy scenarios on the Hallabong tangor sector. Simulation runs were experimented for the period, 2011~2021, with three different scenarios. The major simulation results are as follows. The results of baseline show that in the year, 2021, acreage, production, price received by farm would be 2,051.5ha, 62,049.1 ton, 2,537.4 won per kg respectively. The results of scenario I (shipping control scenario) show that in the year, 2021, acreage, production, price received by farm would be 2,079.4ha, 62,984.9 ton, 2,836.3 won per kg respectively. The results of scenario II(the rate of economic growth 3.5%) show that in the year, 2021, acreage, production, price received by farm would be 2,039.5ha, 61,647.5 ton, 2,417.3 won per kg respectively. Finally, The results of scenario III(Survey of experts) show that in the year, 2021, acreage, production, price received by farm would be 2,053.7ha, 62,124.4 ton, 2,574.8 won per kg respectively. Therefore, economic recession can be a negative role in the industrial growth and price of Halabong tangor, but expansion of Hallabong tagor's export and processing can be a very positive role in the industrial growth and price of Halabong tangor.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.3-29
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• 2016

Recently, the market size of the global electronic-commerce is rapidly growing. The global market size of an overseas direct-purchase is expected to reach 1 trillion won by 2020. This study intends to determine the decision making factors of B2B overseas direct-purchase(DP) and reverse direct-purchase(RDP), and the impact on the vitalization of the small to middle-sized companies'(SMC) overseas DP and RDP. Ultimately, the purpose of this study is to provide a policy insight on the expansion of exports by SMC. For this, we determined the necessary elements for getting good results by Korean SCM in the overseas DP and RDP market through a preceding research based on resource-based theory and industry structure theory. Afterwards, we used the multiple regression model for positive analysis of the survey documents. We were able to confirm through analysis that the company information, logistics delivery, customs process, law and regulations have positive effects on the overseas DP and RDP. This study surveyed the entire overseas DP market, rather than focusing on the cases of harm and responses of the overseas DP, which was the topic for the preceding research, and can be differentiated from the previous study by deducting influence factors for the Korean SMC to succeed in the overseas DP and RDP market. Moreover, the results of this study is meaningful in proposing a strategic direction for the SMC participating in the overseas DP market and the government enacting policies.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.139-175
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• 2017

The Assembly plenary session on December 3, 2017 passed a Product Liability Amendment bill that introduced clauses concerning consumer burden of proof and punitive damage reimbursement. More specifically, these newly approved provisions will reduce the burden of proof placed on consumers and levy triple punitive damage on suppliers. Significant increases in the number of product-liability lawsuit and the number of related insurance contracts are expected. Since military aircraft are designed for operational purpose(seeking greater combat effectiveness over greater safety) and used in high-risk environment, it is practically impossible to obtain an affordable product-liability insurance, Without having any backup plan, military aircraft manufacturers directly face all sort of liability risks under Product Liability Act, Warrant Liability Act and Non-Performance of Contract Act. The U.S. experienced similar problems when they first implemented their product-liability law in 1970s. There had been a big dispute among legal practitioner, insurance professionals and scholars concerning military aircraft manufacturer's liability. In order to settle the issue, the U.S. Supreme Court has established a new precedent of Government Contractor Defense(GCD). The U.S. government also included an indemnity clause for military aircraft manufacturers in their FMS Contract with the Korean government. Likewise, Korean military aircraft manufacturers should 1) clearly understand their current position that they cannot afford expensive product-liability insurance and the cost is not accounted in the military procurement calculation, 2) estimate potential liability risks with the ongoing overseas export expansion in mind, 3) set up appropriate risk management measures through regulatory reform and policy development.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.83-103
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• 2016

This paper examines the characteristics of structural change in the international agro-food trade network with a global trend of the FTA diffusion. By focusing on the centralities and the community structure to identify the agro-food trade network, we use the social network analysis and the trade data contained of 07, 08, 20, and 21 at the 2-digit HS product level among 45 countries over the last 15 years. The main analytical results are as follows: 1) Not only has intra trade network intensified more than inter-regional trade, but also, there is no doubt that inter-regioanl trade by linking has steadily increased. 2) EU countires have the high indices of centrality, which have already been highly integrated. 3) Intraregional agro-food trade network for fresh vegetables and processed food sector in Asia is shown to be strongly integrated. This finding suggests that the processes of economic integration will help strengthen the trade network for agro-food in a culturally homogeneous region. 4) The case of Korea's participation in the RCEP and TPP, Korea's power in the agro-food network tends to be reinforced, especially in the processed food sector. Overall, there is a need for establishment of spatial strategies and policies across the different regions for Mega FTAs.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.139-158
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• 1990

Heavy resposibility is placed on the veterinarian and the livestock and aquatic animal producers to observe the period for withdrawal of a drug prior to marketing to assure that illegal concentrations of drug residues in meat, milk, egg, fish and other animal foods do not occur. This is essential from a public health standpoint because levels of residues in excess of those legalIy permitted in edible tissues may produce injurious effects when consumed over a long time span. With greater use of animal drugs of chemicals required in production of food crops, livestock and aquatic animals, the possibility of human being continuously exposed to drug and chemical residues for a life time is unequivocally evident. Korean authorities concerned Ministry of Agriculture and Fishery and Ministry of Health and Social Affairs, have recenly made their own regulations to control chemical residues in beef, pork and chicken independently. Consequently, inspection for the chemical residues also have been or will be carried out by the two authorities concerned without any cooperations. It is undoubtfulI to have a single regulation and national residue program for control residual chemicals in animal foods and that the tolerance levels should be established in milk, egg, and freshwater fish. Besides, we have no complete standard methods to analyze the residual chemicals and the methods have not been evaluated their efficiency, precise, accuracy and limit of detection. In this paper, the analytical methods and national residue programs in foreign countries are introduced and discussed and the status of animal food safety in this country is also reviewed.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.12-22
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• 2018

The US government has enacted the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) in 2011, which is being phased in and planned. The final Rules of Produce Safety focus on biological hazards related to agricultural production, harvesting, packaging and storage, which are being phased in since 2017 depending on farm scale. As a result of comparison with the Korean-GAP (Good Agricultural Practices) standards, it is difficult to compare the two standards to be compared with each other by 1:1. However, many of the Korean-GAP standards are similar to FSMA Produce Safety rules. However, the Korean-GAP standards can be judged differently according to the evaluator as a comprehensive standard, so the details of the standards need to be reinforced. In terms of the provisions, the Korean-GAP standards are the most appropriate for the safety of workers (FSMA Subpart D), followed by livestock and wild animals (FSMA Subpart I), buildings, equipment and tools (FSMA Subpart L) and harvesting activities (FSMA Sub-part K). However, there are some weaknesses in the field of agricultural water management (FSMA Subpart E) and farm manager's qualifications and training (FSMA Subpart C), and the response to the biological soil amendments of animal origin and human waste (FSMA Subpart F) is weak. The FSMA regulation is not a certification standard, but it is expected that the marbling effect, which is the standard laid down by the United States leading the world food safety standards, is expected to be considerable. Therefore, we hope that the review of the Korean-GAP standards will help improve the quality of agricultural products and expand our exports, since the standard for responding to microbiological safety emphasized in the FSMA regulations is the Korean-GAP standard.