• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.401-412
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• 2016

The sustainable operation and development of ports is a key industry for Korea's national economy. It is increasingly more important to resolve conflicts with local communities due to port environmental problems such as air pollution, water pollution, noise and ecosystem destruction while securing port competitiveness through infrastructure expansion. In case of the Busan New Port development project in Korea, construction has been temporally suspended due to conflict with local fishermen over marine sand mining for construction. A primary reason for this is the absence and limitation of qualitative port environmental impact assessment methodologies in Korea. This includes the current investigation of fisheries damaged by ports. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to propose economic valuation methods for assessing environmental impacts that are essential for efficient port environmental management and for sustainable port operation and development in Korea. To do this, this study examines the overall port environmental problems and their effects (damages) through the analysis of environmental policies and case studies of domestic and overseas ports. Then economic valuation methods are suggested for total economic values (TEV) of damaged environmental goods and services. Among the proposed methods, Habitat Equivalency Analysis (HEA), as a more scientific data based method, was applied to estimate marine ecosystem service damages from the designation of Busan New Port Anchorages. Finally, based on the study results, more efficient port environmental management will be achieved through the institutional adoption of the proposed economic impact assessment methods for port environmental damages.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.266-277
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• 2013

Climate change asks the government to make changes in water management system. Although water demand is increasing according to urbanization, clean and safe water supply is limited. Therefore efficient water management is one of the key issues. Korean water management system is evaluated inefficient because it is executed by five different ministries. This study reviewed previous literature about Korean water management system, analysed present function sharing among 5 ministries, and conducted survey on improvement of water management system. Experts recognized that the most important problem of water policy is the failure of policy coordination among Ministries, and the solution of it is to make a new integral organization or to integrate related functions into one Ministry. Based on them, this study conclude that the central government functions related with water management need to be integrated on a new organization or Ministry of Environment focused on water quality improvement in the light of preservation instead of development.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.290-298
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• 2013

A Saemangeum Development Project, which is a national project in South Korea, has started with the objective of developing the reclaimed area mainly agricultural land use since the mid'80s. To develop a model of the global eco-reclamation, constructions of the eco-friendly counter facilities such as sluice gates and inner dikes, as well as environmental preservation measures for an estuary reservoir, have been carried out. However, reasonable measures of the water quality management for the Saemangeum area are required. Thus, the purpose of this study is to rigorously analyze and quantitatively evaluate the environmental problems due to the water level management associated with inner dike constructions. To achieve these objectives, the affecting factors on determination of water level management are described and a series of calibrated transient-state numerical simulations was performed to demonstrate the salinity distribution difference in the estuary before and after the construction of inner dikes. The overall salinity reduced about 2~5 psu, and the seawater intrusion was weakened by a well-regulated waterway after construction of the inner dikes compared to before construction of them.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.28 no.10 s.96
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• pp.947-953
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• 2004

As a large scale port development in coastal waters proceeds step by step and populations in the vicinity of port are getting increased, the issue on 'how to dispose the treated municipal water and wastewater in harbor' brings peoples' concern. The submarine outfall system discharges the primary or secondary treated effluent at the coastline or in deep water, or between these two. The effluent, which has a density similar to that of fresh water, rises to the sea surface forming plume or jet, together with entraining the surrounding sea water and becomes very dilute. We intended in this paper to investigate the impact on dilution of effluent and the behavior of flume under the conditions of the seasonal and spatial temperature variations, which have not been noticeable in designing effective marine outfall system. To predict and analyze the behaviour and dilution characteristics of plume not just with the effluent temperature, but also with the seasonal variation of temperature of surround water, CORMIX( Cornell Mixing Zone Expert System)-GI have been applied. The results should be used with caution in evaluation the mixing zone characteristics of discharged water. We hope to help for the effective operation of outfall system, probable outfall design, protection of water quality, and warm water discharges from a power plant, etc.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.1944-1947
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• 2008

강우기에 하천 유역에서의 탁수 발생은 대상 지역의 토양, 토지 이용형태와 식생 분포, 강우의 강도, 토지의 경사 등에 따라 큰 영향을 받게 된다. 본 연구에는 토지의 이용형태에 따른 강우 시 탁수 발생량을 평가하고자 용담댐 유역의 탁수 발생특성 조사를 실시하였다. 2005년의 조사지점은 유역면적이 가장 작은 주자천 유역과 구량천, 금강본류를 대상으로 하였다. 구량천과 금강본류는 용담댐 유역을 구성하는 가장 큰 두 소유역이며 다를 지역에 비해 오염원이 많아 용담댐수질에 많은 영향을 주는 하천이다. 현장조사는 6월 27일부터 7월 3일 까지 실시하였다. 2007년 조사 대상 지역은 주자천 유역의 주천교 지점과 금강본류 유역의 월곡교 지점을 선정하였다. 현장조사는 6월21${\sim}$22일, 9월14${\sim}$15일 2회에 걸쳐 실시하였으며 시간별 현장 탁도 측정 및 시료 채취를 통한 분석을 병행하였다. 2005년에 실시한 조사결과 오염원이 많고 유역이 넓은 천천은 7월 1일에 유입량이 최대로 348.16CMS였으며, 그날 탁도는 오후 2시 10분조사시에 최대 2060NTU를 나타냈다. 구량천은 같은날 조사를 실시하여 유량은 최대 200.33CMS였고, 최대 탁도는 763NTU를 나타냈다. 반면 주자천에서는 최대 탁도가 98.4NTU를 나타내 가장 탁도가 높은 금강본류와는 약 13배의 차이를 나타냈다. 2007년 1차 조사는 6월 21${\sim}$22일에 걸쳐 이루어 졌다. 주천교 지점은 시간최대 강우 17mm가 발생한 시점에 최대 92NTU의 탁도를 나타내었고 그 이후 감소하여 20NTU이하의 탁도를 유지하였다. 반면, 월곡교 지점은 시간최대 23mm의 강우가 발생하였고, 최대 탁도는 3,610NTU에 도달하였으며 1,000NTU이상의 고탁도가 6시간 이상 유지된 후, 시간이 지남에 따라 점차 감소하였다. 이러한 결과는 미개발지역인 주천교 지점의 경우 강우에 의한 탁수 발생이 상대적으로 적음을 보여주고 있으며 월곡교 지점과 같이 개발로 인해 노출된 토양의 경우 강우에 의해 쉽게 침식이 일어나 고탁도의 탁수를 발생시킴을 보여준다. 그러나 주천교지점에서 2005년에 조사한 자료와 비교해 보면 2007년이 적은 강우임에도 불구하고 탁도는 높게 나타난 결과를 나타내고 있으며 이는 토지이용의 고도화에 따른 영향으로 판단되었다. 연구 결과 유역내에서 탁수 발생은 같은 강도의 강우에 있어서 큰 차이를 보이고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 강우기에 저수지에서의 탁수 문제의 해결을 위해서는 상류 유역의 탁수 발생원 관리가 중요함을 보여주고 있으며, 토지 이용 형태에 따른 토양 침식 방지 대책이 강우기의 댐 내 탁도 문제를 개선할 수 있는 중요한 방안으로 판단된다.

• Water for future
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.11-22
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• 1982

This study is to find out the reasonable drainage system of sewerage in connection with the geographical conditions, the form of city, and the problem of sewerage in and around Seoul. (1) In supplying the sewerage sewer, the separating system is desirable in connection with the problem of sewerage disposal in future. However, in the existing urban district, the conjunction system is used because of the large amount invested according to the diversion of the sewer of the separation system and the influence of the traffic communication. The sewer of the separating system should be used in the case of the fundamental reconstruction of structure as the redevelopment of the urban district or the subway and new-development of area. Therefore, the separating system should be used completely until the goal year. (2) Drainage area was divided for the natural flowing, considering that the 38 streams and topography paly a role of the main stream of drainage. There are the branches, Guyui, Dug-island, Jayang, Hannam, Banpo, Amsa whose divisions are impossible. In these branches, the drain planning was suggested a forced control method by using the exiting pond age and the pumping station. (3) The best available method which improbes the water quality in Han river is as follows. The sewerage is catched and carried to the sewerage disposal plant by establishing the intercept sewer in both or one side of stream. At the same time, the groudwater volume which springs in each stream is drained separatively.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.53 no.spc1
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• pp.719-730
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• 2020

Recognizing a complexity of global water challenges, such as water shortage, water pollution, water-related disasters, and degradation of water environments, this study introduces the newly established concept and definition of water security and water security assessment framework based on the review of previous works on water security. In order to critically assess the situations of water security of each country, an water security assessment framework is employed highlighting the four core areas: 1) social equity; 2) economic efficiency; 3) environmental sustainability; and 4) resilience to water-related disasters. 28 Asian countries have been selected and evaluated for the level of water security, and as a consequence, Japan, Malaysia and South Korea demonstrate a high degree of water security whereas India, Pakistan and the Philippines show a relatively low level of water security. The significance of this study lies in clarifying weak areas in water security as well as suggesting the areas that should be improved for achieving sustainable water management.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.132-138
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• 2009

The energy efficiency and environment-friendly aspect of the railway system would be superior to other on-land transportation systems. In a preliminary feasibility study stage and selection of optimal railway corridor, the energy efficiency and problems related to environment are usually not considered. For the selection of optimal railway corridor, geographical features and facility of management are generally considered. Environment effect factors for the selection of environment-friendly railway corridor are focused and studied in this paper. In this study, various analysis of opinion of specialists (railway, environment, transport, urban planning, survey) and the guideline for construction of environment-friendly railway were accomplished. From these results of various analysis, 7 major categories (topography/geology, flora and fauna, Nature Property, air quality, water quality, noise/vibration, visual impact/cultural assets) were extracted. To select environment friendly railway corridors, many alternatives should be compared optimal corridor must be selected by a comprehensive assessment considering these 7 categories. The investment for railway systems can be encouraged by the considering of main environmental effect factor evaluated with the modified environmental weight factors for environment-friendly railway construction.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.120-125
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• 2001

Generally, hydroxyapatite(HAp), zeolite, carbon molecular sieve , activated carbon and alumina are used as heavy metal ions adsorption materials. Among those adsorption materials, HAp which has good positive ion-exchange ability with metal ion, and zeolite are utilized in wastewater treatment. Most of water pollutions are caused by hazardous heavy metals ions as well as bacteria in waste water. In this study, a adsorption materials (HAP and zeolite) are ion-exchanged with a well known antimicrobial metal ions, such as $Ag^+,\;Cu^{2+},\;and\;Zn^{2+}$, in order to give a adsorption of heavy metal ions and a killing effects of bacteria. The antimicrobial effects of adsorption materials are observed using by E. Coli. The results show that there is a complete antimicrobial effect in the adsorption materials with $Ag^+$ at the concentration of $1{\times}10^{-4}$cell/$m\ell$ of E. Coli until 24 hours. However, there is not good antimicrobial effects in the adsorption materials with $Cu^{2+},\;and\;Zn^{2+}$ substitution. Feng et. al. showed the denaturation effects of silver ions which induces the condensed DNA molecules and losing their replication abilities.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.191-198
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• 2019

High impervious surfaces increase the surface runoff during rainfall and reduces the underground infiltration thereby leading to water cycle distortion. The distortion of water cycle causes various urban environmental problems such as urban flooding, drought, water pollutant due to non-point pollution runoff, and water ecosystem damage. Climate change intensified seasonal biases in urban rainfall and affected urban microclimate, thereby increasing the intensity and frequency of urban floods and droughts. Low impact development(LID) technology has been applied to various purposes as a technique to reduce urban environmental problems caused by water by restoring the natural water cycle in the city. This study evaluated the contribution of hydrologic characteristics and water cycle recovery after LID application using long-term monitoring results of various LID technology applied in urban areas. Based on the results, the high retention and infiltration rate of the LID facility was found to contribute significantly to peak flow reduction and runoff delay during rainfall. The average runoff reduction effect was more than 60% at the LID facility. The surface area of the LID facility area ratio(SA/CA) was evaluated as an important factor affecting peak flow reduction and runoff delay effect.