• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.167-176
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• 2006

Recent studies have shown that there are significant increasing facial asymmetry using 3-dimensional imaging. This study use panorama view and PA cephalograph that were low in price and make good use in dentistry. For this study, 35 persons without remarkable malocclusion were selected, they had panorama view and PA cephalograph, make written questionnaire about facial asymmetry cognition and masticatory pattern. Data obtained were statistically processed by the SPSS Windows program and the results of this study were as follows: 1. There were significant difference between Rt and Lt. on Co-Go, Co-Ag, Co-Go-Ag, Go-Me- Ag. 2. In panorama view, There were significant difference between Rt. and Lt Co-Ag that chewing right side, Rt. and Lt. Co-Go that chewing left side, 3. In PA cephalograph view, There were significant difference in Rt. and Lt. Cg-Go, Rt. and Lt. Co-Ag that chewing right side, Rt. and Lt. Cg-Go that chewing left side 4. There were significant difference in Rt. and Lt. Co-Go, CO-si-CR, go-ME-Ag that cogniting facial asymmetry.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.414-424
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• 2021

The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the skeletal and dental maturity according to the vertical facial type and sex in Korean children in the developmental stage. In total, 184 participants aged 8 - 14 years were selected and divided into three groups based on the mandibular plane angle. For the comparison between the sexes, the three groups were each divided into male and female subgroups. The skeletal and dental maturity were assessed using lateral cephalograms, hand-wrist radiographs and panoramic radiographs. The vertical growth group showed significantly greater cervical vertebral and hand-wrist maturity than that in the horizontal growth group. Dental maturity was the highest in the vertical growth group. Girls showed greater skeletal maturity than boys, and no distinct difference was observed between the dental maturity of the sexes. Analysis of the vertical facial type in children can provide ancillary indicators that may help determine the optimal timing for orthodontic treatment initiation. Earlier initiation of orthodontic treatment may be considered for patients with vertical facial growth patterns.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.10-16
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate distalizing effects from the Pendulum appliance on vertical component of craniofacial structures. Materials and Methods: 20 Patients who visited for orthodontic treatments are assigned to two groups. Group I, SN-MP > 37 degrees are showing hyperdivergent pattern. Group II, 29 < SN-MP < 37 degrees are showing mesocephalic pattern. Each group are consisted of 10 people. Results and Conclusions: Differences between skeletal classifications result in significant differences at labioversion of lower incisors and distalized amount, which is larger at Group I (P <.05). Group II has only shown significant distalized molars (P < .05). Labioversion of lower incisors has not shown significant change. Skeletal anchorage-assisted Pendulum appliance doesn't deteriorate vertical component nor significantly improve.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.57-64
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• 2010

The purpose of this investigation was to study the relationship between vertical facial pattern and dental maturation in children in pubertal and pre-pubertal periods. The material consisted of lateral head films and panoramic radiographs of 1306 patients. The subjects were selected according to Ricketts's VERT index and other including criteria. These subjects were divided by VERT index to brachyfacial group and dolichofacial group. In each selected subject, dental age was determined according to Demirjian's dental maturity score. All subjects were distributed according to age, vertical facial type and sex, mean and standard deviation of chronological age, dental age and age difference were determined in each group. And the data were analysed to find the difference of tooth maturation by facial pattern. Findings of this study include: 1. In all groups, dental age was determined higher than chronological age in statistically significant level. 2. Compared by vertical facial pattern, in pubertal age groups, it seems that subjects with brachyfacial type presented the tendency to have an advanced dental maturation, only in female group. 3. Compared by pubertal period, brachyfacial groups presented more advanced dental maturation in pubertal groups than pre-pubertal groups.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.30 no.5 s.82
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• pp.579-589
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the position of tongue and hyoid bone in relation to vortical facial patterns in the adult and child. Lateral cephalograms taken in adults(63 cases, 11.7 years in average age) and children(69 cases, 22.6 years in average age) were traced and measured about position and posture of tongue and hyoid bone using the horizontal and vertical reference lines. The angle of mandibular plane to SN Plane was employed to classify the samples into groups of hypodivergent and hyperdivergent. The comparison of the tongue/hyoid bone measurements between hypodivergent group and hyperdivergent group in the adult and child were statistically executed with Student's f-test. The results were as follows, 1. The tongue height was lower in the hyperdivergent group than in hypodivergent group, and higher in children than in adults. 2. The vertical height of hyoid bone was higher in hypodivergent group than in hyperdivergent group and also higher in children than in adults. 3. The anteroposterior position was of no significant difference in relation to age or vortical facial pattern. 4. The inclination of hyoid bone in relation to cranial base was steeper in children than in adults.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.32 no.6 s.95
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• pp.413-424
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• 2002

Preadolescent children with deficient maxillae are suitable candidates for the maxillary protraction appliance(MPA). The theoretical effect of the MPA is protraction or anterior displacement of the maxilla. However, it is known that complex effects such as anterior displacement of the maxillary teeth, downward and backward rotation of the mandible, linguoversion of the mandibular anterior incisors, are known to play a role in improving the Cl III malocclusion. There have been much studies with regard to maxillary protraction, but the different effects of MPAs depending on the vertical facial pattern are not known precisely. This study was based on 67 patients (31 males, 36 females) aged from 6 years 6 months to 13 years 3months, who visited the Dept. of Orthodontics at Yonsei Univ., Dental Hospital and diagnosed as skeletal Class III with maxillary deficiency. They were divided into 3 groups (low, average, high angle groups) depending on genial angle and the SNMP (Go-Gn) angle, respectively. Pretreatment and post-treatment lateral cephalograms were used to compare the effects of MPA and the following conclusions were obtained: 1) A significantly large amount of backward movement of the B point was observed in patients with a low SNMP angle. Those with a high SNMP angle had significant forward movement at A point. 2) The patients with low genial angle had the least forward movement at the A point, and those with a high angle had more forward movement. 3) In comparing the arcTan of the A point, the high angle group showed more horizontal movement while the low angle group showed more vertical movement. 4) There was no significance between the treatment duration of the SNMP and the Genial angle groups.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.37-47
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• 1993

It is commonly assumed that nasorespiratory function can exert a dramatic effect upon the development of the dentofacial complex. Specially, it has been stated that chronic nasal obstruction leads to mouth breathing, which causes altered tongue and mandibular positions. If this occurs during a period of active growth, the outcome is development of the "adenoid facies". Such patients characteristically manifest a vertically long lower third facial height, narrow alar bases, lip incompetence, a long and narrow maxillary arch and a greater than normal mandibular plane angle. But several authors have reported that so-called adenoid facies is not always associated with adenoids and mouth breathing, and that a particular type of dentition is not always found in mouth breathers with or without adenoids. Some authors have believed adenoids lead to mouth breathing in cases with particular facial characteristics and types of dentition. We assumed that the ability to adapt to individual's neuromuscular complex is various. So, we compared the difference of influence of mouth breathing between childrens who have different facial types. This study included 60 patients and they were divided into three groups by Rickett's facial type. Their dentition and tongue position were compared. The results are as follows. 1. There is a significant difference in arch width of upper molars between different facial types. Especially dolichofacial type patients have narrowest arch width. 2. There is a significant difference in tongue position between different facial types. Especially dolichofacial type patients have lowest positioned tongue.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.221-230
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• 1997

It has been known that head posture may influence directly and/or indirectly the growth and development of craniofacial morphology and can also be influenced by the funtional demand of physiologic activity. It was reported that facial morphology has close relationships with hyoid bone position and head posture. In many previous studies, Natural Head Posture(NHP) was guided, and also it was shown that NHP has high degree of reproducibility. Otherwise, There was few study about the relationship of head posture, with routine cephalometric film which is used for clinical orthodontic purpose. In this study, according to the Wits and ANB of initial cephalometric film which was taken with vertical pendulum as representative of true vertical reference line. We classified the subjects which is comprised of 60 adult female patients into Class I, II, III (Cl I, II, III)and we tried to find out the correlation of head posture and hyoid bone position according to the classification of malocclusion. As a result of our research, we found the followigs. 1. In comparison of vertical position of hyoid bone relative to the cranial base. the position of hyoid bone of Cl III was lower than that of Cl II. 2. In comparison of anteriorpostes or position of hyoid bone, relative to the cervical column. The position of hyoid bone of Cl III was more anterior than that of a II 3. in comparison of vertical position of hyoid bone relative to mandible. There was no significant correlation aumoug the groups of malocclusion. 4. ANB and Wits showed no significant correlation with hyoid bone position. 5. The relative extension of head, which was noted in Cl II, showed negative with Sum, ANB. 6. In Cl II and Cl III, Post to Ant facial height showed positive correlation with NSL/VER.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.349-358
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• 1996

To extract or not to extract permanent teeth for the correction of malocclusion has been a great debate in the history of orthodontics, and there is a variety of analytic methods and criteria to aid in the diagnosis. Extraction formulas that has been presented are many analytic methods that depend on arch length discrepancy, dental prominence, and skeletal pattern of the each patients. Of these analysis, the most important diagnostic factor is patient's skeletal pattern. Because the behavior of the dentition is closely dependent upon the skeletal pattern of each patient, dentition must be arranged within that person's skeletal frame. EI(Extraction Index) is composed of CF, interincisal angle, and lip position. CF is made of ODI and APDI that differentiate vertical and horizontal component of the skeletal pattern. So, EI not only represents patient's skeletal pattern, but also takes facial appearance into consideration. This study was undertaken to investigate EI and related cephalometric variables on the cephalogram of Korean adolescents which consisted of 153 persons with normal occlusion, harmonious skeleton and pleasing face. The following conclusions were obtained. 1. The mean value of the ODI is $73.5^{\circ}$, APDI $82.5^{\circ}$, CF $156.3^{\circ}$ 2. The mean value of the interincisal angle is $123.6^{\circ}$ 3. The mean distance of upper lip to E-line is 0.0mm, lower lip to E-line is 1.4mm. 4. The mean value of the EI is $153.8^{\circ}$.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.61-73
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• 2010

The aim of this study was to investigate clinical assessment and cephalometric characteristics in 10s patients with condylar resorption, who visited in the Department of Oral Medicine Kyungpook National University Hospital at 2006, by use of panorama, transcranial view and lateral cephalometric radiograph. The results were as follows; 1. Clinical assessment 1) Total number of patients were 59. Female was 47 and male was 12, Females were predominant and patient's age ranged from 12 to 19. 2) Most of the patients had Grade II condyle resorption. 3) The number of who had Class I occlusion was 27, which was the largest group. The number of patients with openbite was 20. Average overjet was 3.58mm and average overbite was 0.97mm. 4) Most of the patients had parafunctional habit. 5) The patients of showing the pain in condylar resortion was 41 and the case of not showing the pain was 18. 6) Treatment duration of 23 patients were less than 1 month, 28 patients were treated with supported therapy. 2. Cephalometric Characteristics 1) A 16-year-old female patients showed smaller SNA, SNB and larger articular angle significantly as compared with those of normal group. 2) A 17-year-old female patients showed smaller SN, SAr, TPFH, ramus height and larger SN-GoMe, FMA, articular angle significantly as compared with those of normal group. 3) Over 18 years old female patients showed smaller SN, SNB, TPFH, ramus height and larger ANB, FMA, SN-GoMe, LAFH, articular angle, gonial angle significantly as compared with those of normal group. 4) Over 18 years old male patients showed smaller SN, TPFH, ramus height and larger FMA, SN-GoMe, LAFH, articular angle, gonial angle significantly as compared with those of normal group. 5) There was no significant difference between 10s and normal group in mandibular body length.