• Fire Science and Engineering
• /
• v.26 no.6
• /
• pp.92-98
• /
• 2012

In this sturdy, large experimental (ISO 13785-2) was performed to analyze the building materials used in fire retardant materials for aluminum composite panel and in general properties. As a results, maximum temperature in the case of the general materials was measured in 210 seconds $1,021^{\circ}C$, the retardant materials was measured in 1,200 seconds early $1,190^{\circ}C$. The retardant material of aluminum composite panel, Fire behavior if the ignition is slow and the general materials in aluminum composite panel, fire ignition and combustion at the same time was growing rapidly. The general materials and flame-retardant material of aluminum composite panel was an obvious difference to the combustion ignition but after ignition combustion mode showed a similar pattern of the rapidly vertical spread of flame. The results of this study, in order to reduce the risk of aluminum composite panels for fire and the retardant materials used for ignition the slow should be actively encouraging. Also after the ignition, there is an urgent need to put out a fire in exterior materials for extinguishing facilities.

• Fire Science and Engineering
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.75-85
• /
• 2018

The Grenpell tower fire in England in June of 2016 is a representative example of damage caused by a vertical fire spreading through external insulation. Organic insulation materials, which are widely used in external insulation, have the disadvantage that they have good insulation performance but are vulnerable to fire. Aluminum composite panels are used as exterior wall finishing materials, and plastics used in aluminum are regarded as the cause of vertical fire spread. Due to the steel frame used to secure the aluminum composite panel to the outer wall, a cavity is formed between the outer wall and outer wall finish. When a fire occurs on the outer wall, the flammable outer wall as well as the flame generated from the heat-insulating material spreads vertically through the cavity, resulting in damage to people and property. In Korea, material unit performance tests are carried out by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport notice 2015 - 744. However, in the UK, the BS 8414 test is used to measure the vertical fire spreading time on the outer wall in real scale fire tests. In this study, the risk of external wall fire was evaluated in an actual fire by conducting a real scale wall fire test (BS 8414), which was carried out in Europe, using aluminum composite panels of semi-noncombustible materials suitable for current domestic standards. The purpose of this study was to confirm the limitations of material unit evaluation of finishing materials and to confirm the necessity of introducing a system to prevent the spread of outer wall fire through an actual scale fire test.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.173-178
• /
• 1997

The intrinsic flame retardant and heat resistant polymers such as PQXS [poly( quinoxaline )sulfide], PIQS [poly(isoquinoline)sulfide] and PQS [poly(quinoline)sulfide] were synthesized from 2, 3-dichloroquinoxaline, 1, 3-dichloroisoquinoline and 4, 7-dichloroquinoline. They were characterized by FT-IR, UV/Vis spectroscopy, DTA and elemental analysis. The melting point above $350^{\circ}C$ of the polymers show higher than that of the heat resistant PPS polymer(mp. $295^{\circ}C$), In the LOI test, the polymers exhibit an intrinsically high flame retardant property having the LOI values in the range of 41~42. The vertical burning test for the polymers also show an UL 94 V-0 performance.

• Clean Technology
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.378-387
• /
• 2017

To obtain epoxy resin with permanently attached flame-retardant groups, phosphorus compound containing di-hydroxyl group [10-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phospha phenanthrene-10-oxide, DOPO-HQ] and silicone compound containing di-hydroxyl group (polydimethylsiloxane, hydroxyl terminated, PDMS) were reacted with uncured epoxy prepolymer (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A, DGEBA) and then cured using 4,4-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) as a crosslinking agent. The properties of the resulting epoxy materials were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI) test/vertical burning test (UL 94-V test), tensile properties test and impact test. This study examined the effect of phosphorus/silicone compound contents on the thermal/mechanical properties and flame retardancy of cured epoxy resins containing phosphorus and silicone compounds. It was found that the thermal/mechanical properties of epoxy resins containing phosphorus and silicone components were higher than those of simple epoxy resin. The flame-retardancy (LOI: 29.9 ~ 31.8% and UL 94-V: V-0) of all samples containing phosphorus compound and phosphrous compound/silicone compound was found to be passed the flame-retardant requirements (LOI: > 30%, UL 94-V: V-0) of LOI and vertical burning tests. However, the flame-retardancy (LOI: 21.4% and UL 94-V: no rating) of simple epoxy resin was found to be failed the flame-retardant requirements.

• Aerospace Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.87-93
• /
• 2013

The conceptual design lunar lander demonstrator has been developed to use as a test bed for advanced spacecraft technologies and to test a prototype planetary lander capable of vertical takeoff and landing. Size of the lunar lander demonstrator is the same as that of lunar lander conceptually designed, however, the weight of lunar lander demonstrator is designed in 1/6 scale in consideration of gravity difference between moon and earth. The thruster clustering and virtual flight test were performed in the demonstrator fixed on the ground. The demonstrator ground test has been conducted for two months in the test site for the solid motor combustion of the Goheung Flight Center. The purposes of ground test of demonstrator are to demonstrate and verify essential electronics, propulsion system, control algorithm, embedded software, structure and system operation technologies before developing the flight model lander. This paper is described about the virtual flight test including test configuration, test aims and test facilities

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.214-222
• /
• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to develop a sprinkler head that can be controlled and initial suppressed by installing it in a rack-type warehouse. Method: Considering the spray radius and spray pattern, various deflectors were designed, and the spray angle, discharge characteristics and protection performance test was conducted, and these results were compared and analyzed. Results: An optimal sprinkler head was developed to protect full load, front side of a commodity with minimum water volume 115L/min. Conclusion: The developed head of K-115 and 1Bar pressure was tested with one tier storage confirming that the fire control is carried out without burning all the loadings. In addition, the vertical distance from the top of the load to the deflector shall be separated by 450mm and installed to allow sufficient discharge to the outer part of the commodity.

• Composites Research
• /
• v.35 no.6
• /
• pp.456-462
• /
• 2022

Since natural fibers are highly flammable, it is not easy to make them flame retardant. In this study, a liquid flame retardant based on phytic acid, APTES, and Thiourea, which are flame retardant candidates derived from nature, was prepared and its performance was verified through flame retardant treatment and flame retardancy evaluation of bamboo fibers. When a liquid flame retardant is used, it is possible to treat a large amount of natural fibers with flame retardant treatment. Nine types of flame-retardant treated bamboo fibers were prepared according to the Taguchi design of experiment method. Thereafter, vertical burning test and microcalorimeter test were performed for flame retardancy evaluation, and the surface of natural fibers before and after flame-retardant treatment was compared using scanning electron microscope. The results show that phytic acid has a significant effect on improving the flame retardancy of natural fibers. Through microstructure analysis, it was assumed that the phytic acid helps flame retardant to uniformly adhere to the surface of natural fibers. If such research results are utilized, it is possible to make a large amount of natural fibers high flammability in an eco-friendly way, which is expected to be advantageous for the application of prototypes.

• Composites Research
• /
• v.33 no.4
• /
• pp.177-184
• /
• 2020

Flame retardant(FR) clothes prohibit additional fire diffusion and make the personnel do their tasks without a hitch in a flammable environment. The existing FR clothes, however, are heavy and give high thermal fatigue. Therefore, it is strongly demanded to develop a light, convenient, and eco-friendly clothes. Recently, many works have been reported to make FR fabrics with phosphorus compounds, but their performance could not satisfy the specified criteria in appraisal standards of domestic and American FR clothes or combat uniforms. In this paper, two kinds of phosphorus compounds were applied to cotton fabric. Graphene oxide functionalized with a phosphorus-rich deep eutectic solvent and ammonium polyphosphate were coated on cotton fabric by eco-friendly padding procedure. The coated fabrics were analyzed with thermogravimetric analysis, vertical flame resistance test(ASTM D6413), cone calorimeter test(ISO 5660-1), and method of test for limited flame spread(ISO 15025). It was revealed that the as-made cotton with those two materials simultaneously had better flame resistance than the cottons with each one. Furthermore, an additional coating for hydrophobicity on the FR cotton was tried for better washing fastness.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.8-23
• /
• 1997

Steady and unsteady numerical simulations are conducted for the comparison with the experiments performed to investigate the ram accelerator flow field by using an expansion tube facility in Stanford University. Wavier-Stokes equations for chemically reacting flows are analyzed by fully implicit and time accurate numerical methods with Jachimowski's detailed chemistry model for hydrogen-air combustion involving 9 species and 19 reaction steps. Although the steady state numerical simulation shows a good agreement with the experimental schlieren and OH PLIF images for the case of $2H_2$＋$O_2$＋$17N_2$ fails in reproducing the combustion region behind the shock intersection point shown in the case of $2H_2$＋$O_2$＋$12N_2$ mixture. Therefore, an unsteady numerical simulation is conducted for this case and the result shows all the detailed flow stabilization process. From the result of unsteady numerical simulation, the experimental result seems to be an instantaneous state during the flow stabilization process. The combustion behind the shock intersection point is the result of a normal detonation formed by the intersection of strong oblique shocks that exist at early stage of the stabilization process. At final stage, the combustion region behind the shock intersection point disappears and the steady state result is retained. The time required for stabilization of the reacting flow in the model ram accelerator is found to be very long in comparison with the experimental test time.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.7 no.4
• /
• pp.743-748
• /
• 2006

We investigated the flame retardancy and the mechanical properties of Nylon6 by using melamine-based halogen-free flame retardants(melamine cyanurate:MC-100 and melamine phosphate:MP-100). We chose the UL-94 method for flame retardancy and measured the tensile strength, flexural strength, flexural modulus by using UTM and impact strength by using Izod impact tester. We also tested the effect of nano-clay on flammability and mechanical properties. We obtained the V0 grade when the concentration of flame retardant was over 5 wt%. The tensile strength and flexural strength decreased and flexural modulus increased with the concentration of both flame retardant systems. The results showed that MC-100 system was better than MPP-100 system. Because of poor dispersion, we did not obtain the synergistic effect of nano-clay.