• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.349-384
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• 2013

The Sputnik 1 launching in 1957 made the world recognize the necessity of international regulations on space development and activities in outer space. The United Nations established COPUOS the very next year, and adopted the mandate to examine legal issues concerning the peaceful uses of outer space. At the time, the military sector of the U.S.A. and the Soviet Union were in charge of the space development and they were not welcomed to discuss the prohibition of the military uses of outer space at the legal section in the COPUOS. Although both countries had common interests in securing the freedom of military uses in outer space. As the social and economic benefits derived from space activities have become more apparent, civil expenditures on space activities have continued to increase in several countries. Virtually all new spacefaring states explicitly place a priority on space-based applications to support social and economic development. Such space applications as satellite navigation and Earth imaging are core elements of almost every existing civil space program. Likewise, Moon exploration continues to be a priority for such established spacefaring states as China, Russia, India, and Japan. Recently, Companies that manufacture satellites and ground equipment have also seen significant growth. On 25 February 2012 China successfully launched the eleventh satellite for its indigenous global navigation and positioning satellite system, Beidou. Civil space activities began to grow in China when they were allocated to the China Great Wall Industry Corporation in 1986. China Aerospace Corporation was established in 1993, followed by the development of the China National Space Administration. In Japan civil space was initially coordinated by the National Space Activities Council formed in 1960. Most of the work was performed by the Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science of the University of Tokyo, the National Aerospace Laboratory, and, most importantly, the National Space Development Agency. In 2003 all this work was assumed by the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency(JAXA). Japan eases restrictions on military space development. On 20 June 2012 Japan passed the Partial Revision of the Cabinet Establishment Act, which restructured the authority to regulate Japanese space policy and budget, including the governance of the JAXA. Under this legislation, the Space Activities Commission of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology, which was responsible for the development of Japanese space program, will be abolished. Regulation of space policy and budget will be handed over to the Space Strategy Headquarter formed under the Prime Minister's Cabinet. Space Strategy will be supported by a Consultative Policy Commission as an academics and independent observers. By revoking Article 4 (Objectives of the Agency) of a law that previously governed JAXA and mandated the development of space programs for "peaceful purposes only," the new legislation demonstrates consistency with Article 2 of the 2008 Basic Space Law. In conformity with the principles laid down in the 1967 Outer Space Treaty JAXA is now free to pursue the non-aggressive military use of space. New legislation is the culmination of a decade-long process that sought ways to "leverage Japan's space development programs and technologies for security purposes, to bolster the nation's defenses in the face of increased tensions in East Asia." In this connection it would also be very important and necessary to create an Asian Space Agency(ASA) for strengthening cooperation within the Asian space community towards joint undertakings.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.4
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• pp.571-576
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• 1998

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the application of low concentration insecticides by sprinkler system for control of the pine needle gall midge, Thecodiplasis japonensis, by killing the adults emerging and copulating near the ground. For ground spray, 2 insecticides of fenitrothion and deltamethrin, dilutions of $2,000{\times}$ and $3,000{\times}$ deltamethrin, and 3 spray intervals of 1-3 day were tested at the peak time of adult emergence during the day time. The results are as follows ; 1. Ground spray of fenitrothion 50% EC and deltamethrin 1% EC were found to be highly effective for control of the pine needle gall midge. Average gall formation by fenitrothion, deltamethrin and untreated ones were 3.40%, 5.23% and 45.69%, respectively ; control value of both insecticides exceeded 88%. 2. As a ground spray of deltamethrin 1% EC, dilution $2,000{\times}$ was significantly different from $3,000{\times}$ in gall formation rates. Average gall formation of $2,000{\times}$ plots and $3,000{\times}$ treated ones were 5.23% and 18.00% ; control values were 89.44% and 63.66%, respectively. 3. Diurnal treatment of ground spray was found to be highly effective for control of pine needle gall midge. 4. In particular, control by ground application of dilutions $2,000{\times}$ and $3,000{\times}$ of deltamethrin is suggested because it does not have an adverse effect on arthropods of the ground surface such as ants and spiders.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.54-59
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• 1999

This study was based on a series of 164 patients with zygomatic bone fracture treated at Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of Chonnam University Hospital from January 1992 to December 1996. The male-to-female ratio was 7:1. Their ages ranged from 8 to 78 years, with a median age of 35.6 years. The age frequency was highest in the second decade (30.5%), and third decade (23.8%), fifth decade (16.5%) in orders. The monthly distrbution of incidence showed October to be the month in which the greatest percentage occured (14.0%). The major cause of zygomatic bone fracture was alleged traffic accidents (53.7%). The incidence of concomitant facial bone fractures was 69,5%, and maxilla fracture (52.4%) was most frequently combined. The admission route was through emergency room (72.3%) and through outpatient department (26.8%). The incidence of associated injuries was 37.2%. The intraoral approach was the major method of treatment in zygomatic bone fracture (57.1%). The most frequent type of zygoma fracture was class IV (33.5%), and class III (25.6%) was next in order of frequency. Complications were enophthalmos (7.3%), facial asymmetry (6.7%), paresthesia (6.1%), and diplopia (2.4%) These results suggest that correct diagnosis and treatment of severity of fracture, concomitant fracture, and associated injuries are necessary, and co-operative treatment with medical department should be performed to reduce postoperative complication.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.25 no.2 s.67
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• pp.85-92
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• 1986

This study was conducted to investigate host plant, bionomics, and damage on Bamboo Leaf Rollers in Chonnam area. Species of the leaf rollers attacking the bamboo trees in Chonnam area were Microstega jessica (Butler) and Sinibotys evenoralis (Walker). Among these species, M. jessica (B.) and S. evenoralis (W.) were observed in Damyang but S. evenoralis (W.) alone was found in Naju and Hwasoon. Among the 4 host plant species observed, Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis S., and P. nigra M. were first recorded as host plants of M. jessica (B.), and P. nigra var. henonis (S.) as host plant of S. evenoralis (W.). The occurrence of the M. jessica (B). was once a year with the peak about late May, whereas the occurrence of S. evenoralis (W.) was 2 times a year and the peaks were early June and mid-July, respectively. The average periods of each stage of M. jessica (B.) were 8 days for egg, 293 days for larva, 16 days for pupa, and the longevity of the adult was 12 days for females and 9 days for males. The average periods of each stage of S. evenoralis (W.) were in 1st generation, 11 days for egg, 28 days for larva, 12 days for pupa, and the longevity of the adults was 18 days for females and 15 days for males; and 2nd generation was 7 days for egg, 261 days for larva, 20 days for pupa, and the longevity of the adults was 11 days for females and 10 days for males. The time of most adult emergence of M. jessica (B.) was from 6 p.m. to 4 a.m. and the peak was 8 p.m. to 10 p.m. M. jessica (B,) overwintered as 6th instals in Bamboo shoot sheath but S. evenoralis (W.) overwintered as $1st{\sim}2nd$ instals on the tree leaves of Bamboo. The percentage of damaged leaves with different heights of Bamboo trees were 67.1% at upper portion, 19.0% at middle portion, 14.0% at lower portion. The percentage of damaged loaves with different Bamboo species was 57.0% on P. nigra var. henonis S., 36.5% on P. bambusoides S. et Z., 14.5% on P. pubescens M.. It was showed highly significant negative correlation between percentage of damaged bamboo leaves an tree growth stages.($r=-0.739^{**}$)

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.11-22
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• 1985

Femur neck fracture is well known as one of the major death cause after trauma in elderly patients, and unsolved fracture due to its frequent association with complications such as avascular necrosis and nonunion. Through meticulous evaluation of the patient, hip and surgeon's experiences, reduction of mortality and morbidity as well as rapid recovery of the patient to the preinjury social and ambulatory status without local complications and revision after treatment is urgently needed. Many factors about this fracture In itself were noted, but we have analyzed 18 femur neck fractures of the patients older than 50 years preliminarily according to age, fracture pattern, osteoporosis, etiology and method of treatment with its delay in association with major complications especially avascular necrosis and nonunion. The results are as follows; 1. Of these 18 fractures, 11 were in females, 8 were caused by minor trauma such as slip-down accident and 4 were associated with definite osteoporosis according to the Sing's classification. 2. Fracture pattern of these 18 are undisplaced in 4, displaced subcapital in 11, displaced transcervical in 3. 11 fractures in the patients older than 60 year are composed of 3 undisplaced or impacted fractures and 8 displaced subcapital fractures. 3. These 18 fractures were treated by closed reduction and Internal fixation with multiple pins in 13, and hemiarthroplasty in 4, but one was not treated to die after discharge from hospital. 4. 4 undisplaced or impacted fractures and 3 displaced transcervical fractures were not associated with any complications such as avascular necrosis or nonunion. But 4 of 6 displaced subcapital fractures were complicated by avascular necrosis, 3 of which were reduced in the varus position within 1 week, and the other was reduced in the good position on 1 week after trauma. There was no complication in 2 displaced subcapital fractures reduced in valgus position within 3 days after trauma. According to the above results, the prognosis of the femur neck fracture is dependent upon the fracture pattern and delay in its treatment. So it is inevitable to reduce the fracture in anatomical or valgus position as early as possible. But the arthroplasty may be needed in displaced subcapital fractures delayed for several days, with its reluction in extreme varus position or impossible and with pre-existing disease in the same hip Joint (total hip replacement).

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.39
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• pp.59-83
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• 2015

Magical realism, blooming and improving in Latin America, opened the new vision about reality and rationalism, coming out from the out-styled frame of past. While having common points with unrealistic literature, which uses fantastical components, magical realism is different from Surrealism and fantasy literature that is focusing on reality and realizing reality intensely. In the early stage of this research, magical realism was restricted by the characteristics of literature of Latin America, but the research of magical realism is expanding in planning Post-Modernism nowadays. Lately, the influence of magical realism is identified in literatures, arts, films, and animations over the world; according to the research, however, research about magical realism in animations was not done in Korea before. A Korean independent animation "A coffee vending machine and its sword" was evaluated positively in many international film festivals is valuable as the research of magical realism. Throughout this study, this animation "A coffee vending machine and its sword" was analyzed by its narrative and images. The analysis of narrative consists two parts. One is about the form of narrative and the other is about contents through the story. Analysis of Image is also divided into two parts: background image and character image. In this animation, the protagonist is narrating about the fantastic accidents in his life and his own feelings towards it. The narration leads audience to understand his situation and feelings in meta-fiction. On the surface, audience watches the love story of a normal girl and coffee vending machine in this artwork, but deep inside the animation, it is visible that the directors tried to make audiences think about the life of 880,000-won Generation in Korea. The background image was represented as real places in Seoul including the landmark of Seoul, making mimesis of reality in Korea. The character image has two conflicting aspects with reincarnated warrior, Jinyoungyoung and a coffee vending machine. It is a hybrid-character transmogrifying between two characters. Likewise, "A coffee vending machine and its sword" has the characteristics of Korean magical realism through form, content and image. Through analyzing the Korean independent animation "A coffee vending machine and its sword", this research tried to find a way of using factors of fantasy, of representing reality as a dramatic device and of using magical realism of Korean animation for bond of sympathy with audience.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.493-502
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• 2011

We study the deep structure of Korean Peninsula by estimating Moho depth and crustal thickness from using land and oceanic topography and free-air gravity anomaly data. Based on Airy-Heiskanen isostatic hypothesis, the correlated components between the terrain gravity effects and free-air gravity anomalies by wavenumber correlation analysis(WCA) are extracted to estimate the gravity effects that will be resulted from isostatic compensation for the area. With the resulting compensated gravity estimates, Moho depth that is a subsurface between the crust and mantle is estimated by the inversion in an iterative method with the constraints of 20 seismic depth estimates by the receiver function analysis, to minimize the uncertainty of non-uniqueness. Consequently, the average of the resulting crustal thickness estimate of Korean Peninsula is 32.15 km and the standard deviation is 3.12 km. Moho depth of South Korea estimated from this study is compared with the ones from the previous studies, showing they are approximately consistent. And the aspects of Moho undulation from the respective study are in common deep along Taebaek Mountains and Sobaek Mountains and low depth in Gyeongsang Basin relatively. Also, it is discussed that the terrain decorrelated free-air gravity anomalies inferring from the intracrustal characteristics of the crust are compared to the heat flow distributions of South Korea. The low-frequency components of terrain decorrelated Free-air gravity anomalies are highly correlated with the heat flow data, especially in the area of Gyeongsang basin where high heat flow causes to decrease the density of the rocks in the lower crust resulting in lowering the Moho depth by compensation. This result confirms that the high heat sources in this area coming from the upper mantle by Kim et al. (2008).

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.228-237
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• 2003

Temporary control schedules were tested at sweet persimmon orchards to development new control programs to meet the quarantine repuirements of America in 2001 and 2002. The 'MRL-type control orchards' were sprayed with chemicals which were possibly adaptable to the pome trees in America. A control schedule consisted of those chemicals registered for persimmon in Korea was incorporated in the 'domestic-type control orchards'. The efficacy of these two control type against insect pests was compared with that of a conventional control schedule. In 2001, MRL orchard and domestic orchard were sprayed 7 and 6 times, and two conventional orchards were 6 and 9 times, respectively. In 2002, acaricide was added once to the MRL orchards at late September to reduce the density of mites on harvested fruits. However no insecticide to plant bug control could be applied to the MRL orchards, because no insecticide against bugs was registered for pome trees in America. This resulted in 7 times of applications in MRL and domestic orchards. The conventional orchard was sprayed 9 times. Only the occurrence of the peach pyralid moth, Dichocrocis puntiferalis (PPM) out of 4 quarantine inset species was observed. The PPM was observed during growing season in MRL, domestic, and conventional orchards. However no fruits damaged by PPM larvae were observed after mid October and after harvest. In 2002 only 1 fruit out of 1,350 fruits inspected in June was damaged by the larvae of PPM at MRL orchards. A fungus-feeding mites and collembolan were under calyx of vested fruits. In 2001 they were found on 45.3% of harvested fruits at MRL orchard. However the percentage of fruits with mites in 2002 was greatly reduced to 3.5% at MRL orchard, presumably because of a added application of acaricide at late September. However percentage of fruits damage by hemipteran bugs at harvesting time was quite high 11.3 % at MRL orchards, because no application of insecticide against plant bugs.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.37-44
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• 2001

The biological effects of the iminoctadine tris (albesilate) and kresoxim-methyl for the protection of citrus postharvest diseases caused by penicillium spp. were assayed. In vitro tests, $EC_{50}$ values of iminoctadine tris(albesilate) were $0.01{\sim}0.02\;and\;0.01{\mu}g$ a.i./mL against mycelial growth of P. italicum and P. digitatum, respectively, but iminoctadine tris(albesilate) at $0.64{\mu}g$ a.i. /mL inhibited a little mycelial growth of unknown Penicillium sp. which produced another symptom different to blue and green mold caused by P. italicum and P. digitatum, respectively. And against germination and growth of germ tube of P. italicum and P. digitatum, $EC_{50}$ value of iminoctadine tris(albesilate) was $0.0013{\sim}0.0025{\mu}g$ a.i./mL. But spore germination of unknown Penicillium spp. was not nearly inhibited at $0.2{\mu}g$ a.i./mL. $EC_{50}$ values of kresoxim-methyl were $0.08{\sim}0.16$, 0.04 and $0.16{\mu}g$ a.i./mL against mycelial growth of P. italicum, P. digitatum and unknown Penicillium sp., respectively, and $0.04{\sim}0.08{\mu}g$ a.i./mL and $0.01{\sim}0.02{\mu}g$ a.i./mL against germination and growth of germ tube of P. italicum and unknown Penicillium sp., and P. digitatum, respectively. Iminoctadine tris(albesilate) and kresoxim-methyl were markedly effective to control the postharvest disease by 7 days spray prior to harvest. When the fruits were sprayed with iminoctadine-tris(albesilate) ($200{\mu}g$ a.i./mL) and kresoxim-methyl ($155{\mu}g$ a.i./mL) 7 days prior to harvest and subsequently stored for 90 days, the percentage of diseased fruit by Penicillium spp. was $3.6{\pm}1.8%$ in treatment of kresoxim-methyl and $5.9{\pm}1.8%$ in iminoctadine-tris(albesilate), respectively. On the other hand, tile percentage of diseased fruit was relatively high, $20.3{\pm}10.0%\;and\;19.5{\pm}9.6%$ in thiophanate-methyl ($700{\mu}g$ a.i./mL) and non-treatment, respectively. Maximum residue amount (ppm) among fruits (flesh and peel) assayed 0, 30, 60 and 90 days after storage was 0.45 and 0.10 ppm in treatment of kresoxim-methyl and iminoctadine, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.22-32
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• 2013

This study aimed to reveal the establishment process and design concept of KoKwan park built in modern Busan, which is called three major park includes YongDuSan park and TaeJeong Park, by analyzing BusanIlbo published modern period in Busan and 'Busan' published modern Busan prefecture. In KoKwan, there was installed DuMoPo Waegwan. The Japanese residents built the cemetery and memorial stone for Tsunohe Heigo's sudden death in the KoKwan hill, who was an envoy dispatched by Tsusima prefecture, in order to enhance awareness of the old territory DuMoPo Waegwan. In 1916, the Japanese residents repaired ruined the place by rasing funds and donated to Busan prefecture. Busan prefecture went public this place as a park. Meanwhile, In order to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the opening of Busan port, Oike Chusuke's memorial statue was built in private house neiboring KoKwan park. He became the richest person in Busan while engaged in commerce and industry since he come to the Busan the year before the opening of Busan port. He donate garden site includes his statue and 10,000 Won for KoKwan park construction expenses to Busan prefecture Busan prefecture invite Oya Rejo, who was Osaka-Hu's landscape designer, to design the KoKwan park. He visited Busan and survey KoKwan park and other Busan's park and submitted the plan to Busan prefecture. His Plan for KoKwan includes shrine and Oike's statue, arboretum and greenhouses, children's play garden, etc. Oya's design concept of KoKwan park was analyzed as follows: the juxtaposition of the sacred and secular, the succession of present landscape context, the complement of parks content, the tool of nation-state formation. KoKwan park was completed with cost 20,000 won, insufficient budget compared with Oya's estimated amount. However, in this thesis, it was not cleared whether Busan prefecture built the park as it was. In 1945, after the independence, KoKwan Park was destroyed due to build Dong-gu Office, houses. The remained subjects from this study are to clarify the process the destruction of the park.