• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.457-471
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• 2014

This study aims to present an evaluation scheme to improve the problems in tree shapes and tree growth which were identified through shape and growth assessments of landscape trees currently planted in Haedoji Park, Songdo, Incheon Metropolitan City after plant structure status and propriety review for funtion of space and concept of planting. Suitability the planting concept was evaluated according to function of space. The result indicated that the shade planting areas accounted for 29.5% of the the shade spaces area. 58.7%, respectively planting areas of visual landscape. And 11.8%, respectively planting areas of buffer. Because the planting areas was lacked according to the park established spatial configuration of central facilities and the result of plant young trees. Plant structure status required consideration with plant structure, density, size, growth status for improve planting function. The tree assessment was performed on a total of 28 species and 600 trees of which 22 species and 209 trees were planted in the buffer zone, 8 species and 71 trees in the shade zone, 16 species and 266 trees in the visual landscape zone, and 4 species and 54 trees in the ecological landscape zone. The trees were divided into grades based on their assessment score and were statistically grouped by the functional zone in where they are planted and by tree species to verify their significance. The tree shape assessment was an average of 56.6 points and the tree growth assessment was an average of 76.0 points. Using the results of the tree assessments, the tree standards for each functional space were identified and a concept of optimum planting and cultivating was applied. When applying the shape assessment results by zone to the concept of planting, since trees for buffering require high functionality they received E's, the lowest grade; as trees for ecological landscaping require diverseness and naturalness, they received D's; since trees for shading require utilization, they received C's as trees with branching at the main stems were considered; and since trees for visual landscaping required aesthetical value, they received A's and B's. When applying the growth assessment results by zone to the concept of planting, based on planting foundations of favorable and poor, for buffering, visual landscaping, and ecological landscaping, trees from grades A to E could be planted, and for shading, trees from grades A to C could be planted. For a cultivation plan that could improve the growth of the trees, we proposed that the topography of the land be selected considering the tree's characteristics and that a method of pot seeding be used. Also, to improve the shape of the trees, we proposed that poles be used to improve the growth of vertically-straight stems, an appropriate planting density be applied for reasonable branch growth, manage tree shape to maintain good crowning, and better manage fertilization to maintain a reasonable crown density.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.765-765
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• 2012

수목이 존재하지 않는 하천과 비교하여 하천 내에 수목이 존재하는 경우, 수목에 의한 항력에 의하여 수위는 상승하지만 차이는 크지 않으며, 수목이 식재된 구간의 유속이 현저하게 저하되는 것으로 알려져 있다. 식재구간과 비식재구간의 현저한 유속차이는 활발한 에너지 교환에 기인한다. 이러한 특성은 하천에 여러 가지 시설물 설치 및 수목 식재 계획 수립 등에 있어 고려되어야 할 사항이다. 또한 수치해석을 통한 정확한 흐름예측을 위해서는 두 구간 사이의 합리적인 에너지 교환계수를 결정하여야 한다. 수목 식재구간과 비식재구간의 에너지교환 특성에 대한 연구는 대부분 모형식생(단순한 봉 형태 위주)을 이용한 소규모 개수로 실험장치를 이용하거나, 이론적으로 접근하고 있다. 이러한 연구는 흐름 상사 등을 고려할 때, 정성적인 분석에 그치고 있으며, 정량적인 분석을 위해서는 원형에 가까운 실험시설을 이용하는 것이 타당할 것으로 생각된다. 본 연구에서는 단면의 높이, 상단폭, 저면폭이 각각 2 m, 11 m, 3 m인 소하천에 가까운 실험수로에 관목류(왕버들)를 식재하여 실험을 수행하였다. 수로의 중앙부와 사면에 식재된 경우, 식재 패턴이 다른 경우(parallel space, staggered space) 등 다양한 조건에 대하여 흐름특성을 분석하였다. 각 경우에 대하여 배수곡선을 측정하여 흐름저항 특성을 분석하였으며, 50Hz의 자료 획득이 가능한 micro-ADV를 이용하여 횡단면의 난류량을 측정하였다. 측정된 난류량을 이용하여 전단속도의 변화, 난류에너지 변화 등을 분석하였다. 이 연구는 하천내 수목식재 계획 수립, 수치모형의 중요한 매개변수인 에너지교환계수의 합리적 결정에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2005.05b
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• pp.1264-1268
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 2002년부터 2004년까지 3년에 걸쳐 한강고수부지(반포지구)에서 수목 식재에 따른 수리적 영향을 수치모형 및 현장조사를 통하여 평가하였다. RMA-2모형을 이용하여 분석한 결과 수목 식재전$\cdot$후로 수위는 3 cm 증가하고 유속은 4 cm/s 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 식재로 인한 수리량의 변화는 매우 미미한 것으로 나타났다. .현장조사를 통해 얻은 실측자료도 홍수 시 수목 식재에 의한 하천수리특성에 미치는 영향은 크지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 매년 홍수기간 동안 보여 지는 침수양상에 따라 수리특성이 상이하게 나타났다. 그러므로 지속적인 자료 수집을 통하여 다양한 침수상황에 다른 기초 수리자료를 축척하고 정밀 분석할 필요가 있다. 또한 수리모형실험을 통해 현장조사 및 수치모형 결과와 비교$\cdot$분석하여 상호보완 할 필요성이 있다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.822-826
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• 2009

홍수터에 식재된 수목에 의한 운동량 교환은 흐름의 추가적인 흐름저항으로 작용한다. 따라서 수목으로 인한 통수능의 감소로 부분적인 유속 상승이 발생하기도 하지만, 전반적으로 평균유속이 감소하며 수위는 상승하게 된다. 실무적 사용목적으로 홍수터 수목의 저항은 통합 매개변수인 합성조도계수가 사용되고 있으나, 정량적인 조도계수의 추정은 매우 어려운 문제이다. 본 연구에서는 경험적으로 추정되는 비정량적 합성조도 계수의 한계를 극복하고, 실무적으로 사용이 용이하도록 수목에 의한 흐름저항 항을 분리한 1차원 상류이송 음해기법이 개발되었다. 개발된 기법의 평가를 위하여 균일한 단면에서 수행된 수리실험에 적용하였으며, 다양한 유량규모 및 식재조건에서 제안된 기법의 적용성 및 정확성을 확인하였다. 불규칙한 단면형상을 가진 실제 하천의 홍수터에 식재된 수목군의 경우를 가정하여 1/25 정상축척의 수리실험을 실시하였고, 100년 빈도 홍수량에서 수목식재 전후의 실측결과를 개발된 수치기법으로 계산하여 비교하였다. 개발된 기법은 모든 경우에서 사용자의 주관적인 판단 없이 정확하면서 안정적인 해를 제공하였으므로, 흐름의 2차원 효과가 상쇄될 수 있는 광폭의 자연하천에서 수목의 식재기준 분석을 위한 대안으로 사용될 수 있을 것이다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to analyze historical records of what the trees had been planted like by establishment and management of the Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty so that it could be utilized for historical records to manage the trees in the Royal Tombs. The research method was to analyze the related keywords for 40 trees out of 42 trees in the Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty reffering to "The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty(朝鮮王朝實錄)," and "Neungji(陵誌)". There are two types of planting called Jeongsik(定植) Bosik(補植) in the Royal Tombs. Jeongsik(定植) is a planting method by Salleungdogam(山陵都監), the office in charge of construction of the royal tomb when they were building the royal tomb. Every tree additionally planted after building up the royal tomb was called Bosik(補植). The types of tree planting the composition and management of the royal tombs of Joseon are as follows. First, the first planting for landscaping was carried out during the process of building the province. Second, after the formation of Shanung, all the plants were planted by Wangmyung as additional plants. Third, due to the deforestation in the late Joseon period, additional plants were planted in the fertile plains. Fourth, trees were damaged due to natural disasters, and trees were planted together with the construction of the botanical gardens. Fifth, in the 22nd year of King Jeongjo, all the royal families' graves were regularly planted. This study aims to investigate the history of forest landscape management for the restoration of the royal tombs of Joseon.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.69-80
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• 2012

The purpose of this paper was to study the issues related to converting the graveyards within forests into spaces intended for tree burials by means of planting, given the situation that the graveyards have encroached on land and damaged the environment. For the reason, a field survey was performed to determine the width, length, and distance to the nearest tree of 205 graveyards in the capital area. Through this, it was determined that the domestic lands damaged by graveyards amounted to $862km^2$, including the areas that were deforested to manage the graves. This only confirms that land encroachment by graveyards is a serious issue. The methods for making tree burial sites were examined from the perspective of how to meet public demands given the graveyard's spatial distinctiveness. As a result, this study suggested different methods to establish tree burial sites according to the degree of transformation and the term of its formation. This study also classified the graveyards into three types, and identified the planting methods that harmonized the safe growth of trees and the scenic beauty of memorial places based on the standard. This is in order to plant trees that are shade-tolerant and suitable to the forest line, along with which other tree line was and also, to plant aesthetic trees around the empty space. Through applying the developed methods, this study established and monitored two exemplary sites in Yongin and Boryeng. Aesthetic trees were planted in Yongin site which was located in an open area, aod the shade-tolerant trees were planted in Boryeong, which was located in a forest area. As a result, the image of a garden appeared at Yongin site and the image of a tree colony harmonized with the near forest emerged at Boryeong site. Therefore, it is confirmed that the method of planting according to the distribution status of neighboring trees was effective. As a result of monitoring, mulching wood chips were suitable for sites that were small or easy to approach. This is because the weeds were controlled in Yongin site by mulching. Furthermore, by monitoring the growth of 11 species of vegetation, this study confirmed that low and cover-type vegetations were suitable for tree burial sites. In Boryeong site, the wild cherry trees, which were planted as adult trees, all died, and the tilling of snake's beard, which were planted as cover vegetation, was slow. Therefore, this study found that seedlings were more suitable to plant in forest graveyards than adult trees, which were large and difficult to approach, and it was effective to use the remaining lawn and form a low vegetation after the crown of trees had expanded to such places.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.446-453
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• 2012

This study estimated how much carbon can be sequestered if we plant trees in non-forested areas in the 36 hole Oak Valley Golf Courses in Gangwon Province, Korea. We identified plantable areas where planting trees will not affect golf game using high resolution aerial photography and ground survey and estimated the annual carbon sequestration rate of the planted trees using biomass equations. Of the golf courses, 30.3% were covered by forest. Other major land cover types include lawn, waterbody, baresoil, buildings, and roads. The plantable areas consist of $106,101m^2$ of lawn (6.0% of the study site) and $177,531m^2$ of low density forest (10.1% of the study site). We assumed to plant Mongolian oaks with 10 cm in diameter at brest height with the density of $0.3/m^2$ in the lawn and $0.2/m^2$ in the low density forest. The planting simulation shows that the total number of the newly planted trees were 67,336, and the total carbon sequestered during the subsequent year was 392.9 tC/yr, which offset 12.5% of the total carbon emitted from the golf courses. The annual carbon sequestration rate gradually increases and reaches its maximum level at 440.5 tC/yr in 15 years since the initial reforestation (14.0% of the carbon emission from the golf courses).

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.186-192
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• 2001

본 연구는 전라남도 광양만의 6개 임해매립지 식재지반의 토양환경 특성을 조사분석하였다. 토심이 깊어짐에 따른 토양성질의 수직적 특성은 각 식재지반별로 다르게 나타났다. 토양성질의 수직적 특성에 영향을 미치는 요인은 개토와 준설토의 이질서, 토양의 물리. 화학성의 교란, 지반하부에 잔존하는 염류의 이동, 유기물의 이동과 강우나 가뭄 등이었다. 수목생 상 유리한 식재지반은 식재지반의 높이가 낮은 곳보다 높은 성토지역이었으며, 이것은 토양의 물리. 화학적 교란과 지하부의 염류로부터 안전성이 높기때문이었다. 조경식물의 생육상 불리한 토양성질들은 토성의 이질서, 토양의 경화, 알칼리성 염류토양, 높은 ECe, Na, K. 저농도의 Ca, Mg, T-C등이었으며, 이러한 토양성질들은 표토보다는 지하의 근권부에 주로 분포하여 있었다. 따라서 임해매립지 식재지반 조성시에는 토양의 성질이 교란되지 않은 방법이 모색되어야 하며, 조경수목의 생육에 관련된 토양환경조사는 지하근권부 이하까지 정밀하게 조사. 분석하여야 할 것으로 사료되었다. 사료되었다.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.31 no.2B
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• pp.165-173
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• 2011

In this study, FESWMS FST2DH model was used to analyze the change of flow characteristics after making the riparian forest. The additional flow resistance is calculated based on the drag-force concept acting on each tree and the lateral momentum transfer between planted and non-planted zone could be satisfactorily reproduced by parabolic turbulence model in this depth-averaged 2-D numerical model. For model validation, the simulated velocities were compared with the measured data, showing good agreement in both tree density cases of experiments. The previous method using a proper Manning's n coefficient gives reasonable solutions only to evaluate the conveyance, but the calculated approach velocity at each tree was different from realistic value. The proposed procedure could be widely used to evaluate hydraulic effects of riparian trees in practical engineering.

• Landscaping Tree
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• s.128
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• pp.44-47
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• 2012

수목은 이식 후 여러 원인에 의해 수분스트레스를 받게 된다. 특히 성토지역이거나 상식(上植)하여 식재된 경우 수분스트레스가 심하게 나타나게 된다. 식재상황별 수분스트레스 원인을 살펴보면 다음과 같다.