• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.1-7
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• 2020

This study quantified annual uptake and storage of carbon by urban greenspace in institutional lands and suggested improvement of greenspace structures to enhance carbon reduction effects. The study selected a total of five study cities including Seoul, Daejeon, Daegu, Chuncheon, and Suncheon, based on areal size and nationwide distribution. Horizontal and vertical greenspace structures were field-surveyed, after institutional greenspace lots were selected using a systematic random sampling method on aerial photographs of the study cities. Annual uptake and storage of carbon by woody plants were computed applying quantitative models of each species developed for urban landscape trees and shrubs. Tree density and stem diameter (at breast height) in institutional lands averaged 1.4±0.1 trees/100 ㎡ and 14.9±0.2 cm across the study cities, respectively. Of the total planted area, the ratio of single-layered planting only with trees, shrubs, or grass was higher than that of multi-layered structures. Annual uptake and storage of carbon per unit area by woody plants averaged 0.65±0.04 t/ha/yr and 7.37±0.47 t/ha, which were lower than those for other greenspace types at home and abroad. This lower carbon reduction was attributed to lower density and smaller size of trees planted in institutional lands studied. Nevertheless, the greenspace in institutional lands annually offset carbon emissions from institutional electricity use by 0.6 (Seoul)~1.9% (Chuncheon). Tree planting in potential planting spaces was estimated to sequester additionally about 18% of the existing annual carbon uptake. Enhancing carbon reduction effects requires active tree planting in the potential spaces, multi-layered/clustered planting composed of the upper trees, middle trees and lower shrubs, planting of tree species with greater carbon uptake capacity, and avoidance of the topiary tree maintenance. This study was focused on finding out greenspace structures and carbon offset levels in institutional lands on which little had been known.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.279-289
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• 1998

To monitor vegetation structure of evergreen broad-leaved forest, twenty plots were set up at Wando Arboretum in 1996. Twenty plots were divided into ten experimental plots and control plots. A few evergreen broad-leaved species were planted after selective cutting at ten experimental plots. Dominant species of twenty plots were Quercus acuta, Q. acuta and Carpinus tschonoskii, Pinus densiflora, etc.. Vegetation structure of the experimental plots showed seral stage of succession from P. densiflora community or deciduous broad-leaved forest to Q. acuta community. Dominant species of the experimental plots were changed to Q. acuta or P. densiflora after selective cutting. And a number of species and individuals, coverages etc. were increased at shrub and ground cover layer after treatment.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2021.04a
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• pp.19-19
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• 2021

경남 양산의 천성산에서만 생육하는 산림청·국립수목원 지정 희귀식물(Critically Endangered, CR) 주걱댕강나무 개체군을 대상으로 20개소의 방형구(10×10m, 100m²) 내 개체의 특성(개체수, 개화, 결실 등), 종자의 활력검정, 차광처리에 따른 생육 특성 및 우리나라 전역의 생육가능성에 대해 알아보았다. 20개소의 대상지에서 확인한 개체수는 총 3,270개체이며, 평균 개체밀도는 1.635/m²이다. 평균 수고는 1.1m 정도이며, 평균개화율은 27.37%이고 개화는 1.0~1.8m(평균수고 1.39m) 수고에서 집중되었다. 한편, 결실률은 평균 1.67%로 매우 낮았다. 종자의 크기는 평균 너비 0.27mm, 높이 0.18mm 정도로 너무 작아 X-ray 촬영을 통한 충실검정은 확인할 수 없었다. 종자를 1% Agar배지에 종자를 치상한 후 온도조건(15, 20, 25℃)에 따른 실험 및 온도(15, 20, 25℃)와 GA3 농도(100, 250, 500PPM)처리 실험 모두 발아율은 0%였다. 결실률이 매우 낮고, 종자 발아율 또한 낮으며 지하경을 뻗는 특성으로 보아 종자는 휴면종자이며 영양생장을 취하는 것으로 판단된다. 차광처리에 따른 생육 특성 실험 결과, 신초는 평균 30.6mm 성장, 엽록소 평균 함량 25.30, 잎의 수 평균 8.32개, 잎 길이 평균 35.93mm, 잎 폭 평균 20.37mm정도 성장하여 엽면적은 평균 761.10mm로 나타났다. 생육은 조도계를 활용한 실 차광률로 볼 때, 67.8% > 82.8% > 88.2% > 43.2% > 91.9%의 순서로 나타났다. 주걱댕강나무 자생지 내 수관열림도가 21.86%로 이를 차광률로 환산할 경우 70%내외의 차광률에서 생육이 효율적인 것을 확인하였다. 기후대별로 5개소에 이식한 주걱댕강나무는 이듬해까지 모두 생육이 원활하였다. A. spathulata를 Diabelia ionostachya종들과 가까운 유연관계를 가진다는 연구에서 D. ionostachya 샘플은 위도상 강원도 고성군에 속하고 있어 우리나라 대부분 지역에서 식재가 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 2020

This study intends to analyze the relationships between images of arboreta or botanical gardens and the policy supports related to carrying capacity. For this purpose, a questionnaire survey was distributed to 723 public sites nationwide. The results consisting of an exploratory factor analysis, a confirmatory factor analysis, a correlation analysis, and a structural equation method showed that the images of the arboretum or botanical gardens contained 3 factors: cognitive, affective and shape factors. The cognitive factors greatly affected the policy support related to carrying capacity. The policymakers of the arboretum or botanical gardens can consider cognitive elements of images as important aspects in the planning and management factors to improve the support of visitors related to the policies of carrying capacity for sustainable use.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.04a
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• pp.27-27
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• 2019

본 연구는 한국 특산식물이고, IUCN Red List의 EN(위기종) 등급에 속하는 개느삼(Echinosophora koreensis)을 대상으로 자생지 분포, 식생구조 등의 생태적 특성과 현지 내외 보전 방안을 제시하기 위해 수행되었다. 개느삼의 자생지 분포 조사 결과 강원도 양구군 13곳, 인제군 3곳, 춘천시 2곳, 홍천군 1곳 총 19곳에 분포하는 것을 확인하였다. 개느삼 자생지의 해발고도는 169-711m에 분포하는 것으로 나타났고, 평균 해발고도는 375m 인 것으로 조사되었다. 개느삼 자생지의 면적 조사 결과, $8,000-734,000m^2$인 것으로 분석되었고, 평균 $202,789m^2$으로 조사되었다. 개느삼 자생지의 입지환경 분석을 수행한 결과, 자생지 내 우점종은 교목층에서 소나무가 대부분 우점하였고, 아교목층에서는 신갈나무가 우점하는 것으로 분석되었다. 관목층은 생강나무가 우점하였고, 초본층은 모든 조사구에서 개느삼이 우점하는 것으로 분석되었다. 개느삼 자생지의 식생군집분석 결과, 신갈나무, 소나무, 굴참나무 우점 군집 3개 군집으로 분류되었다. 개느삼 자생지를 대상으로 관속식물상을 조사한 결과, 총 82과 204속 289종 4아종 43변종 5품종 341분류군으로 확인되었다. 개느삼의 출현지점을 이용하여 자생지 분포역 예측 model 중 하나인 MaxEnt 분석을 통하여 잠재 분포지 분석을 수행한 결과, AUC값은 0.9762로 분석되었다. 분포예측 자생지는 강원도 양구군, 인제군, 춘천시, 화천군 지역에 집중되어 분포하는 것으로 나타났다.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.548-557
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• 2021

Cypripedium japonicum Thunb. is an endemic plant in East Asia, distributed only in Korea, China, and Japan. At the global level, the IUCN Red List evaluates it as "Endangered Species (EN)," and at the national level in Korea, it is evaluated as "Critically Endangered Species (CR)." In this study, we investigated the characteristics of the age structure and the sustainability of the population based on the data obtained by demographic monitoring conducted for seven years in the natural habitat. C. japonicum habitats were observed in 7 regions of Korea (Pochoen, Gapyeong, Hwacheon, Chuncheon, Yeongdong, Muju, Gwangyang), and 4,356 individuals in 15 subpopulations were identified. The population size and structure differed from region to region, and artificial management had a very important effect on the size and structural change of the population. Population viability analysis (PVA) based on changes in the number of individuals of C. japonicum showed a very diverse tendency by region. And the probability of population extinction in the next 100 years was 0.00% for Pocheon, 10.90% for Gwangyang, 24.05% for Chuncheon, and 79.50% for Hwacheon. Since the above monitored study sites were located within the conservation shelters, which restricted access by humans, unauthorized collection of C. japonicum, the biggest threat to the species, was not reflected in the individual viability. So, the risk of extinction in Korea is expected to be significantly higher than that estimated in this study. Therefore, it is necessary to reflect population information in several regions that may represent various threats to determine the extinction risk of the C. japonicum population objectively. In the future, we should expand the demographic monitoring of the C. japonicum population known in Korea.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.281-293
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• 2011

We investigated the causes and characteristics of a landslide at Hwangryeong Mountain, Busan, based on aerial photos, annual precipitation data, rock fracture patterns, and geomorphic features using GIS Software, and a statistical analysis of tilted trees. The analyzed slope shows evidence of a previous slope failure event and the possibility of future failures. Although the NW-SE trending slope was relatively stable until 1975, a large-scale slope failure occurred between 1975 and 1985 due to complex factors, including favorably oriented geologic structures, human activity, and heavy rain. This indicates that a detailed study of geologic structures, slope stability, and rainfall characteristics is important for slope cuttings that could be a major factor and cause of urban landsliding events. The statistic analysis of tilted trees shows a slow progressive creeping type of mass wasting with rock falls oblique to the dip of the slope, with the slope having moved towards the west since 1985. A concentration of tree tilting has developed on the northwestern part of the slope, which could reach critical levels in the future. The analysis of deformed trees is a useful tool for understanding landslides and for predicting and preventing future landslide events.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.259-265
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• 2001

This paper describes the species composition of the remnant forest vegetation (Natural Monument No. 65) in the Mok-do island of Ulsan city and its relation to ecological long-term monitoring. Syntaxonomical classification and actual vegetation map were depicted in very fine scale 1:800 for better understanding spatial distribution and vitality of individual trees and communities. A total of 111 species and 13 plant communities occurred on the 19,166 ㎡ area. Evergreen broad-leaved forest of Machilus thunbergii is a representative vegetation type, which covers 37.4% of the island area. Evergreen coniferous forest of Pinus thunbergii covers 18.6% of the island. These two forests occurred at different parts of the island, i.e., the former at the rearward and the later at the frontward of island against marine. 95.7% of trees analysed was determined as critically and absolutely monitored individuals. From a conservation perspective the Mok-do vegetation is extremely vulnerable, which must be long-termly monitored using an assessment of tree vitality and a fine scale map of vegetation.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.611-616
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• 2010

To explore on the defense strategies against hervivory of broadleaved tree species growing in tropical rain forest, Solomon Islands, morphological characteristics of the leaf, leaf domatia structure and the number, herbivores insects and mites on the leaves of 26 tree species, collected from the trees growing in Guadalcanal, New Georgia, and Tetepare islands, were investigated from Feb. 25 to March 5, 2010. The results are summarized as follows. Six tree species including Terminalia catappa(23.08%) among total 26 species have domatia structure. Especially, domatia of T. catappa reveals two types; pouch type and pit+tuft type. Predatory mites are observed on the leaves of only three species including T. catappa. Predatory mites' number per leaf or leaflet proved a few, 0.33~0.40. Insect pests destroying the leaf of tree species are such as aphids, Diaspididae sp., larva of Lepidoptera, and Eriosoma sp.(Pemphlogidae). Ants are co-works with aphids and Diaspididae sp., and supports herbivores. These results indicate that protective mutualisms between tree and predatory mites may be less frequent in woody species of tropical rain forest in Solomon Islands.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.47-58
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• 2009

In this study, a seismic fragility analysis was performed for substation systems in Korea. To evaluate the seismic fragility function of the substation systems, a fragility analysis of the individual equipment and facilities of the substation systems was first performed, and then all systems were considered in the fragility analysis of the substation systems using a fault-tree method. For this research, the status of the substation systems in Korea was investigated for the classification of the substation systems. Following the classification of the substation systems, target equipment was selected based on previous damage records in earthquake hazards. The substation systems were classified as 765kV, 345kV, and 154kV systems. Transformer and bushing were chosen as target equipment. The failure modes and criteria for transformer and bushing were decided, and fragility analysis performed. Finally, the fragility functions of substation system were evaluated using the fault tree method according to damage status.