• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.475-482
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• 2007

This study was done to analyze nutrition counseling services in health promotion center and to investigate demands of subjects for nutrition services. Data was collected through the survey of 90 subjects. The results were as follows. The results of people receiving nutrition services showed that 58.5% of the counseling group and 46.4% of the non-counseling group answered having experience with nutrition services. And 50% of them received nutrition counseling through individual counseling. Diet therapy with health check-up results also appeared the highest in contents of nutrition counseling. As a source of nutrition information and health knowledge, subjects relied heavily or most on the TV, internet, books, magazines, and newspapers. On the other hand, they relied much less on advice from dietitians, nutritionists, medical doctors and nurses. The experience of receiving nutrition services and thinking about nutrition education related positively. It showed that the counseling group (95.1%) was significantly higher than the non-counseling group (80.5%) in necessity of nutrition assessment. But, necessity of nutrition counseling wasn't significantly different between the two groups. The method of nutrition counseling subjects preferred was individual consultation. The subjects answered to having need of analysis and evaluation of nutrient intake and calorie prescription in nutrition assessment and individual nutritional status results explanation in nutrition counseling. In conclusion all people visiting health promotion centers need nutrition service of some kind.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.12-26
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• 2014

This study has researched the forms of arrangement and use of the oddly shaped stones which were used at palaces during Joseon Dynasty based on arrangements of stones as shown in Donggwoldo(東闕圖), and tried to identify its special features. The sorts of stone's arrangements which set formal patterns by assisting an axis in Donggwoldo can be classified as the single type using one stone, the symmetrical type using 2 stones symmetrically and the parallel type using 3 or more stones. The single type was used to endow a focal point and to accent centrality by arranging a stone on the axis performed from formal shaped buildings. The symmetrical type was used to show order and hierarchy by placing two odd-shaped stones on either side of a building. And the parallel type which is arranged three stones side by side, is put a middle stone on the central axis line to determine strong directional and frontality. Also similarity to method of arrangement of stones can be found from planting trees in a prominent way for scenery or planting trees symmetrically. Stones and trees can be chosen according to nature and scale of places and basically their effects of formation of axis and creating typical space is same. Based on these respect, the characteristics of arrangement of stones shown in Donggwoldo can be briefly summarized as follows. First, the oddly shaped stones were used by creating a centripetal space in order to show a grade of rank. Second, the distances among stones could be adjusted to the sizes of the architecture which was at the center. The aim was to provide stability through the balanced composition between the central axis and symmetrical structures. Third, the form of regularity was added by using stone vase in consideration of irregular shape of stone causing interference in forming regular symmetry. Fourth, a centrality was emphasized by adding change to central stones in the parallel type used 3 erect stones. Fifth, the sizes of stone were limited in order to make smooth for the mix and adjustment of its position with the types of other garden ornaments, so the oddly shaped stones in palace have portability. Sixth, the oddly shaped stones in palace which were appreciated as inspirational object basically were a sculpture of the same quality with suiseki (壽石), and the appreciative method, the composition and shape had developed in the same texture. Finally, the even number of stones by parallel type were arranged by equal partition. But odd number of stones followed the method with symmetrical arrangement on its center stone. These principles of stone arrangement are judged as distinguishing methods which oddly shaped stones was made and used in Joseon palaces.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.24-36
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• 2019

This study shows that the role of residents in landscape management is becoming increasingly important. The purpose of this study is to suggest elements that can continue the operation of landscape agreements and directions for promoting them. Therefore, 1)the operational elements considering the sustainability of the landscape agreements were proposed by way of literature research, expert interviews, and surveys. 2)The sustainable operation of elements of the landscape agreement were applied and best practices were developed through interviews with participants and literature analysis. 3)The final plan operational elements considering the sustainability of the landscape agreements and the directions for implementation were presented. As for the results, it was first presented that the elements of continuous operation of the landscape agreement, consisted of 3 major categories, 10 subcategories, and 25 details. These include resident awareness, practical applicability, effectiveness of administrative means, securing the budget, maintenance, public relations, expert support, dedicated support organization, sustainability of participation, and resident participation and communication methods. It is a detailed list of items that should be considered in the preparation phase, maintenance phase, and conclusion phase. Second, it suggested the direction for the sustainable operation of the landscape agreements be highly backed by the residents, and after reaching consensus on a landscape agreement, it is necessary that the agreement is based on contents that the residents can execute themselves. In addition, it was found that there is a need for a system to prepare the basis for securing the budget for the continuity of work, preparation of the landscape agreements, and consultation and activity costs during the maintenance phase. In addition, continuous exchanges and capacity building among residents have signed landscape agreements, and step-by-step support from experts in accordance with the level of involvement of residents is necessary. Third, even if a landscape agreement is concluded in connection with public projects, it is understood that the residents have the capacity to participate and can continue to support the administration and experts to enable the continued operation of the landscape agreement.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.509-518
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of heat shock treatments on the phytochemicals including antioxidants and anticancer materials in kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala) sprouts. In study I, kale sprouts grown under the growing system for four days were soaked at 40, 50, or $60^{\circ}C$ distilled water for 10, 30, or 60 seconds, and in study II, kale sprouts were soaked at $50^{\circ}C$ distilled water for 10, 20, 30, 45, or 60 seconds. After the heat shock treatments, the sprouts were transferred into normal growing conditions and recovered there for two days. Fresh and dry weights, electrolyte leakage, total phenolic concentration, antioxidant capacity, total flavonoid concentration, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity, and glucosinolates content of the sprouts were measured before and after the heat shock treatments. As a result, there was a significant decrease in the fresh and dry weight of kale sprouts treated with heat shock compared with control at harvest in study I. Especially, heat shock at $60^{\circ}C$ lead to more pronounced growth inhibition compared with heat treatments at 40 and $50^{\circ}C$. Electrolyte leakage by cell collapse was the highest in the sprouts exposed to $60^{\circ}C$ distilled water, which agreed with the growth results. Heat shock at $50^{\circ}C$ significantly induced the accumulation of phenolic compounds. In study II, fresh weight of kale sprouts at $50^{\circ}C$ heat shock showed a significant decrease compared with the control at one and two days after the treatment. However, the decrease was minimal and dry weight of kale sprouts was not significantly different from that in control. In contrast, the heat shock-treated kale sprouts had higher level of total phenolic concentration than control at harvest. Heat shock treatments at $50^{\circ}C$ for 20 seconds or more showed at least 1.5 and 1.2 times higher total phenolic concentration and antioxidants capacity than control, respectively. The change of the total flavonoid concentration was similar with that of antioxidants. PAL activity after 24 hours of heat shock was higher in all the heat shock-treated sprouts than that in control suggesting heat shock may stimulate secondary metabolic pathway in kale sprouts. Seven glucosinolates were identified in kale sprouts and soaking the sprouts with $50^{\circ}C$ water for 20 seconds had a pronounced impact on the accumulation of total glucosinolates as well as two major glucosinolates, progoitrin and sinigrin, at harvest. In conclusion, this study suggests that heat shock using hot water would be a potential strategy to improve nutritional quality of kale sprouts by inducing the accumulation of phytochemicals with antioxidant and anticancer properties.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.12
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• pp.1330-1336
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• 2005

Purpose : It has been suggested that changes in cerebral blood flow by ventilator care could be a risk factor in periventricular leukomalacia(PVL) and severe periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage(PV-IVH). The study aims to assess the relationship between perinatal clinical events, including ventilator care, and the development of PVL and severe PV-IVH; especially, whether ventilator care could be causers of PVL and severe PV-IVH as an individual risk factor. Methods : Among 255 very low birth weight infants who survived in the Fatima neonatal intensive care unit from January 1999 to December 2003, 15 infants with PVL and eight infants with severe PV-IVH were classified as a study group, while 231 infants were enrolled as a control group. The analysis was performed retrospectively with medical records. Results : Twenty four infants were diagnosed with PVL or severe PV-IVH. Asphyxia, recurrent apnea, sepsis, acidosis and ventilator care were significantly increased in the PVL goup. Asphyxia, recurrent apnea, RDS, acidosis and ventilator care were significantly increased in the severe PV-IVH group. Conclusion : Infants with PVL or severe PV-IVH may have multiple perinatal risk factors including asphyxia, recurrent apnea, sepsis, acidosis, RDS and ventilator care. Because most patients with ventilator care have multiple perinatal risk factors, ventilator care does not cause PVL and severe PV-IVH independently. Therefore, incidences of PVL and severe PV-IVH can be decreased by not only gentle ventilation, but also more professional antenatal care.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.261-284
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• 2018

The current international legal system does not provide a safeguard against the militarization and the weaponization of outer space. Although the term "peaceful use of outer space" in the 1967 Outer Space Treaty(OST) appears in official government statements or in multilateral space treaties, it is still without an authoritative definition in reviewing national practices. The ambiguous ban on weapons in Article IV of the OST allows countries to loophole on the deployment of other weapons other than nuclear weapons. Meanwhile "Draft Treaty on the Prevention of the Placement of Weapon in Outer Space and of the Threat or Use of Force against Outer Space Objects(PPWT)" to Conference on Disarmament (CD) commissioned by the UN General Assembly's Special Session jointly submitted by China and Russia in 2008 and later revised in 2014, attempting to define and prohibit the proliferation of weapons in outer space and provided definitions of prohibited weapons, are opposed by the US on the grounds that currently there is no arms race in outer space. Some experts support a hard law approach in which binding laws aimed at ultimately creating integrated and binding legal instruments in all aspects of the use of outer space should be adopted to regulate the military use of space. However as a temporary measure the soft law guidelines should be developed for the non liquiet, a situation where there is no applicable law. The soft law could be used to create support for the declaration of the treaties and to create international customary law. For example, the 1963 Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space that regulates the activities of the state in the exploration and use of the universe, and the 1992 Principles Relevant to the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space will illustrated. While substantial portions of the former was codified later in the 1967 OST, the latter which, although written in somewhat mandatory terms, have been consistently complied with by states, have arguably become part of customary international law. On November 12, 1974, the General Assembly reaffirmed that the development of international law may be reflected inter alia, by declarations and resolutions of the General Assembly which may to that extent be taken into consideration by the International Court of Justice.

• Journal of the Institute of Convergence Signal Processing
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2008

Ad-Hoc network is a network architecture which has no backbone network and is deployed temporarily and rapidly in emergency or war without fixed mobile infrastructures. All communications between network entities are carried in ad-hoc networks over the wireless medium. Due to the radio communications being extremely vulnerable to propagation impairments, connectivity between network nodes is not guaranteed. Therefore, many new algorithms have been studied recently. This study proposes the secondary header approach to the cluster based routing protocol (CBRP). The primary header becomes abnormal status so that the primary header can not participate in the communications between network entities, the secondary header immediately replaces the primary header without selecting process of the new primary header. This improves the routing interruption problem that occurs when a header is moving out from a cluster or in the abnormal status. The performances of proposed algorithm ACBRP(Advanced Cluster Based Routing Protocol) are compared with CBRP. The cost of the primary header reelection of ACBRP is simulated. And results are presented in order to show the effectiveness of the algorithm.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.9
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• pp.1208-1214
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• 2011

Caffeine, a psychoactive stimulant, has been implicated in the modulation of learning and memory functions due to its action as a non-selective adenosine receptors antagonist. On the contrary, some side effects of caffeine have been reported, such as an increased energy loss and metabolic rate, decrease DNA synthesis in the spleen, and increased oxidative damage to exerted on LDL particles. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a safe stimulant from natural plants mixture (Aralia elata, Acori graminei Rhizoma, Chrysanthemum, Dandleion, Guarana, Shepherd's purse) that can be used as a substitute for caffeine. Thirty SD rats were divided into three groups; control group, caffeine group (15.0 mg/kg, i.p.), and natural plants mixture group (NP, 1 mL/kg, p.o.). The effect of NP extract on stimulant activity was evaluated with open-field test (OFT) and plus maze test for measurement of behavioral profiles. Plasma lipid profiles, lipid peroxidation in LDL (conjugated dienes), total antioxidant capacity (TRAP) and DNA damage in white blood, liver, and brain cells were measured. In the OFT, immobility time was increased significantly by acute (once) and chronic (3 weeks) supplementation of NP and showed a similar effect to caffeine treatment. Three weeks of caffeine treatment caused plasma lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in liver cells, whereas there were no changes in the NP group. NP group showed a higher plasma HDL cholesterol concentration compared to the caffeine group. The results indicate that the natural plants mixture had a stimulant effect without inducing oxidative stress.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.787-798
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• 2011

An arboretum is defined as a collection of facilities that conserve plant species by surveying, collecting, and proliferating and preserving the plants in nature, perform diverse researches on plants and display the plants in exhibition spaces or outdoors as well as provide the public with educational programs and refreshment spaces according to the laws concerned. The public, however, recognizes the exhibition and education functions on plants of arboretum more importantly compared with the roles to survey, collect, and proliferate plants as regulated by the laws. In particular, arboretum plays a role to offer a pivotal educational place in urban area where the public can obtain an hands-on experience and understanding on a wide range of plant species and natural environment. The study aims to estimate the non market environmental values of Daegu Arboretum operated by Daegu Metropolitan City government by using the Contingent Valuation Methods (CVM), which yields the current monetary estimates for the arboretum. The value estimation was undertaken by using the Double-Bound Dichotomous Choice (DBDC) method, and each estimated value was derived from respective functions based on a logit distribution known to include relatively stable estimates according to the shape of the distribution. Considering the statistical fitness test results, the author estimated the amounts of the Willingness To Pay (WTP) such as mean WTP of 12,718 KRW, median WTP of 11,033 KRW, and truncated mean WTP of 11,468 KRW, which represented the annual recreational values per a person visiting Daegu Arboretum respectively. The analysis showed that Daegu Arboretum created the annual environmental values which were estimated to be approximately 16 to 19 billion KRW. The study also has an implication that the valuation method for the environment of Daegu Arboretum may be effectively applied for estimating the values of other types of environmental goods by altering the locations or goods to be analyzed.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.220-235
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• 1999

Objectives：The purpose of this study was to evaluate suicidal attitudes, self-image, anxiety and depression on industrial and cultural wemen's high school, and to make a comparative study between suicidal attitudes and anxiety, depression, self-image. Methods：Three hundred twenty-six student(161 persons from industrial wemem's school, 165 persons from cultural wemen's school), who were supposed to different from in psychosocial environment, entered this study. To assess the attitudes toward suicide, Suicide Opinion Questionnaire(SOQ) were done at study. To estimate anxiety, depression, and self-image, Zung' Self-rating Anxiety Scale (ZAS), K-Beck Depression Inventory(KBDI), Offer's Self Image Questionnaire(OSIQ), respectively, were executed in this study. Results：1) We extracted 5 factors after factor analysis based on SOQ results with the response of the 326 subject；ethics, religion, mental illness, acceptability, revenge. Revenge factor were stastically significant between both groups. 2) In OSIQ, family relationship factor & superior adjustment factor were stastically significant between both groups, but, both groups didn't have a significance on ZAS & KBDI. 3) According to correlative analysis between SOQ results and OSIQ, ZAS, KBDI results, ethics factor(SOQ) were converse to BS factor, ET factor, and ME factor in OSIQ. Mental illness factor(SOQ) were in proportion to PP factor(OSIQ). Acceptability factor(SOQ) were in proportion to ZAS & KBDI result. Conclusion：Our subject mostly regarded suicide as sinful ethically ,and as mental illness. But, In that there was neuropsychiatric history and suicidal idea in them, the subjects looked upon suicide as permissive. With significantly high score on ZAS & KBDI, there were more acceptable attitude toward suicide. So, We consider suicide to be used as coping strategy about more stressful event to young adolescent.