Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.7235/hort.2012.12094

Heat Shock Treatments Induce the Accumulation of Phytochemicals in Kale Sprouts  

Lee, Min-Jeong (Department of Horticultural Science, Chungbuk National University)
Lim, Sooyeon (Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University)
Kim, Jongkee (Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University)
Oh, Myung-Min (Department of Horticultural Science, Chungbuk National University)
Publication Information
Horticultural Science & Technology / v.30, no.5, 2012 , pp. 509-518 More about this Journal
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of heat shock treatments on the phytochemicals including antioxidants and anticancer materials in kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala) sprouts. In study I, kale sprouts grown under the growing system for four days were soaked at 40, 50, or $60^{\circ}C$ distilled water for 10, 30, or 60 seconds, and in study II, kale sprouts were soaked at $50^{\circ}C$ distilled water for 10, 20, 30, 45, or 60 seconds. After the heat shock treatments, the sprouts were transferred into normal growing conditions and recovered there for two days. Fresh and dry weights, electrolyte leakage, total phenolic concentration, antioxidant capacity, total flavonoid concentration, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity, and glucosinolates content of the sprouts were measured before and after the heat shock treatments. As a result, there was a significant decrease in the fresh and dry weight of kale sprouts treated with heat shock compared with control at harvest in study I. Especially, heat shock at $60^{\circ}C$ lead to more pronounced growth inhibition compared with heat treatments at 40 and $50^{\circ}C$. Electrolyte leakage by cell collapse was the highest in the sprouts exposed to $60^{\circ}C$ distilled water, which agreed with the growth results. Heat shock at $50^{\circ}C$ significantly induced the accumulation of phenolic compounds. In study II, fresh weight of kale sprouts at $50^{\circ}C$ heat shock showed a significant decrease compared with the control at one and two days after the treatment. However, the decrease was minimal and dry weight of kale sprouts was not significantly different from that in control. In contrast, the heat shock-treated kale sprouts had higher level of total phenolic concentration than control at harvest. Heat shock treatments at $50^{\circ}C$ for 20 seconds or more showed at least 1.5 and 1.2 times higher total phenolic concentration and antioxidants capacity than control, respectively. The change of the total flavonoid concentration was similar with that of antioxidants. PAL activity after 24 hours of heat shock was higher in all the heat shock-treated sprouts than that in control suggesting heat shock may stimulate secondary metabolic pathway in kale sprouts. Seven glucosinolates were identified in kale sprouts and soaking the sprouts with $50^{\circ}C$ water for 20 seconds had a pronounced impact on the accumulation of total glucosinolates as well as two major glucosinolates, progoitrin and sinigrin, at harvest. In conclusion, this study suggests that heat shock using hot water would be a potential strategy to improve nutritional quality of kale sprouts by inducing the accumulation of phytochemicals with antioxidant and anticancer properties.
Keywords
Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala; glucosinolates; phenolics; phenylalanine ammonia-lyase;
Citations & Related Records

Times Cited By Web Of Science : 0  (Related Records In Web of Science)
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Ainsworth, E.A. and K.M. Gillespie. 2007. Estimation of total phenolic content and other oxidation substrates in plant tissues using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Nature Protocols 2:875-877.   DOI
2 Allakhverdiev, S.I., V.D. Kreslavski, V.V. Klimov, D.A. Los, R. Carpentier, and P. Mohanty. 2008. Heat stress: an overview of molecular responses in photosynthesis. Photosyn. Res. 98:541-550.   DOI   ScienceOn
3 Bhattacharya, A., Y. Li, K.L. Wade, J.D. Paonessa, J.W. Fahey, and Y. Zhang. 2010. Allyl isothiocyanate-rich mustard seed powder inhibits bladder cancer growth and muscle invasion. Carcinogenesis 31:2105-2110.   DOI
4 Blum, A., N. Klueva, and H.T. Nguyen. 2001. Wheat cellular thermotolerance is related to yield under heat stress. Euphytica 117:117-123.   DOI
5 Boo, H.O., B.G. Heo, S. Gorinstein, and S.U. Chon. 2011. Positive effects of temperature and growth conditions on enzymatic and antioxidant status in lettuce plants. Plant Sci. 181:479-484.   DOI   ScienceOn
6 Camejo, D., P. Rodríguez, M.A. Morales, J.M. Dell'amico, A. Torrecillas, and J.J. Alarcón. 2005. High temperature effects on photosynthetic activity of two tomato cultivars with different heat susceptibility. J. Plant Physiol. 162:281-289.   DOI
7 Cevallos-Casals, B.A. and L. Cisneros-Zevallos. 2010. Impact of germination on phenolic content and antioxidant activity of 13 edible species. Food Chem. 119:1485-1490.   DOI
8 Chappell, J. and K. Hahlbrock. 1984. Transcription of plant defence genes in response to UV light or fungal elicitor. Nature 311:76-78.   DOI
9 Chen, H.H., Z.Y. Shen, and P.H. Li. 1982. Adaptability of crop plants to high temperature stress. Crop Sci. 22:719-725.   DOI
10 Dat, J.F., C.H. Foyer, and I.M. Scott. 1998. Changes in salicylic acid and antioxidants during induction of thermo tolerance in mustard seedlings. Plant Physiol. 118:1455-1461.   DOI
11 Dewanto, V., X. Wu, K.K. Adom, and R.H. Liu. 2002. Thermal processing enhances the nutritional value of tomatoes by increasing total antioxidant activity. J. Agr. Food Chem. 50:3010-3014.   DOI   ScienceOn
12 Dixon, R.A. and N.L. Paiva. 1995. Stress-induced phenylpropanoid metabolism. Plant Cell 7:1085-1097.   DOI
13 Fahey, J.W., Y. Zhang, and P. Talalay. 1997. Broccoli sprouts: an exceptionally rich source of inducers of enzymes that protect against chemical carcinogens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:10367-10372.   DOI   ScienceOn
14 Giaveno, C. and J. Ferrero. 2003. Introduction of tropical maize genotypes to increase silage production in the central area of Santa Fe, Argentina. Crop Breeding Appl. Biotechnol. 3:89-94.   DOI
15 Gong, M., S.N. Chen, Y.Q. Song, and Z.G. Li. 1997. Effect of calcium and calmodulin on intrinsic heat tolerance in relation to antioxidant systems in maize seedlings. Austral. J. Plant Physiol. 24:371-379.   DOI
16 Hertog, M.G.L., P.C.H. Hollman, and M.B. Katan. 1992. Content of potentially anticarcinogenic flavonoids of 28 vegetables and 9 fruits commonly consumed in the Netherlands. J. Agr. Food Chem. 40:2379-2383.   DOI
17 Koukol, J. and E.E. Conn. 1961. The metabolism of aromatic compounds in higher plants. IV. Purification and properties of the phenylalanine deaminase of Hordeum vulgare. J. Biol. Chem. 236:2692-2698.
18 Hwang, I.G., K.S. Woo, T.M. Kim, D.J. Kim, M.H. Yang, and H.S. Jeong. 2006. Change of physicochemical characteristics of Korean pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) juice with heat treatment conditions. Kor. J. Food Sci. Technol. 38:342-347.
19 International Organization for Standarization (ISO). 1992. Rapeseed - Determination of glucosinolates content Part 1 (ISO 9167-1). ISO, Geneva.
20 Jahangir, M., H.K. Kim, Y.H. Choi, and R. Verpoorte. 2009. Health-affecting compounds in Brassicaceae. Comprehensive Rev. Food Sci. Food Safety. 8:31-43.   DOI
21 Lee, M.Y., S.L. Shin, S.H. Park, N.R. Kim, Y.D. Chang, and C.H. Lee. 2009. Development of optimal cultivation conditions and analysis of antioxidant activities of Arctium lappa sprout vegetables. Kor. J. Plant Res. 22:304-311.
22 Miller, N.J. and C.A. Rice-Evans. 1996. Spectrophotometric determination of antioxidant activity. Redox Rpt. 2:161-171.
23 Oh, M.M. and C.B. Rajashekar. 2009. Antioxidant content of edible sprouts: Effects of environmental shocks. J. Sci. Food Agr. 89:2221-2227.   DOI
24 Oh, M.M., E.E. Carey, and C.B. Rajashekar. 2009. Environmental stresses induce health-promoting phytochemicals in lettuce. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 47:578-583.   DOI   ScienceOn
25 Perez-Balibrea, S., D.A. Moreno, C. Garcia-Viguera. 2011a. Genotypic effects on the phytochemical quality of seeds and sprouts from commercial broccoli cultivars. Food Chem. 125:348-354   DOI
26 Rivero, R.M., J.M. Ruiz, P.C. Garcia, L.R. Lopez-Lefebre, E. Sanchez, and L. Romero. 2001. Resistance to cold and heat stress: Accumulation of phenolic compounds in tomato and watermelon plants. Plant Sci. 160:315-321.   DOI
27 Perez-Balibrea, S., D.A. Moreno, C. Garcia-Viguera. 2011b. Improving the phytochemical composition of broccoli sprouts by elicitation. Food Chem. 129:35-44.   DOI
28 Poiroux-Gonord, F., L.P. Bidel, A.L. Fanciullino, H. Gautier, F. Lauri-Lopez, and L. Urban. 2010. Health benefits of vitamins and secondary metabolites of fruits and vegetables and prospects to increase their concentrations by agronomic approaches. J. Agr. Food Chem. 58:12065-12082.   DOI
29 Rajashekar, C.B., E.E. Carey, X. Zhao, and M.-M. Oh. 2009. Health-promoting phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables: Impact of abiotic stresses and crop production practices. Functional Plant Sci. Biotechnol. 3:30-38.
30 Rosa, E. and R.K. Heaney. 1996. Seasonal variation in protein, mineral and glucosinolate composition of Portuguese cabbages and kale. Animal Feed Sci. Technol. 57:111-127.   DOI   ScienceOn
31 Sairam, R.K. and A. Tyagi. 2004. Physiology and molecular biology of salinity stress tolerance in plants. Current Sci. 86:407-421.
32 Samuoliene, G., A. Urbonavicoite, A. Brazaityte, G. Sabajeviene, J. Sakalauskaite, and P. Duchovskis. 2011. The impact of LED illumination on antioxidant properties of sprouted seeds. Centrual European J. Biol. 6:68-74.   DOI
33 Sarikamis, G., A. Balkaya, and R. Yanmaz. 2008. Glucosinolates in kale genotypes from the blacksea region of Turky. Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equipment 22:942-946.   DOI
34 Velasco, P., M.E. Cartea, C. Gonzalez, M. Vilar, and A. Ordas. 2007. Factors affecting the glucosinolate content of kale (Brassica oleracea acephala group). J. Agr. Food Chem. 55:955-962.   DOI
35 Schmidt, S., M. Zietz, M. Schreiner, S. Rohn, L.W. Kroh, and A. Krumbein. 2010. Genotypic and climatic influences on the concentration and composition of flavonoids in kale (Brassica oleracea var. sabellica). Food Chem. 119:1293-1299.   DOI
36 Schreiner, M. 2005. Vegetable crop management strategies to increase the quantity of phytochemicals. European J. Nutr. 44:85-94.   DOI
37 Takaya, Y., Y. Kondo, T. Furukawa, and M. Niwa. 2003. Antioxidant constituents of radish sprout (Kaiware-daikon), Raphanus sativus L. J. Agr. Food Chem. 51:8061-8066.   DOI   ScienceOn
38 Velikova, V. and F. Loreto. 2005. On the relationship between isoprene emission and thermotolerance in Phragmites australis leaves exposed to high temperatures and during the recovery from a heat stress. Plant Cell Environ. 28:318-327.   DOI
39 Wahid, A. and A. Ghazanfar. 2006. Possible involvement of some secondary metabolites in salt tolerance of sugarcane. J. Plant Physiol. 163:723-730.   DOI
40 Wahid, A., S. Gelani, M. Ashraf, and M.R. Foolad. 2007. Heat tolerance in plants: An overview. Environmental Experimental Bot. 61:199-223.   DOI   ScienceOn
41 Washida, K., M. Miyata, T. Koyama, K. Yazawa, and K. Nomoto. 2010. Suppressive effect of Yamato-mana (Brassica rapa L. oleifera group) constituent 3-butenyl glucosinolate (gluconapin) on postprandial hypertriglyceridemia in mice. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 74:1286-1289.   DOI
42 Zhang, Y. 2004. Cancer-preventive isothiocyanates: Measurement of human exposure and mechanism of action. Mutation Res. 555:173-190.   DOI   ScienceOn