• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.237-247
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• 2006

The use of high-performance shotcrete lining is indispensable to improve long-term durability of a tunnel and to apply the single-shell tunnelling method. Among a lot of shotcrete admixtures, pozzolan materials such as silica fume have positive effects on increasing the strength and the durability of shotcrete. It is also well known that a cement-based accelerator is much faster in setting time and more eco-friendly than conventional accelerators. This study aimed to improve the properties of wet-mix shotcrete by incorporating with Metakaolin and the calcium aluminate based accelerator. To compare Metakaolin with silica fume, mixing ratios of each material were varied as 4% and 8% of cement weight. Moreover, Metakaolin was blended with silica fume, and their binder was also set to 4% and 8% of cement weight. At each mixing condition, setting time, compressive strength, flexural strength, permeability and freezing-thawing resistance were measured. From the experiments, it was revealed Metakaolin could be a substituting material for silica fume.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.32 no.5C
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• pp.221-229
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• 2012

Steel ribs such as H-beam or lattice girder are often reinforced to secure the stability of NATM tunnel when the ground is in the bad condition. When designing, however, steel ribs are not often taken into consideration on the numerical analysis when they are regarded as temporary tunnel supports until shotcrete shows its best performance or if they are, there are various modeling methods. This study shows behavior and loading capacity of steel ribs and shotcrete through the strength test on the bending, pressure and full-scaled. Also, we conducted and analyzed the experiment of composite member consisting of shotcrete and steel ribs under the same condition. Through the result, we can find the fact that shotcrete and steel ribs do not work as one unit because of slipping on the boundary. Also, when numerical analyzing, it was concluded that steel ribs cover all bending moment and shotcrete and steel ribs share with axial force according to the compressive strength.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.23-31
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• 2003

Since the mid of 1990, permanent shotcrete tunnel linings such as Single-shell and NMT have been constructed in many countries for reducing the construction time and lowing construction costs instead of conventional in-situ concrete linings. Among essential technologies for successful application of permanent shotcrete linings, high performance shotcrete having high strength, high durability and better pumpability has to be developed in advance as an integral component. This paper presents the idea and first experimental attempts to increase early strength and bond strength of wet-mixed Steel Fiber Reinforced Shotcrete (SFRS) in spring water condition. In order to increase early behavior of SFRS, a new approach using high-early strength cement with alkali-free liquid accelerator has been investigated. From the test results, wet-mix SFRS with high-early strength cement and alkali-free accelerator exhibited excellent early compressive strength improvement compared to the ordinary portland cement and good bond strength even under spring water condition.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.12 no.9
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• pp.47-54
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• 2011

This study has analysed overbreaks, shotcrete rebound and the ratio between the actual quantity of shotcrete sprayed compared to designed quantity measured during a NATM tunnel construction. Based on the measurements of size of the excavated tunnel faces, an average overbreak was about 28.5 cm, which is about 260% of allowable overbreak. The measured shotcrete rebound was about 7.2% in average which is about half the allowable rebound(15%). In addition, due to overbreaks and rebound the actual quantity of shotcrete used in the tunnelling work was about 116.5 % of the designed value. It has been found from the field measurements that the quantity of shotcrete showed some relation with rock mass rating(RMR) and the standard guideline of tunnel supports, but the size of overbreak showed less correlation with RMR and the standard guideline of tunnel supports. Hence, the current tunnel design specifications stating the size of overbreak based entirely on the standard guideline for tunnel supports should perhaps be reestablished. The insight into the design guideline regarding overbreak and actual quantity of shotcrete will be reported and discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.545-552
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• 2020

This study evaluated the support performance of fiber-net integrated shotcrete in tunnel support system developed for the purpose of improving constructability and stability while fully performing its mechanical performance as a tunnel support materials by four-point bending test, two-dimensional numerical analysis, and cross-sectional analysis. As a result of evaluating the flexural performance through a four-point bending test, in the case of fiber-net reinforced shotcrete, the tensile performance of fiber-net resulted in a continuous increase in load after crack occurrence, unlike steel fiber reinforced shotcrete. Also, the results of the tunnel cross-sectional structure analysis for ground conditions and the cross-sectional analysis of fiber-net and steel fiber reinforced shotcrete showed that sufficient support performance can be exhibited even if the thickness of fiber-net reinforced shotcrete was reduced compared to the previous one. Additionally, through these results, the support pattern of fiber-net integrated shotcrete in tunnel support system, which can be applied efficiently to the construction sections requiring higher stability among the rock mass class III, was proposed.

• Magazine of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.36-40
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• 2003

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Industrial Safety Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.204-207
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• 2002

주로 터널 등에 사용되는 숏크리트는 콘크리트와 달리 높은 압력으로 뿜어붙이기 때문에 콘크리트와 다른 역학적 특성이 보이게 된다. 그러나 국내에서는 이러한 숏크리트의 중요한 역학적 특성인 내구성능에 관한 실험이 미미한 실정으로 본 연구에서는 숏크리트 장비를 이용하여 실험시편을 급결제의 종류, 혼화제의 종류, 혼화재(실리카흄, 고로슬래그, 플라이애쉬)의 종류 등에 따라 제작하여 강도실험(28일 및 56일 압축강도, 28일 휨강도, 56일 할렬인장강도), 동결융해실험, 내투수성실험, 중성화실험 등의 폭 넓은 실험을 통해 고성능 숏크리트의 전반적인 내구특성을 규명할 수 있었다.(중략)

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.797-800
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• 2008

The pre-mixed concrete shotcrete, which can pre-bag the shotcrete materials and thus can save considerable labor activity, will be developed through extensive experiments. The proposed pre-mixed High performance Shooting concrete system included hydro-demolition will be verified though field tests in actual repair and rehabilitation construction sites. This research was on developing of the High performance Shooting concrete by evaluation of site application by field test using new automatic Hydro-demolition and Shotcrete equipment.

• 한국터널공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.175-186
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• 2005

터널공사에서 숏크리트는 가장 중요한 지보재 이므로 시공중 품질관리를 위한 압축강도시험은 매우 중요하다. 현장 타설 숏크리트의 압축강도는 실험실조건에 비하여 낮은 값을 갖고 있어 현장강도 시험은 필수적이나, 적절한 시험방법의 부재로 인하여 코어채취에 의한 압축강도시험이 적용되고 있다. 이 방법은 적절한 샘플채취와 초기강도 측정에 큰 문제점을 가지고 있다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 공기압식 핀관입시험법을 고찰하였으며, 압축강도시험의 단점을 해소할 수 있는 점하중강도시험법의 적용성을 검토하였다. 또한, 향후 연구계획으로써, 현장강도시험기법으로 선정된 공기압식 핀관입시험기의 적정성 평가와 숏크리트 압축강도시험을 대체할 수 있는 점하중강도시험의 적용성 분석계획을 제시하였다.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.597-604
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• 2015

When a tunnel is constructed by drilling and blasting operation, the excavated perimeter becomes uneven due to overbreak at the drill holes so that the thickness of shotcrete tends to be irregular. In this case, the conventional stress analyses for tunnel lining of a uniform thickness cannot be readily applicable. In this study, the profile of tunnel perimeter assumed to be sinusoidal in order to simulate the uneven tunnel perimeter and to control the thickness of shotcrete by using the amplitude and wavelength. By adopting the sinusoidal function to a theoretical solution of stress analysis for uniform lining, the range of axial stress of irregular shotcrete can be estimated. The applicability of the approximate solution has been verified by performing a series of numerical analyses for various conditions. It is shown that the axial stress of shorcrete is highly dependent upon the irregularity of shotcrete, together with the ground property and initial stress conditions. It is also shown the shear stress is dependent upon the wavelength, and the stress condition becomes unfavorable where the thickness of shotcrete is relatively small. The approach developed in this study shows that the stress state where the thickness is relatively small is unfavourable, and it is necessary to take complementary measures when installing shotcrete after blasting.