• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.303-306
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• 2011

A 12-year-old female mixed breed dog receiving a progesterone drug was referred for evaluation of an abdominal mass. Abdominal radiography and ultrasonography revealed a swollen uterus and an associated mass. Serum chemistry revealed hyperglobulinemia consistent with acute inflammation based on the results of serum protein electrophoresis. Fine needle aspiration of the mass guided by ultrasonography was performed for cytological evaluation. The cytological impression was consistent with adenocarcinoma. Exploratory laparotomy identified a uterine body mass, which was surgically removed for histopathology. Histology of the mass identified a uterine adenocarcinoma. Immunochemistry using anti-estrogen and progesterone receptor antibodies was performed and neoplastic cells were negative to both antibodies while some normal elements were reactive to both of them. Computer tomography demonstrated evidence of metastatic disease in the lung one week after the surgery and the dog died about 40 days after surgery.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.616-618
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• 2009

A 5-year-old Pekinese dog was presented for evaluation of a back mass of 1 year duration. Fine needle aspiration cytology of the mass revealed numerous keratinocytes, and a lesser number of multinucleated giant cells along with a low number of spindle cells, which were suggestive of epidermal cyst or hair follicle tumor with secondary granulomatous inflammation. The mass was surgically removed and examined histologically. Microscopically there was partially encapsulated well-demarcated nodule in deep dermis and subcutis. The nodule consisted of central cyst and secondary cysts that were lined by a single or multiple layers of basaloid cells and squamous epitheliums with central laminated keratin. Multifocal aggregation of numerous macrophages and multinucleated giant cells were present. The final diagnosis was keratoacanthoma with granulomatous inflammation. The mass did not recur 5 months after surgery.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 1994

A case of poorly differentiated "insular" carcinoma of the thyroid is presented and discussed with references to the literature. Un fine needle aspiration cytology of our case, the aspirates were highly cellular with tumor cells appearing as dispersed isolated cells as well as in dense clusters and syncytial formations. Occasional microfollicles containing colloid were evident. Most of nuclei were fairly uniform with considerable variability and a few showed definite atypical features. Nuclear grooving was additional features. Necrotic debris was not seen. Our cytologic findings were correlated well with histology, confirming typical insular pattern of tumor cells with the presence of occasional pleomorphic cells and papillary carcinoma-like features. With much attention to cytological features of insular carcinoma, it would be possible to diagnose a preoperative suggestive diagnosis, even though not definitive.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.56 no.5
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• pp.505-513
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• 2004

Background : In lung cancer patients, the presence of metastatic neck nodes is a crucial indicator of inoperabilty. So thorough physical examination of neck is always mandatory, but sometimes those are hardly palpable even by the skillful hand. Ultrasonography is a useful diagnostic method in detection of small impalpable lymph nodes and in guidance of fine needle aspiration biopsy. In this study we evaluated the clinical usefulness of ultrasonography(USG) and ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology(US-FNA) in lung cancer patients without palpable neck nodes. Methods and Materials : From Sep 2002 to Sep 2003, 36 non-small cell lung cancer patients (20 adenocarcinoma, 16 squamous cell cancer) and 10 small cell lung cancer patients without palpable neck nodes on physical examiation were enrolled. patients who had contralateral mediastinal nodal enlargement(>1cm) on chest CT were excluded. After the routine check of USG on the neck, US-FNA was done in cases with enlarged neck nodes (${\geq}5mm$ in the short axis). The presence of enlarged lymph node on USG, and of malignant cells on cytology were evaluated by the histological type and the patients' clinical stage of lung cancer. Results : Among 36 non-small lung cell cancer patients, 14 (38.8%) had enlarged neck nodes on USG, and 5 of 10 small cell lung carcinoma patients. The mean diameter of the neck nodes was 9.8 mm (range, 7-12 mm). US-FNA of 14 non-small cell lung cancer patients revealed tumor cells in eight patients (57.1%). In 5 small cell lung cancer pateints, tumor cells were found in all cases. By the result of US-FNA, the clinical stage of 8 out of 36 (22.2%) non-small cell lung cancer patients had changed, including two cases of shift from the operable IIIa to the inoperable IIIb. In small cell lung cancer patients their clinical stage was not changed after US-FNA, but their pathological diagnosis was easily done in two cases, in whom endobronchial lesions were not found on bronchoscopy. Conclusions : USG and US-FNA of neck node seem to be safe, sensitive and cost-effective diagnostic tools in the evaluation of lung cancer patients without palpable neck nodes.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.134-140
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• 2012

This retrospective study was performed to describe and evaluate ultrasonographic characteristics of splenic disorders and to pursue any relationship with cytologic or histopathologic diagnoses. Medical records were reviewed for patients that had undergone both abdominal ultrasonographic procedures and ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) or surgical biopsy of splenic lesions or necropsy from January 2002 to July 2011 at Seoul National University Hospital for Animals. Total 124 dogs, 76 cases with FNA and 48 cases with biopsy, were available for this investigation. The age of dogs ranged from 2 to 17 years ($mean{\pm}SD$ = $9.54{\pm}3.34$ years), with the gender distribution of 61 females (26 spayed) and 63 males (40 neutered). In breed distribution, 114 were purebred dogs and 10 were mixed breed dogs. The dogs represented 26 breeds, with 113 dogs categorized into small-sized breeds. The ultrasonographic appearances of splenic disorders could be classified into 10 types including normal appearance, depending on the distribution and echogenicity of splenic lesions as well as the increase in spleen size and diffuse parenchymal changes. Among 124 cases, 44 (35.4%) had hypoechoic nodules/masses with the highest frequency, followed by 23 (18.5%) with multiple small hypoechoic nodules. Of 124 cases, 70 (56.5%) were benign and 54 (43.5%) were malignant lesions at cytologic or histopathologic results. Each ultrasonographic appearance had variable cytologic or histopathologic diagnoses. However, diffuse heterogenicity and diffuse hypoechogenicity were significantly associated with malignancy (p < 0.05), whereas hyperechoic nodules/masses were more often associated with benignity (p < 0.05). Based on our results, it may be considered that the ultrasonographic examination for spleen could be able to provide the least information necessary for benign and malignant lesions in prioritizing differential diagnoses.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.381-388
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• 2020

The quality control of pathological specimens is important for accurate molecular pathology testing. This study evaluated that specimen factors affecting the DNA quality during tissue processing and sample types for BRAF, EGFR, and KRAS mutations tests. One thousand seven hundred and seventy-two molecular pathology tests were investigated for the factors influencing the DNA quality, such as sample type, formalin fixation time, and reexamination status. Cytology samples stored in a saline solution had better DNA quality than commercial cytology preservation. Tissue samples fixed in formalin within 24 hours had better DNA quality than the samples fixed over 24 hours. Between the types of samples, fresh tissue samples and tissue samples with a high tumor cell density had relatively better DNA quality than the formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues and cytology specimens. Of real-time PCR, the non-PNA Ct value increased proportionally with samples held for longer than 24 hours in formalin, and that the formalin-fixed time affects the sample DNA quality. In conclusion, the appropriate tumor cellularity and 10% neutral formalin fixation time are the most important factors for maintaining the DNA quality. These factors should be managed properly for an accurate pathological molecular test to ensure optimal DNA quality.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 1996

From the concepts of cellular pathology and of exfoliative cytology, as elucidated by Virchow and Papanicolaou respectively in the late 19th and early 20th century, have evolved the primary methods for the diagnosis of cancer today. From Papanicolaou's concept of exfoliative cytology developed fine needle aspiration biopsy in the early 1960's, this has become a major diagnostic procedure and has contributed to a significant reduction in open biopsies and, therefore, to medical cost-effectiveness immunobiochemical techniques provided us with a supplement to cancer diagnosis in the 1980's. The immunoperoxidase method, using monoclonal antibodies, is applied primarily as an ancillary measure to elucidate the nature of cancers The availability of specific monoclonal antibodies has greatly facilitated the identification of cell products or surface markers. For example, antibodies directed against intermediate filaments have proved to be of value in determining the histogenesis oi poorly differentiated neoplasms. Tumor markers may serve as biochemical indicators of the presence of a neoplasm. They can be detected In plasma and other body fluids. Their concentration can be applied as a diagnostic test, for monitoring the clinical course of known cancer, and as a screening measure to detect certain cancers in a population at risk. Flow cytometry is a useful tool for distinguishing several cell characteristics, such as the immunophenotype of leukemia-lymphoma cells, the DNA content of neoplastic cells, and cell proliferation rate. Molecular biologic techniques provided a giant step for the management of cancer patients encompassing diagnosis, prognostic evaluation, and therapy. Nucleic acid hybridization techniques are utilized as Southern, Northern, and dot blots and in situ hybridization. Molecular biology and its techniques may bring a blight new horizon for understanding cancer biology and in designing therapy on the basis of gene manipulation.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.144-151
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• 2008

Fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology is the decisive test in the pre-operative diagnostics of thyroid nodules. Here we share our institutional experience about thyroid aspiration and give suggestions for suspicious cytology results. Three hundred twenty-two cases in 270 patients (mean age 47.4 years, 243 women and 27 men) who underwent thyroidectomy were reviewed. Among the 322 cases, the FNA diagnosis of "positive for malignancy" was 87 cases (27.0%), "suggestive of malignancy" 30 cases (9.3%), "suspicious for malignancy" 61 cases (18.9%), "negative for malignancy" 102 cases (31.7%), and "unsatisfactory smear" 42 cases (13.0%). Eighty seven cases (100%) out of "positive for malignancy", 29 cases (96.7%) out of "suggestive of malignancy", and 39 cases (64.0%) out of "suspicious for malignancy" were papillary carcinoma (148 cases, 95.5%), or follicular carcinoma (2 cases, 1.3%), or metastatic carcinoma (1 case, 0.6%). Seventeen patients who had only negative or unsatisfactory cytology underwent thyroidectomy and nine cases (52.9%) were papillary carcinoma. We suggest that: the cytology diagnosis of "suggestive of malignancy" could be regarded as "positive for malignancy", the cytology diagnosis of "suspicious of malignancy" should be carefully correlated with clinico-radiologic manifestation, and even a negative or unsatisfactory smear should be carefully followed up.

• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.84-92
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• 2003

Purpose: To report two cases of bone tumors other than osteoid osteoma in the proximal femur and treated with percutaneous high frequency radioablation method. Cases: We reviewed two cases with intracortical chondroma and enchondroma in the femoral head retrospectively. The patient with intracortical chondroma was a thirty one year old woman and had suffered right hip pain of 1 year duration. The lesion was located in the head of right femur and treated with CT guided percutaneous high frequency radioablation after needle biopsy under general anesthesia. The symptom was gone immediately after the procedure and was discharged postop. 1 day. 15 months has passed without symptom recurrence. Second case having enchondroma, was 56 year old woman complaining of gluteal area pain for 3 months. Radiologic evaluation showed osteolytic lesion with sclerotic rim on the inferior portion of the left femoral head. She received a same therapy with CT guided radiofrequency ablation following needle biopsy. She reported dramatic pain relief after the procedure and was discharged postop. 1 day. No symptom has occurred for 3 months until now. Conclusion: We present 2 cases of bone tumor occurred in the hip joint area other than osteoid osteoma which were treated with CT guided radiofrequency ablation.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.161-168
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• 1998

Primary breast lesions diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology, confirmed by histologic examination were analyzed by morphometry to evaluate the difference between benign and malignant lesions, and the methods obtaining the sample. four size factors and 5 form factors were evaluated in 22 fibroadenomas and 20 carcinomas by image analyzer(Zeiss Ibas 2000) using the H-E stained slides. Nuclear size was significantly larger in the carcinoma cells than fibroadenoma cells both in the cytology and biopsy specimens, but the form factors were not significantly different. Both fibroadencma and carcinoma cells were significantly larger in cytologic smear than histologic section. The cells in the cytology were more regular and round than those in histology, but not statistically significant. Fibroadenomas having cellular proliferation and atypism exhibited larger size and more irregular nuclei than non-proliferative fibroadenoma, but not statistically significant. Therefore nuclear morphometric analysis can be a helpful method to diagnose the questionable breast lesions and is a method appropriate for use as a quality control procedure in the fine needle aspiration cytology.