The Usefulness of Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of Impalpable Neck Nodes in Patients with Lung Cancer

폐암 환자에서 촉진되지 않는 경부 림프절에 대한 초음파 유도 하 세침흡인 세포검사의 유용성

  • Kim, Hee Kyoo (Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University) ;
  • Ha, Seung In (Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University) ;
  • Kim, Yu Ri (Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University) ;
  • Park, Chan Bog (Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University) ;
  • Oak, Chul Ho (Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University) ;
  • Jang, Tae Won (Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University) ;
  • Jung, Maan Hong (Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University) ;
  • Oh, Kyung Seung (Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Kosin University) ;
  • Chun, Bong Kwon (Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kosin University) ;
  • Lee, Min Ki (Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Pusan National University) ;
  • Park, Soon Kew (Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Pusan National University)
  • 김희규 (고신대학교 내과학교실 호흡기내과) ;
  • 하승인 (고신대학교 내과학교실 호흡기내과) ;
  • 김유리 (고신대학교 내과학교실 호흡기내과) ;
  • 박찬복 (고신대학교 내과학교실 호흡기내과) ;
  • 옥철호 (고신대학교 내과학교실 호흡기내과) ;
  • 장태원 (고신대학교 내과학교실 호흡기내과) ;
  • 정만홍 (고신대학교 내과학교실 호흡기내과) ;
  • 오경승 (고신대학교 진단방사선과) ;
  • 천봉권 (고신대학교 해부병리과) ;
  • 이민기 (부산대학교 내과학교실 호흡기내과) ;
  • 박순규 (부산대학교 내과학교실 호흡기내과)
  • Published : 2004.05.30

Abstract

Background : In lung cancer patients, the presence of metastatic neck nodes is a crucial indicator of inoperabilty. So thorough physical examination of neck is always mandatory, but sometimes those are hardly palpable even by the skillful hand. Ultrasonography is a useful diagnostic method in detection of small impalpable lymph nodes and in guidance of fine needle aspiration biopsy. In this study we evaluated the clinical usefulness of ultrasonography(USG) and ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology(US-FNA) in lung cancer patients without palpable neck nodes. Methods and Materials : From Sep 2002 to Sep 2003, 36 non-small cell lung cancer patients (20 adenocarcinoma, 16 squamous cell cancer) and 10 small cell lung cancer patients without palpable neck nodes on physical examiation were enrolled. patients who had contralateral mediastinal nodal enlargement(>1cm) on chest CT were excluded. After the routine check of USG on the neck, US-FNA was done in cases with enlarged neck nodes (${\geq}5mm$ in the short axis). The presence of enlarged lymph node on USG, and of malignant cells on cytology were evaluated by the histological type and the patients' clinical stage of lung cancer. Results : Among 36 non-small lung cell cancer patients, 14 (38.8%) had enlarged neck nodes on USG, and 5 of 10 small cell lung carcinoma patients. The mean diameter of the neck nodes was 9.8 mm (range, 7-12 mm). US-FNA of 14 non-small cell lung cancer patients revealed tumor cells in eight patients (57.1%). In 5 small cell lung cancer pateints, tumor cells were found in all cases. By the result of US-FNA, the clinical stage of 8 out of 36 (22.2%) non-small cell lung cancer patients had changed, including two cases of shift from the operable IIIa to the inoperable IIIb. In small cell lung cancer patients their clinical stage was not changed after US-FNA, but their pathological diagnosis was easily done in two cases, in whom endobronchial lesions were not found on bronchoscopy. Conclusions : USG and US-FNA of neck node seem to be safe, sensitive and cost-effective diagnostic tools in the evaluation of lung cancer patients without palpable neck nodes.

목 적 : 폐암이 인접장기를 침범하거나 림프절이나 원격장기에 전이가 되었는지를 아는 것은 폐암의 병기결정에서 가장 중요한 요소가 된다. 본 연구에서는 폐암 환자에서 촉진 되지 않는 경부 림프절에 대하여 초음파 유도하의 세침흡인 세포검사의 임상적 유용성을 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 조직학적으로 폐암으로 확진 된 환자 중 경부 진찰 상 경부 림프절이 촉지 되지 않고 흉부 전산단층 촬영소견 상 편측에 종격동 임파절이 1 cm이상 커지지 않은 46명을 대상으로 하였다. 대상 환자의 나이의 중앙값은 62세 (37-73)였으며 남자가 34명, 여자가 12명이였다. 조직학적 분류는 편평상피암이 16명(34.7%), 선암이 20명(43.4%), 소세포폐암이 10명(21.7%)이였다. 초음파를 이용하여 단축이 0.5 cm이상의 림프절 종대가 관찰되면 초음파 유도하 세침흡인을 시행한 뒤 Papanicolau염색을 시행하였다 결 과 : 대상 환자 중 비소세포폐암 36명중 14명(38.8%)에서 초음파 상 경부 임파절의 증대가 관찰되었고 14명중 8명(57.1%)에서 비소세포폐암(선암 6례, 편평상피세포암 2례), 6명(42.8%)에서 양성 병변으로 진단되었고 전체 림프절 크기의 평균은 $0.98cm{\pm}0.17$ 이고 흉부 전산 단층 촬영 소견 상 동측의 종격동에 1 cm이상의 림프절 증대가 관찰되어 임상적 림프절 병기가 2이상 경우와 경부 악성 림프절 전이와 유의한 차이가 있었다(p=0.01). 임상적 병기가 IIIa이하로 수술적 치료의 대상이 되는 18의 환자 중 3명(11.1%), 이중 종격동 림프절이 양성인 IIIa 환자 명중 2명(33.3%)에서 경부 림프절 전이가 있었다. 소세포폐암의 경우 10명중 5명(50%)에서 발견되어 검사 상 모두 소세포 폐암으로 진단 되었다. 결 론 : 경부 림프절에서 초음파 유도하의 세침흡인세포검사는 안전하며 폐암환자의 경부 림프절 전이의 진단과 함께 정확한 병기 설정에 유용하고 소세포 폐암 환자의 비침습적인 진단에 보완적인 역할을 할 것으로 사료된다.

Keywords

References

  1. Lardinois D, Weder W, Hany TF, Kamel EM, Korom s, Seifert B, Schulthess GK, Steinert HC. Staging of non-small-cell lung cancer wih integrated positron emission tomography and computed tomography. N Engl J Med 2003;25: 2500-7
  2. Tolza EM, Harpole L, McCroy DC. Nonin-vasive staging of non-small cell lung. Chest 2003;123:137S-146S
  3. Rohwedder JJ, Handley JA, Kerr D. Rapid Diagnosis of lung cancer from palpable me-tastasis by needle thrust. Chest 1990;98:1393-6
  4. Hajek PC, Salomonowitz E, Turk R, Tscho-lakoff D, Kumpan W, Czembirek H. Lymph nodes of the neck: evaluation with US. Radio-logy 1986;58:739-42
  5. Miller WE, Taylor AM. Biopsy of scalene and supraclavicular lymph node: value in diagnosis. Cleve Clin Q 1965;32:205-9
  6. Chang DB, Yang PC, Yu CJ, Kuo SH, Lee YC, Luh KT. Ultrasono-graphy and ultrasono graphically guided fine-needle aspiration bio-psy of impalpable cervical lymph nodes in patients with non-small cell cancer. Cancer 1998;70:1110-4
  7. Fultz PJ, Feins RH, Stran JG, et al. Detec-tion and diagnosis of non palpable supracla-vicular lymph nodes in lung cancer at CT and US. Radiology 2002;222:245-51
  8. Vassallo P, Wernecke K, Roos N, Peters P. Differentiation of benign from malignant su-perficial lymphadenopathy: the role of high-resolution US. Radiology 1992;183:215-20
  9. Greenlee RT, Murray T, Bolden S, Wingo PA. Cancer statistics, 2000. CA Cancer J Clin 2000;50:7-33
  10. 대한 결핵 및 호흡기 학회 학술 위원회: 폐암의 전국 실태 조사. 결핵 및 호흡기 질환 1999;46:455-65
  11. Mountain CF. Revisions in the international system for staging lung cancer. Chest 1997;111:1710-17
  12. McLoud TC, Bourgouin PM, Greenberg RW, et al. Bronchogenic carcinoma: analysis of staging in the mediastinum with CT by corrective lymph node mapping and sam-pling. Radiology 1992;182:319-23
  13. Sako K, Pradier RN, Marchetta FC, Pickren JW. Fallibility of palpation in the diagnosis of metastasis to cervical nodes. Surg Gyne-col Obstet 1964;118:989-90
  14. Ginsbergs RJ, Rice T, Goldberg M, et al. Extended cervical mediastinoscopy. J Thorac Cardiovascular Surg 1987;94:673-78
  15. Lee JD, Ginsbergs RJ. Lung cancer staging:the value of ipsilateral scalene lymph node biopsy performed at mediastinoscopy. Ann Thorac Surg 1996;62:338-41
  16. Monso E, Monsterrat JM, Abad J, Texid'o A, Roig J, Morera J. Usefulness of supracla-vicular ultrasonography in the staging of lung cancer. Lung 1992;170:243-44
  17. Som PM, Curtin HD, Mancuso AA. Imaging based nodal classification for evaluation of neck metastatic adenopathy. AJR 2000;174:837-44
  18. Tsunoda-Shimizu H, Saida Y. Ultrasonogra-phic visibility of supraclavi cular lymph nodes in normal subjects. J Ultrasound Med 1997;16:481-83
  19. 제7차 전국 결핵실태조사, 보건복지부, 대한 결핵협회, 1995
  20. Urban T, Chastang C, Vaylet F, Mathieu M, Leclerc P, Paillotin D, Lebeau B. Prognostic significance of supraclavicular lymph nodes in small cell lung cancer. Chest 1998;114:1538-41
  21. Rivera MP, Detterbeck F, Mehta AC. Di-agnosis of lung cancer, The guidelines. Chest 2003;123:129S-36S