• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.89-98
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• 1994

A survey was carried out in Seoul Metropolitan area during December of 1993 and January of 1994. The objective of the survey was to provide a useful information for the development and improvement of recycling policies, regulations and systems in Korea. Of the 782 individuals contacted, 473 individuals completed and retured surveys, of which 437 were usable. The results were analyzed using a statistical package SAS(Statistical Analysis System). The results indicated that 86% of apartment area has recycling bins, while only 33% of individual house(detached dwelling) area has those. About half of the respondents felt that food waste is the major source of household waste. The most serious problem to recycle more household waste is to provide space to store recyclables at the source. The majority of Seoul Metropolitans(78.5%) are willing to participate in recycling programs, while 14.4% want to participate only when there are economic incentives or benefits. Respondents who want economic incentives appeared to be low income people. 66.1% of total respondents said that they do not use disposables. However, only 53,0% among respondents under 30 years old answered they do not use disposables. People who graduated from middle high school only and are under 30 years old have tendency to dispose of used milk cartons without rincing and drying, while those who are over 40 years old and graduated from university prefered to rinse and dry used milk cartons before disposal. Regarding disposal of newspapers, only 43.9% of the total respondents separated newspaper from other types of used paper. In the case of alumium cans, 22.5% of the total respondents answered that used aluminum cans are not recyclables. Much higher portion (30. 4%) of the respondents who graduated from middle high school only felt that aluminum cans have no value to recycle. The results indicated that education and information regarding recycling are highly desirable.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.202-208
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• 2012

A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed to determine residues of cyromazine, a triazine insecticide, in agricultural commodities. Cyromazine was extracted with 90% aqueous methanol from representative crops which comprised brown rice, oyster mushroom, oriental melon, watermelon, and Chinese cabbage. Following to evaporation of methanol in the extract, the aqueous concentrate was acidified to form the protonated cyromazine. Dichloromethane partition was then applied to remove nonpolar co-extractives in the aqueous phase. Strong cation-exchange chromatography using Dowex 50W-X4 resin was employed for final purification of the extract. Cyromazine was successfully separated on a Zorbax SB-Aq $C_{18}$ column showing high retention for polar compounds. Cyromazine was sensitively quantitated by ultraviolet absorption at 214 nm. Limit of quantitation (LOQ) of the method was 0.04 mg/kg irrespective of sample types. Each crops were fortified at 3 different concentrations of cyromazine for recovery test. Mean recoveries from samples fortified at LOQ~2.0 mg/kg in triplicate ranged 80.2~103.3% in five agricultural commodities. Relative standard deviations in recoveries were all less than 6%. A selected-ion monitoring LC/MS method with electrospray ionization in positive-ion mode was also provided to confirm the suspected residue. The proposed method was reproducible and sensitive enough to routinely determine and inspect the residue of cyromazine in agricultural commodities.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.16-20
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• 2001

Purpose : To evaluate the effectiveness and tolerance of the postoperative radiation therapy for patients with Stage III thymoma and to define the optimal radiotherapeutic regimen Materials and Methods : We retrospectively analyzed the records of 24 patients with Stage III thymoma who were referred for postoperative radiation therapy in our institution from June, 1987 to May, 1999. Surgical therapy consisted of total resection in one patient, subtotal resection in seventeen, and biopsy alone in six patients. Age of the patients was ranged from 20 to 62 years with mean age of 47 years. Male to female ratio was 14 to 10. Radiation therapy was delivered with linear accelerator producing either 6 MeV or 10 MeV photons. The irradiated volume included anterior mediastinum and known residual disease. The supraclavicular fossae were not irradiated. The delivered total dose was ranged from 30 to 56 Gy. One patient received 30 Gy and eighteen patients received minimum of 50 Gy. Follow up period was ranged from 12 months to 8 years with median follow up of 40 months. Results : The overall local control rate for entire group of patients was $67\%$ at 5 years. The cumulative local failure rates at one, three and five year were $18\%,\;28\%\;and\;33\%$, respectively. In patients treated with subtotal resection and biopsy alone, local control rate was $76\%\;and\;33\%$, respectively. The actuarial observed survival rate at 5 years was $57\%$, and actuarial adjusted survival at 5 years was $72\%$. The difference between 5 year survival rates for patients treated with subtotal resection and biopsy alone was not statistically significant $(62\%\;vs\;30\%)$. Conclusion : We might conclude that postoperative radiation therapy was safe and effective treatment for patients with Stage III thymoma. Postoperative radiation therapy is recommended in cases where tumor margin is close or incomplete resection is accomplished.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.715-725
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• 2012

This study was performed to make the method of food waste manufacturing for feeding to earthworm and different ratio of earthworm cast was investigated for applying vegetable plants that cultivated in a family or roof garden. We made conventional treatment of gardening soil and prepared soils with earthworm cast (the only fertilizer) at 30, 50, 70 and 100% for planting vegetable plants and then we studied its growth feature. The treatment was repeated three times with 12 weeks for each time. The cultivation of radish and chinese cabbage were managed at the same cultivation level for RDA standard cultivation method, and each sample of soils and plants was analyzed by appropriate analysis method. The growth investigation was performed 12 week after planting, and as for growth characteristics, height, leaf diameter, leaf number, leaf length, fresh weight and dry weight were investigated. The chemical characteristics, soils and plants, were surveyed. As for the growth characteristics investigated, radish and chinese cabbage showed the biggest growth in 70% and 50% treatment with average growth of all characteristics, height, leaf diameter, leaf number, leaf length, fresh weight and dry weight, respectively. Applying these results, a new equation for vermicast recommendation for radish and Chinese cabbage in summer (June-August) was presented. The earthworm cast 50% level with the gardening soil showed the high production in chinese cabbage. In case of radish, earthworm cast 70% with gardening soil level showed great growth, significantly.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.780-787
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• 2006

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways, which characterized by bronchial hyperresponsiveness, reversible airflow limitation and respiratory symptoms. Internationally, the prevalence of asthma has been increased over last 3 decades. Recently, several studies of asthma have been reported with gradually increasing importance. To tesify the hypothesis that interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 may be an important determinant of the severity of airway inflammation, their expression was studied in mouse model of asthma. BALB/c mouse, IL-4 Knockout (KO) mouse and IL-10 KO mouse were sensitized with intraperitoneal injection of ovalbumin adsorbed to aluminum potassium sulfate, followed by challenges with intranasal ovalbumin on 3 consecutive days. The severity of pulmonary inflammation was assessed by eosinophilia in BAL fluid, number of total BAL cells, histopathological changes in lung tissues, and immunohistochemical staining against IL-4 and IL-10. In BAL fluid, the number of total cells was significantly increased in asthma induced mouse compare to the control. In asthma induced mouse, eosinophil was increased to 56% and neutrophil was 0.2%. In H &E stains, eosinophilic infiltration and epithelium hyperplasia were clearly noticed in asthma induced mouse. In immunohistochemical staining for IL-4 and IL-10, there was no positive reaction in control group. However, very strong reactions were appeared in asthma induced group. In this research, IL-4 and IL-10, which seem to play a central role in allergic asthma, KO mouse was utilized to test the causative relationship between airway inflammation and role of specific cytokine. Asthma induced IL-4 and IL-10 KO mice showed much decreased inflammatory reactions in the number of total BAL cells, in eosinophilic infiltration, and in immunohistochemical stains against diverse inflammatory proteins. These results suggest that IL-4 and IL-10 increase the asthmatic reactions in vivo mice model.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.221-231
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• 2005

We investigated the physico-chemical and sensory characteristics of Kimchi made with red pepper that was washed and mashed. The pH of juice from Kimchi made with red pepper powder was the highest on the day of Kimchi preparation. In the case of Kimchi made with mashed red pepper, the pH of juice and liquid was lower than that of other samples. A similar decrease in pH of juice and liquid was observed up to the second week of fermentation, but the significant difference between both samples wasn't found. The total acidity of Kimchi with mashed red pepper was significantly increased during early fermentation, but was similar during the second week, compared with that of Kimchi with red pepper powder. From the third week of storage, both juice and liquid from Kimchi made with red pepper powder was relatively increased. L and a value of liquid was highest in the case of Kimchi made with mashed red pepper, but b value was lowest during fermentation. In the case of organic acids, acetic acid and lactic acid contents were increased in Kimchi made with mashed red pepper while fermentation progressed. In addition, citric acid content was constant up to the second week in Kimchi made with mashed red pepper but from the third week wasn't detected in both Kimchi made with mashed red pepper and Kimchi made with red pepper powder. In the case of QDA(Quantitative Descriptive Analysis) profiles, the values of Kimchi made with mashed red pepper were significantly higher than those of Kimchi made with red pepper powder in respect to redness, pungency and fresh flavor immediately after the preparation of Kimchi and during the second week of fermentation, but during the fifth week the values were higher in respect to redness and fresh flavor of Kimchi. Appearance and overall acceptability was remarkably increased in Kimchi made with mashed red pepper, compared with that of Kimchi made with red pepper powder immediately after pickling, during the second and the fifth week of fermentation. Therefore, these results indicate that mashed red pepper increased more citric acid content, L and a value of Kimchi in comparison with red pepper powder, resulting in the good effects on overall acceptability due to the significant increase of redness and fresh flavor.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.122-126
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• 2007

Expenditure on meat and meat products has been increased in Korea due to the increase of income and the change of diet. From raising farm animals to eating the meat, various hazardous elements can make their ways into the meat and meat products. Recently the issues on food safety and hygiene are drawing a lot of attention, and the current system for managing the safety of foods is still needed to be improved. This survey was aimed to monitor the current situation of country-of-origin labels and hygiene for the meat markets at 4 regions Korea. The survey was performed by collecting samples from whole- sale and retail stores in the nation, which were selling beef. The markets were divided into groups as to territory and the size of the market (Large size, Medium size, and Small size). In terms of size distribution, small butcher shops occupied the highest percentage. On the itemized suitability test of unpacked and packed beef, all the market of 4 regions showed good agreements. However, such labels indicating the methods of cooking and storage were not properly posted on the products. Especially for Ho-nam region, corrections are needed. The results of monitoring sanitation conditions for the butcher shops at 4 regions in Korea showed relatively low suitability. Especially, there were serious lack of knowledge about wearing the sanitation clothing, caps, and shoes. The problem with food safety is so complicated that producer, consumer, food manufacturer, the press, the government, and scholar should solve altogether. It is necessary to educate farmers, food handlers, consumers, etc. and provide them with an accurate information and knowledge.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.171-176
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• 2002

Background: Blood-foreign interaction cause activation of coagulation and inflammatory process that may lead to multiorgan dysfunction and determine the surgical outcomes. Of the methods for assessing the biocompatibility, the platelet adhesion study is considered as the most valuable evaluation step in blood-foreign interaction. As the most studies have used in-vitro or ex-vivo conditions, we have developed a technique of quantification for platelet adhesion on the blood contact surface by using in-vivo injection of radioactive platelets. Material and Method: A coupled bypass circuit was designed to connect the proximal and descending thoracic aorta in 6 piglets(20∼25 Kg). One side of the circuit tube was consisted of a heparin coated PVC tube(10mm in ID, n=6, Experimental group), and the other, a non-heparin coated PVC tube(10mm in ID, n=6, Control group). After cannulation, the blood was circulated through the circuit for 2 hours. Platelet concentrate was prepared from homologous pig blood 24 hours before the experiment. The platelet concentrate was incubated with Tc-99m-HMPAO for 30 min and then centrifuged for 10 min. The supernatant was discarded and the radio-labeling efficacy was measured. The radio-labeled platelet concentrate was mixed with the autologous plasma to make the volume 5 ml, and the mixture was injected intravenously into the experimental animal. After 2 hour circulation, 5 pieces of the specimen(10mm in length each) were obtained from each PVC tube. The radioisotopes were counted with a gamma counter(Cobra ll, Packard, USA), and the ratio of radioisotope count was compared between the control and experimental group. Result: The radioisotope count number was 537.3221.1 Ci/min in the control group and 311.1 184.5 Ci/min in the experimental group(p=0.0104). The ratio between the groups was 1 to 0.58 (p=0.004). Conclusion: In vivo quantification using technetium-99m-HMPAO labeled platelets is simple and reproducible in evaluating platelet adhesion on a foreign surface. We suggest this technique to be a useful tool for blood compatibility test.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.186-192
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• 2007

This study was conducted to survey the hygienic status of chicken meats on the microbial levels, which were collected from poultry processing plants located in the local provinces in nationwide including the JeJu island (n=15) in 1997. In particular, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter jejuni, and Listeria monocytogenes, which were retarded as one of the most important entero-pathogens relating to food home illness from poultry, were investigated on their isolation frequency including the other pathogens related on the food-borne illness. A total of 115 processed chickens were submitted on the present study. In general, the bacterial contamination frequency showed more or less lower $(10{\sim}100 cells)$ than those of sold on the retail and super markets and department stores because of lacking of cross-contamination incidences, depending on the total cells, Coliforms and Staphylococcal cells count. While, Salmonella species, Campylobacter jejuni, Listeria monocytogenes, and coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus isolation frequency of chicken meats from slaughter houses were 58.3%, 37.4%, 43.5%, and 30.4%, in order. But the present microbial isolation data were a little lower levels than those of sold on the retail and super markets and famous department stores in Seoul and GyeongGi province at the same period. It seemed that the cross-contamination problems (including the human, environmental and instrumental factors) during the marketing stage (after the last processing procedure; rinsing step) had the major roles on the increasing of the microbial contamination frequency on the chicken meats after the slaughter houses.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.191-198
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of embryo sources such as in vivo vs. in vitro produced blastocyst, and culture systems on the membrane permeability and viability of bovine blastocyst following GMP vitrification. To produce in vivo embryos, six cows were superovulated by administration of follicle stimulation hormone (FSH) and prostaglandin $F_{2{\alpha}}$(PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$). in vitro embryos were produced by two different culture systems, oviduct co-culture (OCS) and defined culture system (HECM-6; DCS). Ovaries were picked up at a local slaughterhouse and transported to laboratory in 3$0^{\circ}C$ saline within 2 h. Ovaries were washed with same saline three times and then placed in saline on warm plate adjusted at 3$0^{\circ}C$ during aspiration. The blastocysts produced were assigned for membrane permeability and viability following GMP vitrification. The membrane permeability of blastocysts was checked in 0.5 M sucrose solution on warm plate at 35$^{\circ}C$ for 0, 2, 5 and 7 min, respectively. Then the diameters (width and length) of embryo cytoplasms were measured by a eyepiece meter, and they were converted to their volume by 4/3 $\pi$ $r^3$. The blastocysts were cryopreserved by GMP vitrification method, where they were sequentially placed into vitrification solution before being loaded into GMP vessels and immersed into L$N_2$ within 20 to 25 sec. Post-thaw blastocysts were serially washed in 0.25 and 0.15 M sucrose in HM and TCM-199 for 5 min each, and then cultured in TCM 199 supplemented with 10% FCS for 24 or 48 h. The volume change of in vivo blastocyst at 0, 2, 5 and 7 min (100, 37.1, 34.3 and 31.6%) was significantly more shrunk than those of in vitro blastocysts derived from OCS (100, 59.8, 48.9, 47.9%) and DCS (100, 57.2, 47.3 and 46.9%) (P＜0.05). The viability of post-thaw blastocyst derived from in vivo (93.6%) was also significantly different from those in OCS and DCS (81.9 and 83.6%; P＜0.05). In the present culture system, the morphology of embryos produced in vitro was similar to that of in vivo embryos, but the quality in membrane permeability and post-thaw viability showed a big difference from their sources as in vivo or in vitro derived from OCS and DCS. The results indicated that the quality of in vivo embryos in membrane permeability and post-thaw viability was better than those of in vitro embryos derived from OCS or DCS.