• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.240-245
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• 1996

Soybean sprouts(Paektae chunjari variety) cultivated for 5 days at a high temperature and humidity condition placed in the position of either upside down (method 1) or up right (method 2) were compared with the sprouts grown for 9 days with the conventional method (method 3) with respect to appearance, yield, rotten rate and organoleptic quality. The method 1 sprouts cultivated at a high temperature and humidity by sprinkling underground water (controlled temperature $17^{\circ}C$) 8 times a day were not significantly different in yield, rotten rate and moisture content from the method 2 sprouts except the lighter individual weights. The total weight yield of method 1 sprouts ($699{\pm}8.14%$699±8.14%) was lower than that of the method 3 sprouts ($771{\pm}11.8%$) but there was no significant difference in rotten rate ($0.83{\pm}0.07$). The organoleptic quality of the method 1 sprouts were superior in colour, flavor and overall taste than the method 3 sprouts.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.81-91
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• 1994

This study was conducted to find a potential effect of ethephon or dichlorprop spray on the fruit growth and maturation in 'Niitaka' pears. Chemicals were applied between June 10 to 24 (7-9 weeks after full bloom). Ethephon in the range from 25 ppm to 100 ppm, and dichlorprop from 20 ppm to 40 ppm reduced the fruit size regardless application time and concentration. The fruit growth was more inhibited at the higher concentrations in both chemicals. Flesh firmness was more rapidly decreased in the fruit treated by both chemicals. Firmness at harvest was lowest in the treatment of 100 ppm ethephon. The climacteric increase of ethylene synthesis occurred earlier in the fruit treated by ethephon or dichlorprop regardless application concentrations and the maximum peak of ethylene production was rugher. Total phenolics significantly reduced in fruits treated with ethephon. However, the contents of soluble solids and acid were not affected by ethephon or dichlorprop treatment. Ground color was changed rapidlys by the treatments resulting in the early maturation of fruit. Optimum maturity of fruit was shortened 2-3 days by ethephon and 3-4 days by dichlorporp when maturity was determined on the basis of ground color development and firmness.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.122-130
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• 2013

The object of this study is to review the current states of the characteristics and strategies to control annual bluegrass to apply information to the circumstance of South Korea. Annual bluegrass is one of the most widespread turfgrass species which has great ability to produce seedhead and shoot growth. It also has ability to tolerate low mowing height and to form uniformity of turfgrass when it is established. Annual bluegrass is well-known as weak turfgrass for high and low temperature. High rate of nitrogen and phosphorus improves growth of annual bluegrass. To control annual bluegrass, deep and infrequent irrigation is more effective than light and frequent irrigation. Clipping removal is more effective than clipping return to control annual bluegrass. Prodiamine, bensulide, and dithiopyr are applied as pre-emergence herbicide, and ethofumesate and bisbyribac-sodium are used as post-emergence herbicide. Paclobutrazol and flurprimidol are used as plant growth regulator. Trinexapac which is one of the most popular plant growth regulators (PGRs) in South Korea is not proper to control annual bluegrass because it accelerates improve growth of annual bluegrass in summer. Although chemical control is mainly used in South Korea, combination of cultural and chemical control may be the strategy to maximize effectiveness to control annual bluegrass.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.11
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• pp.143-149
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• 1969

In order to investigate the inter-relation with the growth of the rice-root and its transaminase-activity, by measuring the growth of its root and transaminase-activity supplying this root with various nitrogen Compounds($NO_3$-N, $NH_4$-N and Amino acid.). The obtained results are summarized as follows; 1. Growth of rice-root supplied with $NO_3$-N is generally increased in length and weight, compared with that of the root fertilized by $NH_4$-N. 2. The above-metnioned root with $NH_4$-N is not only decreased in its weight and length but also is apt to inhibited its growth as the nitrogen concentruration is increased, in compared with the root provided with $NO_3$-N. 3. The activity of G.O.T. and G.P.T. for the root fertilized by $NH_4$-N, the badly grown root is generally increased, while of the root supplied with $NO_3$-N is decreased. 4. The activity of G.O.T. and G.P.T. for the root provided with amino acid known as the considerable growth inhibiting compound is generally decreased, while that of the badly-grown root is increased. 5. The activity of G.O.T. and G.P.T. in the supernatant fraction of the rice-root is for the most part, high and low in the mitochondrial fraction.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.219-229
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• 1993

Effects of paper mill sludge-fertilizers were investigated on the growth performances of tree seedlings under field conditions. Two types of sludge-fertilizers applied were an organic sludge compost and a processed sludge-pellet fertilizer strengthened with several components of organic and inorganic nutrients. Three species of tree seedlings studied were ibota privet(Ligustrum obtusifolium) and yellow poplar(Liriodendron tulipifera) of 1-0 year seedlings and also eastern white pine(Pinus strobus) of 2-2 year seedlings. Nitrogen and phosphorus contents of plot soil treated with sludge compost+sludge-pellet fertilizer+sludge-pellet fertilizer plot were increased to 8 times and 2.6 times as those of control plot, respectively. The growth performances of root collar diameter and seedling height were repeatedly measured up to five times through the growing season and the results were analyzed statistically by analysis of variance of randomized block design and Duncan's multiple range test. The growth performances of dry weight were measured after last fifth measurements.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.5-12
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• 2009

Seed priming is a useful technique for rapid and uniform seed germination as well as early seedling establishment. This experiment was conducted to find out the optimum condition for Sorbus alnifolia seed priming with four concentrations of four reagents in germination property and seedling growth performance. The results are summarized as follows: Percent germination (PG) varied 2.67% to 24.67%, and S. alnifolia seeds had the highest PG in the treatment that were primed in 100mM $KNO_3$ solution for 2 days. Mean germination time was the shortest in 200 mM $KNO_3$ solution for 2 days. Seed priming with $KNO_3$ solutions increased germination speed (GS) and germination performance index (GPI) compared with non-primed seeds. Especially seed primed with 100 mM $KNO_3$ solution for 2 days showed the highest GS and GPI. The highest relative growth rate (RGR) and seedling vigor index (SVI) was significantly (p<0.05) different from the control and other treatments, respectively. RGR of height (0.0071) and root collar diameter (0.0141) of seedling from primed seeds were the highest in 400 mM NaCl solution for 2 days. The highest SVI (5.43) was observed in the seedlings from seeds primed in 100 mM $KNO_3$ solution for 2 days. Consequently, the optimum reagent and concentration were $KNO_3$ and 100 mM for the effective germination and seedling growth in S. alnifolia

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Organic Agriculture Conference
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• 2009.12a
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• pp.277-278
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• 2009

독일 연방작물보호법(PflSchG-Gesetz zum Schutz der Kulturpflanzen, 1986.9. 15 제정)은 식물강화제(한국의 친환경유기농자재와 동일)에 대한 정의를 3가지로 대별하여 명시하고 연방농림생물학청(BBA)에 신고를 의무화하도록 개정(1998.7. 27)하여 법률적인 근거를 마련하였다. 정부조직 개편으로 인하여 2002년 11월 1일부터 연방소비자보호 및 식품안전청(BVL)에서 유기농자재 등록 허가 업무를 주관하고 있다. 식물강화제는 작물보호법에 의하여 허가되는 농약, 생장촉진제, 작물보조제 및 비료관리법(Dungemittelgesetz)에 의한 식물영양제, 식물보조제, 작물재배 배양토 및 토양개량제 등과는 차별화하여 명시하고 있다. 식물강화제는 독일 작물보호법(PflSchG-Gesetz zum Schutz der Kulturpflanzen; Plant Protection Act) 제1장 제2조 10항에 의거하여 (1)유해생물에 대한 저항력을 높여주는 물질, (2)비기생성 피해에 대하여 식물을 보호해 주는 물질, (3)재배작물 이외의 잘려진 관상식물에 사용되는 물질로 정의하고 있다. 이러한 법률적 정의의 요지는 인간과 동물의 건강 및 자연계에 해로운 영향이 없으면서 식물체에 유해한 생물에 대하여 저항성만을 높여주는 물질을 말하며, 기상 및 환경공해 등에 의한 장해도 유해생물에 의한 것과 동일하게 간주되며 이에 대한 저항성을 높여 주는 물질도 포함시키고 있다. 식물강화제는 원칙적으로 유해생물 방제에 직접적으로 작용시키기 위한 이용목적으로 사용할 수 없으며, 단지 작물의 저항성을 높이는 경우에 한하여야 사용된다. 식물강화제의 등록 허가신청은 생산자, 판매업자 또는 수입업자가 연방소비자보호 및 식품안전청(BVL)에 신청하여야 한다. 이렇게 신청된 식물강화제는 작물보호법 제2조에 의거하여 이루어진다. 연방소비자보호 및 식품안전청의 작물보호제의 관리부서는 특별한 문제가 없는 한 4개월 이내에 등록을 허가하고 목록을 홈페이지에 목록을 공시한다. 목록공시는 통상적으로 매월 초순에 1회 게시된다. 허가 등록 절차는 맨처음 서류가 접수되면 구비서류가 완전한지 여부를 검토하여 신청서류에 문제가 없으면 4부를 복사하여 연방소비자보호 및 식품안전청(BVL, Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety), 환경청(UBA, Federal Environment Agency), 연방농림생물학청(BBA, Federal Biogical Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry) 및 위해성평가연구소(BfR, Fedral Institute for Risk Assessment)에 우편으로 해당부서에 발송한다. 4개 기관이 검토한 내용이 서로 상이한 판단을 하였을 경우 연방소비자보호 및 식품안전청은 등록 허가결정을 하기 전에 "전문가위원회"를 개최하여 의견을 청취한다. 전문위원회는 연방농림생물청, 환경부, 위해성평가연구소 연구원 등 작물, 독성 및 환경보호 전문가 25인으로 구성되어있다. 연방소비자보호 및 식품안전청의 작물보호 제2부서(식물강화제 검토부서)는 전문위원과 검토기관의 의견을 종합하여 자체적으로 등록 허가 여부를 결정하여 제품 신청자에게 결정 내용을 통보함으로서 등록절차가 마무리 된다. 독일의 식물강화제, 즉 유기농자재는 국가에서 허가한 제품에 한하여 유기농업연구소(FiBL)에서 허용목록 책자를 만들어 유기농업단체 제공하면 단체에 따라 사용가능 유기농자재 제품을 다시 선별하여 회원에게 알려준다. 2009년 11월 30일 현재 독일의 연방소비자보호 및 식품안전청(BVL)에서 허가 공시한 식물강화제는 490개 제품에 이르고 있다.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.159-169
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• 2012

Hormesis is a dose-response phenomenon that is characterized by low-dose stimulation and high-dose inhibition. This biphasic dose-responses have had a long and extensive history in the fields of chemical toxicology, radiation biology and pharmacology. Hormesis has been found from bacteria, fungi, plants and animals, but hormesis in plants has received relatively little attention. Thus principles, occurrence, factors affecting the expression of hormetic responses, and their mechanisms in plants induced by herbicides are reviewed to provide the potentials for crop enhancement. Bromacil, bromoxynil, chloramben, propachlor, terbacil, EPTC, MSMA, and glyphosate at low doses showed stimulatory response in growth. Subtoxic dose of glyphosate increased sucrose content in sugarcane that is used worldwide in sugarcane production. Low dose of protoporphyrinogen-inhibiting herbicides induced increased pathogen defence, and low dose of triazine herbicides improved nitrogen metabolism and increased protein content in some crops. Further researches on potential benefits and risks of hormesis and its mechanism are needed for application of crop enhancement in agriculture.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.252-258
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• 2006

The most effective conditions of In vitro culture and ex vitro sporophyte formation from prothallus were studied for mass propagation of Dyropteris varia. The most effective medium of prothallus proliferation was Murashige and Skoog's basal medium supplemented with 10:50mM of $NH_4^+:NO_3^-$ and 2% sucrose. The optimum pH level was 5.8 and prothallus growth was promoted on medium containing $0.6{\sim}0.8%$ agar. Almost of the tested growth regulators (NAA, IAA, 2,4-D, BAP, kinetin and 2ip) were inhibitory in prothallus proliferation as the concentration of growth regulators became higher. The highest number of sporophytes was obtained by transplanting prothallus on compost only than on any other soil compositions. Sporophyte formation was promoted remarkably by soaking prothallus with $100{\mu}M\;GA_3$ for 3 hours.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.8
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• pp.11-18
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• 1969

식물 생장 조절제로서 phthalamic acid와 그 유도체를 사용하여 추락답을 개량하기 위한 예비 시험을 실시하여 다음과 같을 결과를 얻었다. 1) 아래 7종의 phthalamic acid 및 그 유도체를 합성 또는 정제하여 공시약제로 하였으며 합성품의 수율은 $87-92\%$였다. (표 1) A. Phthalamic acid B. Phthalanilic acid C. N- (o-Chlorophenly)-phthalamic acid D. N-(p-Chlorophenyl)-phthalamic acid E. N- (3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-phthalamic acid F. Sodium-N- (m-tolyl)-phthalamate (Duraset) G. Sodium-N-(1-naphthyl)-phthalamate (Alanap) 2) Wheat straight growth test에서 공시약제는 10ppm 및 20ppm의 농도에서 Control보다 월등한 생장 촉진효과를 보였으며 특히 흥미있는 것은 phthalamic acid 유도체가 phthalamic acid 자체보다 더 좋은 효과를 보였다. (표4, 그림 1) 3) 수도 종자의 발아 시험 결과 초장은 phthalamic acid 유도체가 적시 phthalamic acid 자체보다 좋았으며 기중 Alanap. 3,4-dichlorophenyl phthalamic acid 및 Duraset가 가장 좋았으나 10-100ppm 범위내의 농도에 거의 영향없었다. (표 5) 근의 생육은 일반적으로 약제의 종류에 따라 상이할 뿐 아니라 초장의 생육보다 더욱 약제에 민감하였다. 근장은 phthalamic acid, phthalanilic acid, (p-chlorophenyl)phthalamic acid, 3,4-dichlorophenyl phthalamic acid가 Control 보다 약간 좋은 효과를 보였고, Alanap은 매우 불량하였다. (표 6) 근수는 (p-chlorohhenyl) phthalamic acid만 Control에 비해 우수하였고 나머지 약제는 대체로 근수를 감소시키거나 Control과 비슷한 효과를 보였다. (표 7) 또한 농도가 증가함에 따라 근수는 감소하였으며, Alanap, (o-chlorophenyl) phthalamic acid는 근단에 심한 약해가 일어났다. 4) 전근시험에서 근수는 공시약제에 의하여 증가되었으나 50-200ppm의 농도에서 별 영향이 없었다.(표 8, 그림 2) 근장은 농도가 증가함에 따라 감소되는 영향이었으나 공시약제에는 상이한 효과를 보였다. 5) 이상 결과에서 p-chlorophenyl phthalamic acid 및 3,4-dichlorophenyl phthalamic acid가 수도용 식물생장조절제로서 실용적 개발의 가능성을 보였다.