Weed & Turfgrass Science

The Korean Society of Weed Science & The Turfgrass Society of Korea Archive (한국잡초학회 & 한국잔디학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Biological Characteristics and Control of Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua)

Annual Bluegrass의 생물학적 특성과 방제

  • Lee, Sang-Kook (Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Hoseo University)
  • 이상국 (호서대학교 기초과학연구소)
  • Received : 2013.06.03
  • Accepted : 2013.06.18
  • Published : 2013.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The object of this study is to review the current states of the characteristics and strategies to control annual bluegrass to apply information to the circumstance of South Korea. Annual bluegrass is one of the most widespread turfgrass species which has great ability to produce seedhead and shoot growth. It also has ability to tolerate low mowing height and to form uniformity of turfgrass when it is established. Annual bluegrass is well-known as weak turfgrass for high and low temperature. High rate of nitrogen and phosphorus improves growth of annual bluegrass. To control annual bluegrass, deep and infrequent irrigation is more effective than light and frequent irrigation. Clipping removal is more effective than clipping return to control annual bluegrass. Prodiamine, bensulide, and dithiopyr are applied as pre-emergence herbicide, and ethofumesate and bisbyribac-sodium are used as post-emergence herbicide. Paclobutrazol and flurprimidol are used as plant growth regulator. Trinexapac which is one of the most popular plant growth regulators (PGRs) in South Korea is not proper to control annual bluegrass because it accelerates improve growth of annual bluegrass in summer. Although chemical control is mainly used in South Korea, combination of cultural and chemical control may be the strategy to maximize effectiveness to control annual bluegrass.

Annual bluegrass는 종자 생산능력이 뛰어나고 한번 조성이 되었을 때 그 분얼경과 지상부 생육이 뛰어나, 전 세계에 가장 널리 퍼져 서식하는 잔디 초종중의 하나이다. 또한 낮은 예초에 적응하는 능력과 조성이 되었을 때 균일성이 좋은 것으로 알려져 있다. Annual bluegrass의 지상부가 성장하기 가장 좋은 온도 범위가 $16-21^{\circ}C$이며 지하부 성장을 위한 최적의 온도범위는 $13-18^{\circ}C$로 고온과 저온에 취약한 초종이다. Annual bluegrass를 관리하기 위해서는 질소와 인산의 비교적 높은 시비량은 annual bluegrass의 확산을 촉진하며 반대로 낮은 시비량은 방제에 도움이 된다. 질소원으로 ammonium sulfate를 사용했을때 sulfate에 의해서 낮아진 토양 pH는 토양속에 존재하는 인이 용해되는 것을 감소시키고 annual bluegrass에 피해를 주는 aluminum의 양을 증가시켜 방제에 효과적이다. 관수는 light and frequent 보다는 deep and infrequent 관수방법이 방제에 도움이 되며 예초높이는 낮추고 예지물은 회수 하는 것이 annual bluegrass의 방제에 도움이 된다. 우리나라에서는 화학적 방제가 주를 이루고 있는데 발아전 처리제로서 prodiamine, bensulide, dithiopyr등이 있으며 발아후 처리제로는 ethofumesate, bisbyribac-sodium 그리고 최근에 연구가 되고 있는 mesotrione등이 있다. 발아전 혹은 발아후 처리제 이외에 생장조절제가 annual bluegrass 방제에 이용이 되고 있는데 paclobutrazol, flurprimidol 등이 있다. 우리나라에서 많이 사용이 되고 있는 생장조절제인 trinexapac은 오히려 여름철 annual bluegrass에 좋은 효과를 나타내고 있어 방제에 적합하지 않다. Annual bluegrass의 방제 효과를 극대화 하기 위해서는 관리적 방제와 화학적 방제의 두 가지 방법이 동시에 고려되어야 할 것이다.

Keywords

References

  1. Anon. 1989. Disease, Insect and Weed Control in Turf. Australian Turfgrass Research Institute (2nd ed.) Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA. p.54.
  2. Baldwin, N.A. 1993. Chemical control of Poa annua: A review. Journal of the Sports Turf Research Institute. June. 69:7-19.
  3. Beard, J.B. 1964. Effects of ice, snow and water covers on Kentucky bluegrass, annual bluegrass and creeping bentgrass. Crop Sci. 4:638-640. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1964.0011183X000400060026x
  4. Beard, J.B. 1968. Low temperatures and Poa annua. USGA Green Section Record. November 6(4):10-11.
  5. Beard, J.B. 1969. Effect of temperature stress on Poa annua. California Turfgrass Culture 19(1):1-2.
  6. Beard, J.B. 1973. Turfgrass: Science and culture. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA.
  7. Beard, J.B., DiPaola, J.M., Johns, D. and Karnock, K.J. 1979. Introduction to Turfgrass Science and Culture. Burgess Publishing Co., Minneapolis, MN, USA. pp. 209-211.
  8. Beard, J.B. 1989. Turfgrass water stress: drought resistance components physiological mechanisms, and species-genotype diversity. 6th Int. Turf. Res. Con. pp. 23-28.
  9. Beard, J.B. and Sifers, S.I. 1990. Feasibility assessment of randomly oriented interlocking mesh element matrices for turfed root zones. p. 154-165. In R.C. Schmidt et al. (eds.) Natural and artificial playing fields: Characteristics and safety features. American Society for Testing and Materials, Standard Technical Publication 1073, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
  10. Beard, J.B. 2002. Turf management for golf courses. Ann Arbor Press. Chelsea, MI, USA.
  11. Bond, W., Turner, R. and Daives, G. 2005. The biology and nonchemical control of annual meadow-grass (Poa annua L.). HDRA Organic Weed Management. January. pp. 1-8.
  12. Branham, B. 1991. Dealing with Poa annua. Golf Course Mgt. 59:46-60.
  13. Cattani, D. 1999. Taming Poa annua's seed production. Golf Course Mgt. 67(3):1-3.
  14. Chapman, G.P. and Peat, W.E. 1992. An Introduction to the Grasses. CAB International, Wallingford, Berkshire, England.
  15. Christians, N.E. 1996. A history of Poa annua control. Golf Course Mgt. 64(11):49-57.
  16. Christians, N.E. 2011. Fundamentals of turfgrass management. 4th ed. Wiley & Sons Inc. Hoboken, NJ, USA. pp. 35-36.
  17. Clarkson, D.T. 1967. Phosphorus supply and growth rate in species of Agrostis. J. Ecology 55:111-118. https://doi.org/10.2307/2257720
  18. Clayton, D. 1991. Bentgrass conversion. Golf Course Mgt. 59:60-66.
  19. Coltharp, J.L. and Huffine, W.W. 1969. Herbicide evaluation for the selective control of annual bluegrass in Bermudagrass turf. Agron. J. 61:52. (Abstr.)
  20. Cook, T. 2008. Annual bluegrass, Poa annua L. Department of Horticulture, Orgeon State University. February pp. 1-7.
  21. Cordukes, W.E. 1977. Growth habit and heat tolerance of a collection of Poa annua plants in Canada. Can. J. Plant Sci. 57:1201-1203. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjps77-177
  22. Daniel, W.H. 1955. Experiments on the control of annual meadowgrass. Golf Course Mgt. 23(1):1.
  23. Danneberger, T.K. and Vargas, Jr. J.M. 1984. Annual bluegrass seedhead emergence as predicted by degree-day accumulation. Agron. J. 76:756-758. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1984.00021962007600050012x
  24. De France, J.A. and Kollett, J.R. 1959. Annual bluegrass control with chemicals. Golf Course Mgt. 27(1):4.
  25. Dernoeden, P.H. and Turner, T.R. 1988. Annual bluegrass control and tolerance of Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass to ethofumesate. HortSci. 23(3):565-567.
  26. Dernoeden, P.H. 1996. Control of grassy perennial weeds in turf. Grounds Maintenance 31(11):16-34.
  27. Dernoeden, P.H. 1999. Use of prodiamine as a preemergence herbicide to control annual bluegrass in roughs. USGA Green Section Record. March/April. 37(2):6-8.
  28. Downing, C., Williams, H.H., Gibeault, V. A., Van Dam, J., Lange, A.H., et al. 1970. Studies on the initial effect and residual characteristics of several selective pre-emergent herbicides in relation to overseeding and Poa annua control. Calif. Turfgrass Culture 20(4):25.
  29. Engel, R.E. 1974. Influence of nitrogen fertilization on species dominance in turfgrass mixtures. pp. 104-111. In: Pro. Sec. Int.Turfgrass Res. Con. Amer. Soc. Agro.
  30. Escritt, J.R. and Legg, D.C. 1968. Investigations on annual meadow-grass control. J. Sports Turf Res. Inst. 44:5-18.
  31. Fry, J. and Butler, J. 1989. Annual bluegrass and creeping bentgrass evapotranspiration rates. HortScience 24:269-271.
  32. Fry, J. and Huang, B. 2004. Applied turfgrass science and physiology. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, USA.
  33. Gaussoin, R.E. and Branham, B.E. 1989. Influence of cultural factors on species dominance in a mixed stand of annual bluegrass/creeping bentgrass. Crop Sci. 29:480-484. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1989.0011183X002900020048x
  34. Haggar, R.J. and Passman, A. 1981. Soil persistence and distribution of ethofumesate applied to autumn-sown perennial ryegrass for Poa annua control. Weed. Res. 21(3):153-159. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1981.tb00110.x
  35. Hart, S.E., McCullough, P. and Mansue, C.J. 2007. Use of mesotrione herbicide for weed control at cool-season turfgrass establishment. Center for Turfgrass Science Proc. pp. 35-36
  36. Hayes, P., Evans, R.D.C and Issac, S.P. 1992. The care of the golf course. The sports Turf Research Institute p.262.
  37. Hong, B.S and Tae, H.S. 2013. The selection of Post-emergence Herbicides to Control of Poa annua in Kentucky bluegrass. Weed Turf. Sci. 2(1):76-81. https://doi.org/10.5660/WTS.2013.2.1.076
  38. Huff, D.R. 1999. For richer, for Poa. USGA Green Section Rec. 37(1):11-14.
  39. Huff, D.R. 1998. The case for Poa annua on golf course greens: This purported weed thrives on greens at some of the finest golf courses. Golf Course Mgt. 66(10):54-56.
  40. Johnson, B.J. and Bundschuh, S.H. 1993. Effect of dithiopyr timing on establishment of three cool-season turfgrass Species. Weed Technol. 7:169-173.
  41. Kaminski, J.E. and Dernoeden, P.H. 2007. Seasonal Poa annua L. Seedling Emergence Patterns in Maryland. Crop Sci. 47:775-781. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2006.03.0191
  42. Keely, S.J. and Zhou, H. 2005. Preemergence herbicide and seeding method effects on seedling growth of Kentucky bluegrass. Weed. Technol. 19:43-46. https://doi.org/10.1614/WT-03-199R
  43. Koo, S.J., Hwang, K.H., Jeon, M.S., Kim, S.H., Lim, J.S., Lee, D.K., Chung, K.H., Ko, Y.K., Ryu, J.W., Koo, D.W., Woo, J.C, et al. 2010. Development of the new turf herbicide methiozolin. Weed Sci. 30(4):323-329. https://doi.org/10.5660/KJWS.2010.30.4.323
  44. Korea Crop Protection Assn. 2012. The institute of using agriculture herbicides. (In Korean)
  45. Landschoot, P.J., Watschke, T.L. and Hoyland, B.F. 1993. Influence of Preemergence and Postemergence Herbicides on Rooting of Turfgrasses. Weed Technol. 7:123-126.
  46. Lee, S.K. 2011. Winterkill and strategy of golf course management. Asian J, Turfgrass Sci. 25(2):133-137.
  47. Lee, S.K. 2012. Irrigation frequency for Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) growth. Asian J, Turfgrass Sci. 26(2):123-128.
  48. Lush, W.M. 1988. Biology of Poa annua in a temperate zone golf putting green (Agrostis stolonifera/Poa annua) I. The aboveground population. Journal of Applied Ecology 25:977-988. https://doi.org/10.2307/2403759
  49. McCullough, P.E. and Hart, S.E. 2006. Temperature influences creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) and annual bluegrass (Poa annua) response to bispyribacsodium. Weed Technology. July September 20(3):728-732. https://doi.org/10.1614/WT-05-010R2.1
  50. McDonald, S.J., Dernoeden, P.H. and Kaminski, J.E. 2006. Creeping bentgrass tolerance and annual bluegrass control with bispyribacsodium tankmixed with iron and nitrogen. Applied Turfgrass Science. August 11. p. 17.
  51. Neidlinger, T.J. 1965. Poa annua L.: Susceptibility to several herbicides and temperature requirements for germination. M. S. thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA. pp. 1-97.
  52. Park, N.I., Lee, I.Y., Park, J.E., Kim, H.J., Chun, J.C., Ogasawara, M., et al. 2006. Control of annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) by bispyribac-sodium. Kor. Turfgrass Sci. 20(2):157-165. (In Korean)
  53. Peel, C.H. 1983. Evaluation of ethofumesate for the control of Poa annua in Lolium perenne winter games pitches in the UK. Tests of Agrochemicals and Cultivars 4 Ann. Appl. Biol. Supplement 102, 102-103.
  54. Reicher, Z.J., Weisenberger, D.V., Hardebeck, G.A. and Throssell, C.S. 2000. Turf safety to dithiopyr of newly seeded Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis). 14:550-555. https://doi.org/10.1614/0890-037X(2000)014[0550:TSTDON]2.0.CO;2
  55. Reicher, Z. and Gaussoin, R. 2010. Annual bluegrass control. University of Nebraska-Lincoln Turfgrass Science Program. p. 6.
  56. Rossi, F.S. 2001. Annual bluegrass population dynamics in response to growth regulators and herbicides. International Turfgrass Society Research Journal. 9: pp. 906-909.
  57. Senseman, S.A. (ed.). 2007. Herbicide Handbook. 9th ed. Lawrence, KS: Weed Science Society of America.
  58. Sprague, H.B. and Burton, G.W. 1937. Annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) and its requirements for growth. NJ Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 630, 24.
  59. Turgeon, A.J. 1974. Annual bluegrass control with herbicides in cool-season turfgrasses. Proc. 2nd Int. Turfgrass Res. Conf. pp. 382-389.
  60. Tutin, T.G. 1957. A contribution to the experimental taxonomy of Poa annua L. Watsonia 4:l-10.
  61. Uva, R.H., Neal, J.C. and DiTomaso. J.M. 1997. Weeds of the Northeast. Ithaca, NY: Comstock Publishing Associates. pp. 78-79.
  62. Vargas J.M. Jr, and Turgeon, A.J. 2004. Poa annua: Physiology, culture, and control of annual bluegrass. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ.
  63. Waddington, D.W., Turner, T.R., Duich, J.M. and Moberg, E.L. 1978. Effect of fertilization on Penncross creeping bentgrass. Agron. J. 70:713-718. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1978.00021962007000050005x
  64. Warwick, S.I. 1979. The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 37. Poa annua L. Can. J. Plant Sci. 59:1053-1066. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjps79-165
  65. Watson, L. and Dallwitz, M.J. 1992. The Grass Genera of the World. CAB International, Wallingford, Berkshire, England.
  66. Wehner, D.J. and Watschke, T.L. 1981. Heat tolerance of Kentucky bluegrasses, perennial ryegrass and annual bluegrass. Agron. J. 73:79-84. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1981.00021962007300010019x
  67. Woosley, P.B., Williams, D.W. and Powell Jr., A.J. 2003. Postemergence Control of Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua spp. reptans) in Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) Turf. Weed Technology. 17:770-776. https://doi.org/10.1614/WT02-153
  68. Yelverton, F.H. and McCarty, L.B. 2001. Tolerance of perennial ryegrass and Poa annua control with herbicides in overseeded bermudagrass. Int. Turf. Soc. Res. J. 9:1050-1055.