• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1982.05a
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• pp.16.2-16
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• 1982

The palatine tonsils which are located in entrance of digestive and upper respiratory tracts are the most important organ in anatomical and functional structures of the pharyngeal lymphatic tissues. As for function of the tonsil, there have been many suspected theories that were included hematopoietic, hormonal, digestive function and production of vitamin, entry of bacteria with other antigenous materials and defence mechanism of which has taken charge by Virchow in 1860 in past. But among these theories, in recently, defence mechanism of the tonsil was strongly accepted immunologically. For the purpose of elucidating immune response of the tonsil, the author observed serum immunoglobulin levels, peripheral total lymphocyte counts and populations of T, B and Null lymphocytes before and after tonsillectomy in 30 cases of patients with chronic tonsillitis and 29 cases of healthy controls. The results obtained were as follows; 1) Serum Ig M level was significantly higher in patient group than in control group but was not significantly different preoperative from postoperative patient group. 2) Population of T-lymphocyte more significantly decreased in patient group than in control group but it was not significantly different preoperative from postoperative patient group. 3) Population of B-lymphocyte more significiantly increased in patient group than in control group but it was not significantly different preoperative from postoperative patient group. On the basis of these results, it may be suggested that tonsil play partially a role in the immune response of human.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.35 no.11
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• pp.812-816
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• 2002

Pericardial effusions result from various conditions such as inflammation, malignancies, open heart surgery and uremia. Recently, video assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) has been used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in the management of pericardial effusion and intrathoracic lesions due to its ability to provide outstanding visibility of intrathoracic structures with less pain, superior cosmetic effects, and shorter hospital stay Material and Method: From April 1995 to October 2001, 51 patients received pericardial window operation via either thoracoscopic(Group A, n＝37, m:f＝18:19, mean age＝56.4 yrs)or thoracotomy approach(Group B, n＝14, m:f＝8:6, mean age=58.4 yrs). Result: In group A, the operation time, duration of chest tube insertion, recurrence rate of pericardial effusion, and postoperative hospital stay were 61.2 minutes, 9.3 days, 2.7%, 16.2 days, respectively while in group B these values were 58.4 minutes, 12.2 days, 7.1, and 17.3 days. The number of injections for pain control in group A were 4.2 times, whereas in group B it was 6.3 times. Although there was a tendency for the mean hospital stay and duration of chest tube insertion to be shorter in group A than in group B, these differences did not reach statistical significance. There was also no significant difference in the operation time and recurrence rate between the two groups. Conclusion: The safety and effectiveness of VATS in the management of pericardial effusion is comparable to the open thoracotomy method. It allows for a shorter hospital stay, duration of chest tube insertion, lesser postoperative pain and a smaller skin incision.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.11
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• pp.1172-1178
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• 2008

Purpose : Congenital chylothorax is an accumulation of lymphatic fluid within the pleural space. It is a common cause of unidentified hydrops fetalis. We examined the perinatal history, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome in 6 newborns diagnosed to have congenital chylothorax with hydrops fetalis. We also studied the effect of octreotide therapy for congenital chylothorax in relation to conservative treatment. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 6 patients diagnosed to have congenital chylothorax with hydrops fetalis among 27,907 newborns who were born at the Cheil General Hospital and Womens Healthcare Center between January 2004 and July 2007. The diagnosis of chylothorax is based on the analysis of pleural fluid before and after milk feeding. Results : Incidence of congenital chylothorax in this study was 0.021%. All 6 cases were noted in over the 92% lymphocyte in pleural analysis. Transudate was changed into chyle with increasing triglyceride levels above 200 mg/dL after milk feeding. Three of 6 infants improved with conservative treatment, including thoracostomy and assisted ventilation. The others had persistent symptoms despite conservative treatment and responded to octreotide therapy. A complication, specifically vomiting was noted in 1 case during octreotide therapy. Conclusion : In this study, octreotide therapy resulted in a safe and excellent outcome. Therefore, octreotide therapy is considered in severe refractory congenital chylothorax in conservative treatment. Further studies are required to determine appropriate guidelines for octreotide therapy.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.75-81
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• 2012

Purpose: To evaluate the ultrasonographic (US) findings in both shoulders of asymptomatic high school baseball players and compare with healthy control. Materials and Methods: 42 individuals (age: $7.6{\pm}1.2$ years) participated in this study. We recruited two groups of high school male baseball players, 14 pitchers and 18 fielders without shoulder pain for recent 6 months as well as one control group of 10 untrained healthy high school students who were age-matched. Ultrasound measurements of thickness of the biceps and supraspinatus tendon and acromio-humral distance (AHD) at $0^{\circ}$ abduction were taken in dominant and nondominant shoulders. Results: On US examination, subacromial bursa effusion was observed in 7 of the dominant shoulders and in 2 of the nondominant shoulder of 32 baseball players and in none of the asymptomatic controls. The thickness of the biceps and supraspinatus tendons and AHD in both shoulders were significantly greater in the baseball players than in the controls (p<0.05). We also found that the biceps and supraspinatus tendon thickness and AHD of the dominant shoulder were significantly greater than the non-dominant shoulder in baseball players (p<0.05), but there were no differences between pitchers and fielders and between healthy controls. Conclusion: Subacromial effusion could be found even in the asymptomatic stage and the thickness of the biceps and supraspinatus tendons and AHD were significantly greater in the baseball players than in the healthy controls. Our data is useful reference guide for the ultrasonographic diagnosis of shoulder pathologies occurring in high school baseball players.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.56 no.5
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• pp.550-554
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• 2004

A paragonimiasis infestation is caused by the paragonimus species. It is commonly found in the lung but has also been found to exist extrapulmonary infestations including cerebral, spinal, subcutaneous, hepatic, splenic, abdominal, urinary, and gynecologic infestation. On the other hand, a cutaneous infestation is extremely rare. Human infestation is caused by ingesting raw or undercooked intermediate hosts. Because paragonimus westermani larva mature to an adult worm in the lung, the possibility of identifying the adult worm of paragonimus westermani at extrapulmonary region is very rare. Case : After ingesting a fresh-water crab 1 month prior to the hospital visit, a 45-year old female patient was suffering from right pleuritic chest pain during that 1 month. The patient also complained of a palpable mass that was movable and migrating, and it was localized at the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. The eosinophil fraction of the white blood cell of peripheral blood and pleural fluid was elevated to 55.1% and 90%, respectively. Parasite eggs were not found in her sputum and stool examination. By using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the paragonimus-specific IgG antibody titer was elevated to 0.28. During incisional biopsy, we were able to find the young adult worm of paragonimus westermani. We experienced the rare case of ectopic paragonimiasis with pleural effusion that was confirmed by identifying the adult worm of paragonimus westermani within the abdominal subcutaneous tissue. We report a case with brief literature reviews.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.165-173
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• 1986

Accumulation of Pseudomonas sp., P. fluorescens and Erwinia carotovora in 60 min treatment was greater in extracts from soil, exudate from ginseng root and solutions than distilled water. In bacterial movement toward rubber tube soil from chamber, accumulation of P. fluorescens in response to soil supplemented with soil extracts, exudate and solutions was generally greater in soil extracts compared to control and other solutions, but Pseudomonas sp. and E. carotovora were not much response to supplemented extracts, exudate and solutions. Accumulation of the bacteria in capillaries containing various exudates from fungal propagules with not attracted to the exudates. For an accumulation of bacteria in rubber tubes containing soil inoculated with fungal propagules, the Pseudomonas sp. was not attracted in soil inoculated by the organisms as attractant but P. fluorescens and E. carotovora to fungi were attracted to F. solani, F. oxysporum and mixed organism Alternaria panax did not affect on bacterial movement except E. carotovora. The organic matter conten in Kangwha and Kimpo soil were low in diseased and healthy soil. The K content was especially high in Kimpo healthy soil. Bacterial population in Goesan and Kangwha were more abundant than other soil. The number actinomycetes was populated abundant in healthy soil of Goesan and diseased soil of Poonggi.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.298-303
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• 1998

Computerized tomography(CT) is an effective technique in the initial evaluation of the abdomen and head following blunt trauma. To evaluate the efficacy of CT of the thorax, a retrospective study comparing early thoracic CT scanning with initial chest roentgenogram (CXR) was carried out on 134 patients with blunt trauma on the chest. Among 134 patients, 45 patients had normal initial chest roentgenogram and 24 patients showed normal CT findings. Sensitivities of diagnosing pneumothorax and pleural effusion by CXR were low (46.2 and 62.9% respectively), whereas 71.4%(45/63) of patients had thoracostomy only by CXR. Although sometimes abused, CT of the thorax is effective in the initial diagnosis.

• The Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Ultrasound Society
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.81-88
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• 2012

Purpose: To evaluate the ultrasonographic (US) findings in both shoulders of asymptomatic high school overhead athletes and compare with healthy control. Materials and Methods: 33 individuals (age: $17.5{\pm}1.4$ years) participated in this study. We recruited two groups of high school male athletes, 13 baseball and 10 volleyball players without shoulder pain for recent 6 months as well as one control group of 10 untrained healthy high school students who were age-matched. Ultrasound measurements of thickness of biceps and supraspinatus tendon and acromio-humral distance (AHD) at 0o abduction were taken in dominant and nondominant shoulders. Results: On US examination, subacromial bursa effusion was observed in 5 of the dominant shoulders and in 1 of the nondominant shoulder of 23 overhead athletes and in none of the asymptomatic controls. The thickness of the biceps and supraspinatus tendons and AHD in both shoulders were significantly greater in the athletes than in the controls (P<0.05). We also found that the thickness of the biceps and supraspinatus tendon and AHD of the dominant shoulder were significantly greater than the non-dominant shoulder in overhead athletes (P<0.05), but there were no differences between baseball and volleyball players. Conclusion: Subacromial effusion could be found even in the asymptomatic stage overhead athlete and the thickness of the biceps and supraspinatus tendons and AHD were significantly greater in the overhead athletes than in the healthy controls. Our data is useful reference guide for the ultrasonographic diagnosis of shoulder pathologies occurring in overhead athletes.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.376-381
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• 2004

Primary cardiac lymphoma is an extranodal malignant lymphoma of any cell type involving only heart and pericardium without dissemination. Patients usually present symptoms of heart failure, arrhythmias, pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade. Diagnosis of primary cardiac lymphoma can be performed by echocardiogram, CT and MRI and cytologic examination of pericardial effusion or transvenously biopsied cardiac tissue. Prognosis of primary cardiac lymphoma is poor. Because of poor prognosis, early diagnosis and complete surgical excision is essential and postoperative systemic chemotherapy or radiotherapy is useful. In this case extensive tumor infiltration on the right ventricle and atrioventricular groove preclude surgical excision. Tissue biopsy revealed primary cardiac lymphoma. After postoperative chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the size of intracardiac mass is decreased in follow up chest CT scan and echocardiogram and symptoms of patient are relieved. Therefore, we report a case of primary cardiac lymphoma with review of literatures.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.590-596
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• 2002

Background : Lung cancer is the leading cause of malignant pleural effusions, which is currently most commonly treated using pleurodesis via bedside thoracostomy. Several agents had been used for the treatment of pleural sclerosis, but with differing efficacies and associated side effects. Our purpose with this study was to compare the efficacy, side effects and disease free survival times of patients being treated with OK-432 and doxycycline sclerotherapy in lung cancer induced malignant pleureal effusions. Materials and Methods : 79 patients who underwent pleurodesis with OK-432 and doxycycline, between Jan.1994 and Aug. 2001, were retrospectively reviewed. Response 30 days following pleurodesis were determined from chest radiographs, with the disease free survival time being evaluated according to the response. Results : The success rates, 30 day followint pleurodesis, with OK-432 and doxycycline 83 and 87%, respectively (p=0.677). With regard to the side effects, fever was more common when OK-432 was used (59%, p=0.001), and pain was more common with doxycycline use (73%, p=0.008). There was no significant difference in disease free survival times between OK-432 (13.6 Months) and doxycycline (11.6 Months) (p=0.532). Conclusion : with the use of OK-432, for pleurodesis, was as effective as doxycycline, can be considered as an alternative treatment for malignant effusion in patients with lung cancer.