• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.57-62
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• 2018

This study was designed to analyze the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of various vegetable oils (pumpkin seed oil, camellia seed oil, red pepper seed oil and peanut oil) using adsorbents (active carbon, acid clay, kaolin). Their chemical composition was analyzed by GCMS. Their antioxidant activity was evaluated by measuring their DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity. After the treatment with the adsorbents, the contents of most of the fatty acids and active ingredients contained in the four kinds of vegetable oils were reduced. After the treatment with the three adsorbents, the linoleic acid and erythrodiol contents of the pumpkin seed oil were reduced. In the case of the camellia seed oil, the fatty acids content was decreased, but there was no loss of vitamin E after the acid clay treatment. The content of the compound capsaicin, which forms part of the spicy component of red pepper seed oil, was reduced by 53.33% after the acid clay treatment. The peanut oil showed the lowest loss of sitosterol compound in the group treated with active carbon. The antioxidant activity was observed to be in the order of pumpkin seed oil (kaolin>acid clay>active carbon), camellia seed oil (acid clay>kaolin>active carbon), red pepper seed oil (kaolin>acid clay>active carbon) and peanut oil (active carbon>acid clay>kaolin).

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.126-132
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• 1980

An attempt was made to remove red color and capsaicin which were contaminated in crude oil extracted from red pepper seeds with n-hexane. Both clay bleachidg and deodorization were responsible for the removal of red color. Clay bleaching was also the most effective for the removal of capsaicin, which was removed completely with 4 % clay. Capsaicin in oil was adsorbed onto the clay particles exponentially and it followed Freundlich equation : ${\frac{x}{m}}=1.1\;c^{0.31}$, where x is amount of capsaicin adsorbed (mg/ml), m is amount of clay used in bleaching (%) and c is amount of residual capsaicin (mg/ml). Neutral lipid of the seed oil consisted of 95.8 % triglyceride, 1.55 % sterol ester, 1.45 % monoglyceride, 0.78 % free fatty acids, 0.2 % diglycerides and 0.15 % sterol. Major components of fatty acids in the red pepper seed oil were linoleic acid (78.79 %), palmitic acid (15.27 %) and linolenic acid content was only 0.63 % by high performance liquid chromatography.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 1972

국산산성백토(國産酸性白土)를 정제(錠劑)의 붕노제(崩努劑)로 개발(開發)하고자 종내(從來) 붕해제(崩解劑)로 사용(使用)해 오든 corn starch, calcium methylcellulose, kaolin, calcium silicate 및 Pectin과 국산산성백토(國産酸性白土)를 붕해제(崩解劑)로하고 정제(錠劑)의 주약성분(主藥成分)으로서는 불용성(不溶性)인 Ca-PAS KP II 를 택(澤)하였다. 이상(以上)의 각(各) 붕해제(崩解劑)의 一錠當(일정당) 함양(含量)을 0%에서 25%까지 7종(種)으로 달리하고 이것을 각각(各各) 사용(使用)하여 만든 과립(顆粒)의 입자도(粒子度)도 각각(各各) 4종류(四種類)로 분류(分類)하였다. 여기에 활택제(滑澤劑) 로서 0.5% mg-stearate를 공통(共通)으로 첨가(添加)하였다. 이상(以上)을 각각(各各) 동일(同一)한 조건하(條件下)에서 타정(打錠)하여 수종(數種)의 정제(錠劑)를 만들었다. 이들 정제(錠劑)에 대(對)하여 경도(硬度)및 붕해도시험(崩解度試驗)을 하여 비교검토(比較檢討)한 결과(結果) 다음과 같은 결론(結論)을 얻었다. 1. Corn starch는 우수(優秀)한 붕해제(崩解劑)이나 그첨가량(添加量)이 8%이상(以上)이 될 때 는 타정시(打錠時) 압력(壓力)을 받지 않어 정제(錠劑) 붕해제(崩解劑)로서 사용(使用)할 수 없었다. 2. Ca-Mc는 붕해제(崩解劑)로서 첨가량(添加量)이 8%이상(以上) 일때에도 사용가능(使用可能) 하였으나 15%이상(以上) 일때는 타정시(打錠時) 압력(壓力)이 약(弱)해졌다. 3. Kaolin 붕해제(崩解劑)로서 부적당(不適當) 하다고 사려(思慮)되였다. 4. Ca-silicate도 붕해제(崩解劑)로서 적당(適當)하였으나 Pectin은 가장 부적당(不適當)하였다. 5. 산성백토(酸性白土)는 정제붕해제(錠劑崩解劑)로서 타정시(打錠時) 25% 첨가시(添加時)에도 압력(壓力)을 잘 받어 정제(錠劑)의 경도(硬度)를 유지(維持)할수 있었을 뿐만 아니라 붕해도(崩解度)도 양호(良好)한 성적(成績)을 나타내여 가장 우수(優秀)한 붕해제(崩解劑)임을 확인(確認)하였다. 6. 일반적(一般的)으로 타정(打錠)에 사용(使用)되는 과립(顆粒)의 size가 적을수륵 붕해시간(崩解時間)은 짧았으며 정제(錠劑)의 경도(硬度)가 높을수록 붕해시간(崩解時間)은 길었다. 그러나 정확(正確)한 비예성(比例性)은 찾기힘들었다.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.560-567
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• 2016

Acid-activated clays (SUPER-DC, DC-A3, and P1) are used for the bleaching of cold-pressed rapeseed oil. In this study we tested the bleaching performance of cold-pressed rapeseed oil according to the different reaction time (20, 40, 60, 80 min) and temperature (40, 80, $120^{\circ}C$). Oil color (lightness, redness, yellowness), pigments (chlorophyll A and carotenoid content) and quality properties (fatty acid composition, tocopherols (${\alpha}$, ${\beta}$, ${\gamma}$, ${\delta}$), and plant sterols (${\beta}$-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol) content) were analyzed. The results showed that bleaching of cold-pressed rapeseed oil with 2% acid-activated clays at $40^{\circ}C$ for 20 min, brightness (L) increased, but redness (a) and yellowness (b) decreased. Bleaching of cold-pressed rapeseed oil with 2% DC-SUPER at $40^{\circ}C$ removed chlorophyll A and carotenoids pigments significantly. In addition, about 50% of total tocopherol content in cold-pressed rapeseed oil was reduced by bleaching. Originally total tocopherol content was 46.62mg/100g in cold-pressed rapeseed oil. But after bleaching, total tocopherol content was 12.67mg/100g (20 min bleaching), 15.31mg/100g (40 min bleaching), and 13.56mg/100g (60 min bleaching). However plant sterols content in cold-pressed rapeseed oil remained unchanged by bleaching. Overall, acid-activated clays were useful for the bleaching of pigmented rapeseed oil.

• Mineral and Industry
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.33-41
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• 2004

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.65 no.3
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• pp.197-202
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• 2021

In this study, activated clay treated with H₂SO₄ (20% by weight) and heat at 90 ℃ for 8 h for acid white soil was used as an adsorbent for the removal of PO₄^3--P in water. Prior to the adsorption experiment, the characteristics of activated clay was examined by X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) and BET surface area analyser. The adsorption of PO₄^3--P on activated clay was steeply increased within 0.25 h and reached equilibrium at 4 h. At 5 mg/L of low PO₄^3--P concentration, roughly 98% of adsorption efficiency was accomplished by activated clay. The adsorption data of PO₄^3--P were introduced to the adsorption isotherm and kinetic models. It was seen that both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms were applied well to describe the adsorption behavior of PO₄^3--P on activated clay. For adsorption PO₄^3--P on activated clay, the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm coefficients, K_F and Q, were found to be 8.3 and 20.0 mg/g, respectively. The pseudo-second-order kinetics model was more suitable for adsorption of PO₄^3--P in water/activated clay system owing to the higher correlation coefficient R² and the more proximity value of the experimental value q_e,exp and the calculated value q_e,cal than the pseudo-first-order kinetics model. The results of study indicate that activated clay could be used as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of PO₄³-P from water.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.149-161
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• 1983

Fuller's earth deposits from Miocene sedimentary sequences in Gyeong Sang-do contain up to 95% Ca-montmorillonite accompanied by cristobalite, clinoptilolite, mordenite, quartz, feldspar and X-ray amorphous material. Differential thermal analysis, infrared and electron microscopic data are given for the montmorillonite component. The ease with which the exchangeable calcium of the montmorillonite could be replaced by sodium (to give a product with properties similar to that of a bentonite) was monitored by the Atterberg liquid limit test. Some samples tested as possible binders for foundry moulding sands gave results that compared favourably with material currently being used for this application. Many of the samples also met the OCMA specifications for clays used in drilling muds.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.75-81
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• 2009

Benzo(a)pyrene[B(a)P] levels were determined in processed oils and by-products of corn oil, and removal protocol was formulated. The cause of high level B(a)P contents in corn oil was established. Corn germ had a B(a)P level more than 80% that of whole corn. B(a)P content in final deodorized corn oil was $2.15{\mu}g/kg$, after the usual refining process. B(a)P contents less than $2.0{\mu}g/kg$ could not be attained by routine refining process. However, deodorized corn oil, with B(a)P level of $0.09{\mu}g/kg$, could be prepared by treatment of oil with approximately 2% (w/w) mixed granules(acidic clay:active carbon= 90:10[w/w]). The optimal amount of active carbon was 10% (w/w) that of acidic clay;higher levels of active carbon was not required. The optimal particle size of active carbon was $50{\sim}100$ mesh, removal of B(a)P from bleached corn oil was efficient at this mesh size.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.132-138
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• 2019

In this study, we demonstrate the effects of the acidic properties of montmorillonite (MMT), which is commonly used as a catalyst, on the conversion and selectivity of the dimer acid methyl ester (DAME) synthesis. We synthesize DAME by the dimerization of conjugated linoleic acid methyl ester (CLAME) and oleic acid methyl ester using MMT KSF. Incidentally, trimer acid methyl ester was formed as a by-product during the DAME synthesis. There is a necessity to adequately adjust the strength and quantity of the acid site to control the selectivity of DAME. Therefore, we vary the pH of the MMT acid by using various metal hydroxides. The purpose of this study is to increase the yield of monocyclic dimer acid methyl ester, which is a substance with adequate physical properties for industrial applications (e.g., lubricant and adhesive, etc.), using a heterogeneous catalyst. We report the dimerization of fatty acid methyl ester by using base treated-KSF, and apply it to conjugated soybean oil methyl ester. Then, we transmute the acid site properties of KSF, such as pH of 5 wt.% slurry KSF and various alkali metals (Li, Na, K, Ca). Characterization of base treated-KSF using a pH meter, x-ray diffraction, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface analysis, and temperature-programmed desorption. We conduct an analysis of CLAME and DAME using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, gas chromatography, and gel permeation chromatography. Through these experiments, we demonstrate the effects of the acidic properties of KSF on the conversion and selectivity of the DAME synthesis, and evaluate its industrial potential by application to waste vegetable oil.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.377-393
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• 2010

Pumiceous tuffs occurring in the Beomgockri Group are examined applied-mineralogical characteristics and their controling factors to evaluate their potentials as the adsorption-functional mineral resources. The pumiceous tuffs are diagenetically altered to low-grade zeolitcs and bentonites in the Janggi area. Compositional specialty due to the presence of pumice fragments induces the altered tuffs to exhibit the characteristic adsorption property combined with cation exchange capacity, specific surface area, and acidic pH. Unusual lower pH in the adsorption-functional mineral substances is turned out to be originated from the presence of H-smectite having $H^+$ in the interlayer site of the sheet structure. On account of disordered crystallinity resulting from the exchanged $H^+$ in the interlayer site, the smectite commonly forms crenulated edges in the planar crystal form and exhibits characteristic X-ray diffraction patterns showing comparatively lower intensities of basal spacings including (001) peak than conventional Ca-smectite. Based on the interpretation of paragenetic relations and precursor of the H-smectite, a genetic model of the peculiar clay mineral was proposed. The smectite formation may be facilitated resulting from the precipitation of opal-CT at decreasing pH condition caused by the release of H+ during diagenetic alteration of pumice fragments. Because of the acidic smectite, the low-grade mineral resources from the Beomgockri Group may be applicable to the adsorption industry as the raw materials of acid clays and bed-soil.