• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.271-276
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• 2002

To develop a wrapping film, which suppresses the microbial decay through the storage and prolongs the selflife of fruits and vegetables, the antimicrobial packaging films were prepared and applied to the preservation of strtwberries and cucumbers. Low density polyethylene(LDPE) film of 50㎛ thickness was faricated with 1% of Scutellariae baicalensis extract. The LDPE film impregnated with Scutellariae baicalensis extract showed antimicrobial activity on the disk test against Bacillus cereus, Escherchia coli and Fusarium sp.. The antimicrobial film changed the color and light transmittance, but did not affect heat shrinkage, mechanical tensile strength and wattability. Strawberries and cucumbers were separately wrapped with packaging films in the state of closely-adhered packaging as well as modified atmosphere packaging(MAP). The wrapped strawberries and cucumbers were stored for 21 days at 5$\^{C}$ and for 40 days at l0$\^{C}$, respectively. For the packaged strawberries and cucumbers at 5$\^{C}$ and 10$\^{C}$, the LDPE film impregnated with Scutellariae baicalensis extract showed the reduced growth of total aerobic bacteria, molds and yeasts and did not give any negative effect on other quality attributes during storage in comparison with conttrol film without any additive.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.364-372
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• 2004

To investigate antioxidative effects of n-hexane fraction of Angelica acutiloba on the ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity of rats, Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 100 $\pm$ 20 g were divided into 5 groups; normal group(NOR), ethanol(10 mL/kg, 35$\%$) treated group(CON), n-hexane fraction of Angelica acutiloba 70 mg/kg treated group(Al), n-hexane fraction of Angelica acutiloba 70 mg/kg and ethanol treated group(A2) and n-hexane fraction of Angelica acutiloba 140 mg/kg and ethanol treated group(A3), respectively. The antioxidative activities of ethanol extract of Angelica acutiloba in vitro were decreased in order of n-hexane > ethylacetate > chlorofonn > n-butanol (>) water fraction. The growth rate and feed efficiency rate decreased by ethanol were gradually increased to the adjacent level of the normal group by administering n-hexane fraction of Angelica acutiloba. It was also observed that the activities of SOD of liver, ALT and AST of serum increased by ethanol were markedly decreased in n-hexane fraction of Angelica acutiloba administered group, and not in activites of XO, catalase, as compared with the control group. The depleted content of GSH by ethanol was increased adjacent to normal level by administering n-hexane fraction of Angelica acutiloba. as a dose-dependent manner. These results suggested that n-hexane fraction of Angelica acutiloba has a possible protective effect on the ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity of rats.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.71-80
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• 1978

In an attempt to elucidate the fate of 3,4-DCA and TCAB in various French soils, uniformly $^{14}C-ring-labeled$ 3,4-DCA and TCAB mere utilized and the following results obtained. 1) The rate of breakdown of $^{14}C-3,4-DCA$ into $^{14}CO_2$ was relatively higher in the early stage than that in the later stage. In 6 months of incubation in alkaline soil (pH 7.9), the rate was as high as 6.5% at dose 1 (1.5 ppm) and as low as 1.92% at dose 2(94 ppm), whereas in organic acid soil (pH 5.5) the rate was 4.91% at dose 1 and 4.24% at dose 2, respectively, without making any great difference between the two levels. 2) At dose 1, 47.70% of the initial radioactivity of $^{14}C-3,4-DCA$ was bound to soil in organic acid soil and 29.49% bound in alkaline soil, whereas at dose 2, 38.40% in organic acid soil and 20.30% in alkaline soil, respectively. 3) The amount of formation of $^{14}C-TCAB$ from $^{14}C-3,4-DCA$ seems to depend largely on the concentration of 3,4-DCA applied rather than on soil types. At dose 2, the amount was 50% of the total radioactivity extracted in organic acid soil and 30% in alkaline soil, corresponding to 1.8% and 1.4% of the initial radioactivity applied to soil, respectively. Cis-TCAB also seemed to be formed at dose 2 in both soils. Meanwhile, at dose 1, even though $^{14}C-TCAB$ was detected in trace on tlc and glc in both soils, the amount does not exceed 2 to 3% of the radioactivity extracted, corresponding to 0.05 to 0.1% of the initial radioactivity. 4) The rate of breakdown of $^{14}C-TCAB$ into $^{14}CO_2$ ranged from 0.05 to 0.20% in all the four soils. Most of the applied $^{14}C-TCAB$ remained intact after 3 months, not producing any detectable metabolites. 5) The fact that much more $^{14}C-TCAB$ was adsorbed to alkaline soil than to the other soils strongly indicates that in alkaline condition trans-isomer was converted tocisisomer which has the higher adsorption affinity than the former.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.17
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• pp.145-178
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• 2001

Bourdieu is one of the few social science researchers who were interested in photography. Bourdieu's work on photography appears principally in two books: Un art moyen: Essai sur les usagrs sociaux de la photographie(1965) and La distinction(1979). In these books, Bourdieu analyzes the role of photography in the family life of peasants and small town and urban dwellers. He shows how different classes and groups express their esthetic worldview in response to different photographs and photographic styles. What Bourdieu analyzed is not just photography but ways of photographing and ways of looking at pictures. Through these analyses, Bourdieu explores the social definition of photography. Bourdieu's ideas on photographic practice in social life are as follows. First, the photography, especially family photography generally practiced, has the integrative function. It recreates the group by ritualizing and solemnizing the important moments of social life in which the group reaffirms its unity. Second, the photography as esthetic practice in search of legitimacy as a fine art becomes a means by which different classes are pitted against each other. Each of classes gives its own meaning to photographic practice. Despite its originality and persuasive power, Bourdieu's work on photography has its own limits. The data used by Bourdieu are 35 years old and relevant to European social life. Things has changed since. First, the technological improvement and innovation in photography was considerable. Cheap and good photographic materials, easy to operate, made photographic practice everybody's everyday activity. New media like camcorder and digital camera made photography one of the industrial discards like jukebox. It means that photography does not function as important means of distinction between classes any longer. The integrative function of the photography becomes more ambiguous too. Second, the esthetic status of the photography has changed. The family photography was already integraed into fine art. Photography is not a middle-brow art any more. Bourdieu's work on photography shows how photography was used by different social classes in European social life of the 1960's. His work is historically and geographically limited. Moreover, his work was ordered by the french affiliate of Eastman Kodak Company. And all along the analysis, Bourdieu didn't hide his intention of distinguishing his sociological method from the other methods, especially psychological one. These mean that Bourdieu's work was done in a specific context, for specific purposes. In this respect, Bourdieu's work on photography, like every sociological work, can not claim to be universal.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.28 no.1 s.66
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• pp.165-174
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• 1998

The turnover of collagen is controlled by the balance between collagen synthesis and degradation. The production of collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase-1) and its inhibitor, tissue inhibitor of matrix metallopmteinase-1 (TIMP-1) are one of the substances which regulate this balance. The periodontal ligament fibroblast plays an important role in collagen metabolism during orthodontic treatment and is believed to be an origin of the osteoblast in the alveolar bone. The collagenase secreted by the periodontal ligament fibroblast and the osteoblast initiates the bone resorption by removing the osteoid layer in the alveloar bone. The interleukin-$1{\beta}$ is secreted by the macrophage during orthodontic treatment. The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of mechanical stress and interleukin-$1{\beta}$ on the expression of collagenase and TIMP-1 in the periodontal ligament fibroblasts using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical staining. The periodontal ligament fibroblasts were stitched by placing the $Petriperm dish^{\circledR}$ dish on the top of spheroidal convex watch glass ($5\%$ surface increase) and tented with interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (1.0 ng/ml), or treated with both of them. Treatment with mechanical stress and/or interleukin-$1{\beta}$ resulted in increased collagenase mRNA expression. The mechanical stress treated group (1.61, 1.62, 1.37 fold increase), the interleukin-$1{\beta}$, tented group (1.68, 1.60, 3.78 fold increase), the mechanical stress and interleukin-$1{\beta}$ treated group (1.89, 1.72, 5.48 fold increase) induced increases in collagenase mRNA compared with the control group after 2, 4, 8 hours respectively. But TIMP-1 mRNA expressions at experimental groups were decreased after 2, 4 hours and increased after 8 hours. The mechanical stress treated group (0.16, 0.49 fold decrease and 3.77 fold increase), the interleukin-$1{\beta}$ treated group (0.15,0.44 fold decrease and 4.46 fold increase), the mechanical stress and interleukin-$1{\beta}$ tented group (0.15, 0.69 fold decrease and 4.81 fold increase) induced changes in TIMP-1 mRNA compared with the control group after 2, 4, 8 hours, respectively. Immunohistochemical stain showed that increased collagenase and TIMP-1 staining of the mechanical stress tented group, the interleukin-$1{\beta}$ treated group, and the mechanical stress and interleukin-$1{\beta}$ treated group compared with that of the control group after 8 hours. These findings suggest that mechanical stress and interleukin-$1{\beta}$ regulate expression of collagenase and TIMP-1.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.364-388
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• 1995

Even though rarely recognized as a separate approach, the institutional approach in geography is defined as an attempt to seek an explanation of the phenomena of geographical interest through focusing on the effects of institutional structure and actions. It can provide interdisciplinary links with other works and can offer complementary explanations for geographical interests. The concerns for institutions in geography can be found in early studies, the study of the state, the managerial approach, and the regulation approach. The Korean financial systems can provide good examples to apply institutional concepts into creating spatial outcomes, as it has been regarded as a useful tool to promote Korean economic development. Behind the current spatial pattern of financial systems, four different stages of institutional changes are identified in Korea. Each stage has different institutional features reflecting unique spatial implication.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.66-74
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• 2005

This survey was conducted to assess the consumer perceptions of food-related hazard in 500 housewives from all over Korea. The subjects were selected by stratified random sampling method. The survey was performed using structured questionnaire through telephone interview by skilled interviewers. The results showed that 34.6% of the respondents felt secure and were not concerned about food safety, and 65.4% were concerned about food safety. Logistic regression analysis showed that the increasing concern on food brands, food additives (such as food preservatives and artificial color), and imported foodstuffs indicated the current increasing concern on food safety. Other related factors indicating the increasing concern on food safety were education level and care for children's health. The respondents who cared about food safety expressed a high degree of concern on processed foodstuffs such as commercial boxed lunch (93.3%), imported foods (92.7%), fastfoods (89.9%), processed meat products (88.7%), dining out (85.6%), cannery and frozen foods (83.5%), and instant foods (82.0%). The lowest degree of concern was on rice. All the respondents perceived that residues of chemical substances such as pesticides and food additives, and endocrine disrupters were the most potential food risk factors, followed by food-borne pathogens, and GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms). However, these results were not consistent with scientific judgment. Therefore, more education and information were needed for consumers' awareness of facts and myths about food safety. In addition, the results showed that consumers put lower trust in food products information such as food labels, cultivation methods (organic or not), quality labels, and the place of origin. Nevertheless, the respondents expressed their desire to overcome alienation, and recognized the importance of knowing of the origin or the producers of food. They identified that people who need to take extreme precautions on food contamination were the producers, government officials, food companies, consumers, the consumer's association, and marketers, arranged in the order of highest to lowest. They also believed that the production stage of agriculture was the most important step for improving the level of food safety Therefore, the results indicated that there is a need to introduce safety systems in the production of agricultural products, as follows: Good Agricultural Practice (GAP), Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP), and Traceability System (75).

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.96-101
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• 2000

Objectives: Through comparing sleep variables and autonomic activities among three shifts in shift workers, the authors intended to clarify which shift is most tolerable and to identify the characteristics of their psychological and physical problems. This study is also expected to help shift workers to adapt themselves to their work more effectively. Methods: Fifty one shift workers took part in this study. They were working in a rapidly rotating system in which they worked for 3 days in one shift with one day off between each shift. Based on a sleep diary, sleep latency (SL), sleep period time (SPT), and number of wake after sleep onset (NWASO) were estimated and compared among the three shifts. In assessing sleepiness, Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) and visual analogue scale (VAS) were used. To evaluate mood states among the three shifts, profile of mood states (POMS) was administered. Heart rate variability (HRV), and the level of adrenaline and noradrenaline were measured to assess autonomic activities. HRV included low frequency power (LF), high frequency power (HF), and LF/HF. Results: SPT was significantly lengthened during the evening shift and SL was shortened during the night shift. The workers showed a drop in alertness at wake-up during morning shift and a drop in alertness at work during night shift. During night shift the subjects complained of physical fatigue and cognitive decline. Comparison of HRV showed that parasympathetic activity was most prominent during the evening shift. Secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline decreased during the evening shift, though statistically not significant. Conclusion: We found that the evening shift was most tolerable among the three shifts. It is recommended that morning light exposure be done during the morning shift and nocturnal light exposure during the night shift.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.191-202
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• 2000

Background: Bronchial asthma is characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness(BHR) and inflammation. The cyclooxygenase(COX) is believed to be one of the important enzymes in these inflammatory reactions. Recently, the COX was divided into two isoforms, COX1 and COX2. COX2 is induced by lipopolysaccharide and some cytokines at the inflammation site. Prostaglandin E2(PGE2), produced from COX2, may affect airway inflammation. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of COX2 inhibitor on COX2 expression, plasma PGE2, airway resistance and histologic finding in an animal asthma model. Methods : Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups. The normal control group did not receive any treatment, but the asthma control group was sensitized by ovalbumin but not treated with the COX2 inhibitor(nimesulide, Mesulid$^{(R)}$). The treatment group was sensitized and treated with nimesulide. Specific airway resistance(sRaw) before and after nimesulide ingestion was investigated. The PGE2 level in the plasma was examined and COX2 immunogold-silver stain on lung tissue was performed. Results: sRaw and eosionophilic infiltration on airway, which increased in the asthma control group, was compared to normal control(p=0.014). However, there was no difference in eosinophilic infiltration between asthma control and treatment groups(p=0.408) and no difference in COX2 expression on bronchiolar epithelium among the three groups. Plasma PGE2 levels were not statically different among the three groups. Conclusion: The role of COX2 in the allergen-induced BHR was not significant The effect of nimesulide was not observed on BHR, COX2 expression, and plasma PGE2 level. Therefore, COX2 may not be a major substance of allergic asthma.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.11
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• pp.1391-1398
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• 2007

We performed a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial to determine whether Laminaria japonica extract (LJE) supplement modulates blood glucose, serum lipids and antioxidant systems in type II diabetic patients. We also measured critical parameters assessing safety in liver and kidney functions after LJE supplement. A total of 37 patients (18 males and 19 females) were randomized to either LJE group or placebo group. The treatment group received four 350 mg of LJE capsules (1.4 g, total) per day for 12 weeks. The placebo group received the same dose of cellulose capsules. Baseline characteristics regarding general life style and dietary intake pattern were similar between the two groups. There were no significant influences of LJE supplement except for waist circumference on anthropometric parameters. As the whole, 12 weeks of LJE supplement resulted in a little decrease in fasting blood glucose (FBG) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), but a significant decrease was not observed. Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were significantly (p<0.05) lowered in LJE group. The antioxidant enzymes, glutathion peroxidase (GSH-px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were elevated in the LJE group (p<0.05) compared to the placebo. The increase of these enzymes was associated significantly with the decrease of MDA concentration (p<0.05). Furthermore, LJE supplement showed no adverse effects on the functions of liver and kidney. Findings from this study suggest that LJE supplement can help improve serum lipid status in type II diabetic subjects without adverse effects.