• Journal of Korean Historical Folklife
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• no.52
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• pp.7-46
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• 2017

The elderly in the Joseon Dynasty consistently attracted attention from the national herb as objects of social respect. Based on the Confucian ideology, the old man was considered to be a receiving body, since he was a person with complete character as a man. The elderly, who have the character of being a slave, transcended their status, and both the souls and the people were transcended beyond their identities and attributes and became objects of respect. The perception of the elderly is divided by age. The persons who are 50 years old and start to be in physical decline were regarded as senior citizens. However, this was just mentioned as an inflection point between the prime of manhood and senior citizens and was not defined as the elderly. As a public duty called a national work ends when they are 60 years old, the age is truly the lowest limit of senior citizens who are applicable to all the social beings. However, because their public duties end when they are 60 years old and they were regarded as general members of society, special benefits were not granted to them. In the caste system and bureaucratic society, senior citizens' treatment were differently done by age. For the senior citizens who are 70 years old, various benefits were just granted to high government officials. Bokho(復戶) and Seojeong were first given to them. And the retirement age of government officials was not specially set. It was done in the way to treat Jonno with exceptional respect by Chisa(致仕: regular retirement). It is the most respectful treatment given to high government officials and ministers. For the senior citizens who are 80 years old, Yangnoyeon(養老宴) was held for both of Yangmin and Cheonmin as an measure to treat them considerately. In addition, official ranks(官品) with social value were allowed by giving them Noinjik (老人職). Official ranks given to Seoin and Cheonin were the best Jonno(尊老) policy. However, the Jonno policy related to senior citizens was different according to position and official ranks as follows: Kings were subjected to social treatment when they were 60 years old. High government officials and royal relatives of the senior grade of the second court rank were subjected to social treatment when they were 70 years old. And general Seoin and slaves were subjected to social treatment when they were respectively 80 and 90 years old. Senior citizens were individually supported. However, social value was granted because the nation supervised it. As Bokho and Sijeong were assigned according to position and official ranks and kinds of things were different, the social limit was clearly shown. Social order was put above the ideology called Jonno thought. However, Jonno acts by age and position did not stay at the individual level and the nation took care of the senior citizens who are the members of society in various ways based on Jonno thought. Society tried to take care of the senior citizens who had difficulties in their activities because of being in physical decline. The nation increased the existence value of the senior citizens by giving things(賜物) including chairs, rice, meat, and ice economically, exoneration(免罪), the reduction system, and wergild legally, and Noinjik called Gaja(加資) socially to them and changing them to the members of society. Yangnoyeon and Gaja held targeting people of every class by transcending position and official ranks make the point that the senior citizens who are more than 80 years old are subject to social jonno clear. That is, the senior citizens were subject to respect for the elderly as the persons who were socially respected transcending their position when they got to be 80 years old.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.85-118
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• 2010

This study aims to suggest an analysis method for the research on the transformation of welfare states. To this end, 'restucturization' and 'change inside the structure' were differentiated. The 'restucturization' indicates a fundamental change of the structure itself, while the 'change inside the structure' means the modification of elements inside the structure. If 'abolition', 'substitution'/'entrust' and 'introduction' occurred, the changes are considered the 'restucturization'. Then it is examined, how the competence of the public organizations for social security systems is changed after the 'restucturization'. On the basis of this evaluation measure, the changes of 'restucturization' are defined as 'public-oriented restucturization', 'private-oriented restucturization' or 'status quo'. For analyzing the 'change inside the structure', coverage, entitlement, the level and length of benefit, finance and delivery system were compared within each country. The current study applied this analysis method to the research on the transformations of social security systems of Great Britain, Sweden and Germany.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.87-94
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• 2020

This paper belongs in a literature of sustainablity policy determination. This paper offers an actual status and explanation to corporate social responsibility of SMEs in Korea. This study examines CSR situation focused on developing mechanisms to enable the SMEs sector. Firstly, this study suggests introducing the third-party professional assurance service on sustainablity reports and/or asking global accreditation such as ISO14001 and ISO26000 when entry as a provider in government e-procurement system. Secondly, this study introduce the CSR Committee headed by the CEO and coordinates group-wide committees to discuss the CSR Guidelines. Third, because CSR does not only have to do with the SMEs, but pertains to the local community and business partner, this study offered the opportunity to work with large companies in aspects of CSR.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.143-164
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• 2005

The study is to analyze support-related issues, particularly associated with elderly and children care, which have been a fundamental agenda of family welfare policy. We are expected for societal-level controversy on the relationship of family support and social security in the near future because of rapid increase in ageing and divorce rate. Accordingly, we need to establish social consensus on the extent to which both family support system and social support system are responsible for the life maintenance of the elderly and the children from divorced family. We also clarify the various characteristics(including scope, degree, period of time, and need/manageability) of support provided by family members. Considering the changes of family structure and population composition, the policy of supporting the old and children should go for social responsibility. Findings show that civil law and social welfare law have unclear application on the relationship between family support and social security, and contents in family support. In particular, public assistance law strongly emphasizes the principle of family support while social insurance laws provide only limited and insufficient family maintenance. The suggestions of further study on support-related issues are given in the rapidly changing society and the increasing economic instability.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.47-56
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• 2016

This study is on the actual analysis of R&D investment effect through DEA in terms of efficiency resulted from forestry sector climate change response R&D project. Namely, it is clarifying the mechanism of the scientific, technological, social performance result and output, depending on research development cost, employment size as same input. Also, it is in-depth analysis on which performance operates more efficiently in any detailed business. With the study result, we seek political implications to enhance investment effect and core element to consider R&D business project in the future.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.501-517
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• 2021

In the present age, when the development of science and technology is leading the changes, this study supports the view that students should possess the literacy to participate democratically and critically in socio-scientific issues, and should be positioned as agentic and participatory citizens. Accordingly, we implemented a club activity that emphasize climate social action for elementary students, and explored how students were positioned in relation to climate change. In this study, position is defined as a complex cluster of rights and duties that students have in relation to climate change. The club activity was implemented throughout 46 sessions from March to July, 2019 for 11 sixth graders of 'H elementary School' in Seoul, and transcripts of video and interviews were analyzed by means of a constant comparison method. In the course of the activity consisting of three steps, the students exhibited different positioning and they are as follows: In the global warming modeling activity for Step 1, students were positioned as 'active learners', but at the same time, they showed a contradiction in being positioned as 'apprentice'. In the student-led research activities inherent to Step 2, they were positioned as 'scientists who design and conduct research' and 'bystanders' due to the controversial nature of SSI knowledge. As students participate in the social actions involved in Step 3, the position changed from 'elementary school students facing difficulty in making a change' to 'participatory citizens creating changes.' This study is significant because it shows students' potential to promote participatory and democratic citizenship through action-oriented SSI activities. In addition, pedagogical approaches were discussed dealing with the contradictions and limitations of positioning.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.235-261
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• 2018

The Medical law stipulates regulations about the physician's duty to inform to contribute to patient's self-determination. This law was most recently revised on December 20, 2016, and came into effect on June 21, 2017. There has been much controversy about this, and it has been questioned whether or not it will be effective for physicians to comply with the duty to inform. Therefore, this study investigated perceptions of physicians of whether they observed the duty to inform and their legal judgment about that duty, and analyzed how the revision of the medical law may have affected the legal cognition of physician's duty to inform. This study was conducted through an online questionnaire survey involving 109 physicians over 2 weeks from March 29 to April 12, 2018, and 108 of the collected data were used for analysis. The questionnaire was developed by revising and supplementing the previous research (Lee, 2004). It consisted of 41 items, including 26 items related to the experience of and legal judgment about the duty to inform, 6 items related to awareness of revised medical law, and 9 items on general characteristics. The data were analyzed using SAS 9.4 program and descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test and Binary logistic regression were performed. The results are as follows. • Out of eight situations, the median number of situations that did not fulfill the duty to inform was 5 (IQR, 4-6). In addition, 12 respondents (11%) answered that they did not fulfill the duty to inform in all eight cases, while only one (1%) responded that he/she performed explanation obligations in all cases. • The median number of the legal judgment score on the duty to inform was 8 out of 13 (IQR, 7-9), and the scores ranged from a minimum of 4 (4 respondents) to a maximum of 11 (3 respondents). • More than half of the respondents (n=26, 52%) were unaware of the revision of the medical law, 27 (25%) were aware of the fact that the medical law had been revised, 20(18%) had a rough knowledge of the contents of the law, and only 5(5%) said they knew the contents of the law in detail. The level of awareness of the revised medical law was statistically significant difference according to respondents' sex (p<.49), age (p<.0001), career (p<.0001), working type (p<.024), and department (p<.049). • There was no statistically significant relationship between the level of awareness of the revised medical law and the level of legal judgment on the duty to inform. These results suggest that efforts to improve the implementation and cognition of physician's duty to inform are needed, and it is difficult to expect a direct positive effect from the legal regulations per se. Considering the distinct characteristics of medical institutions and hierarchical organizational culture of physicians, it is necessary to develop a credible guideline on the duty to inform within the medical system, and to strengthen the education of physicians about their duty to inform and its purpose.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.51
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• pp.229-256
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• 2002

This study is about the relationship between traditional familism and welfare consciousness in Korea. Traditional familism is known as the value that most Koreans share with, and the impeding value for welfare program development. Strong family solidarity and family-centered perception among Koreans influences other social values and ideology. Especially, care of the family members is understood as a family duty and responsibility. And this inhibits Koreans to develop welfare consciousness and further to develop welfare programs at the governmental level. Thus, this study purposes to explore the relationship between the two. The sample of 1,131 men and women was selected in Seoul area. As a result, traditional familism is found to be quite influential to welfare consciousness among Koreans. First, perception of welfare institution is strongly related with welfare consciousness. The respondents in high familism group showed low welfare consciousness. Second, state-friendly welfare responsibility was shown low in the group of high familism for the aged and youth. In the same context, for the disabled and the unemployed, state-friendly welfare responsibility was shown high in the group of low familism. Lastly, the relationship between familism and the welfare need was not apparent. Such results make possible to conclude that traditional familism among Korean is still influential to welfare consciousness and welfare ideology. However, although this conclusion should not be used for an excuse to avoid state responsibility but used as a tool to develop a welfare model to strengthen family function as one solid family.

• Journal of Advanced Technology Convergence
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.49-55
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• 2022

Women's welfare needs to claim a women-centered and independent welfare implementation line rather than simply staying within the framework of overall social welfare. A significant number of existing women's welfare programs have shown a tendency to protect women under the patriarchal premise. However, women's welfare in the future should go in the direction of helping women to improve the quality of life as an individual out of the limited frame of family. Providing compensation for protecting dependent families is also an important aspect of women's welfare. In other words, it is necessary to study how the government provides economic direct and indirect compensation to women who have lost the opportunity to participate in labor because they have to take care of children, the disabled, or the elderly. In addition, it is expected that welfare can be improved by inducing men's participation in reproductive activities through social education and relieving women's obligations to their families.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.201-210
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• 2005

Purpose: Quality of life in patients with cancer may be influenced by various kinds of variables, such as personal, environmental, and medical factors. The purpose of this study was to identity the influencing factors on the quality of life in patients with cancer. Materials and Methods: One hundred and forty seven patients, who were taking medical therapy or following up after surgery for cervix cancer, participated in the present study. Quality of life, medical variables (cancer stage, types of treatment, follow-up status, and symptom distress), and psychosocial variables (mood disturbance, orientation to life, and social support) were measured. The obtained data were computed using multiple regression analyses. Results: The medical-and-psychosocial variables explained 63.3% of the total variance in the quality of life ($R^2=0.633$ F:16.959, p=.000). Cancer stage, symptom distress, mood disturbance, social support(family), and optimistic orientation to life were significant factors influencing on the quality of life in patients with cervix cancer. Conclusion: An integrative care program which includes medical - and - psychosocial characteristics of patients is essential to improve quality of life in patients with cervix cancer.